Literature | Studies, essays, thesises » Guide to the Writing, Presentation, and Referencing of Essays

Source: http://www.doksinet AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF HISTORY RESEARCH SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES HISTORY GUIDE TO THE WRITING, PRESENTATION, AND REFERENCING OF ESSAYS 2010 Source: http://www.doksinet TABLE OF CONTENTS I. WRITING AND RESEARCHING I.1 What Is a History Essay? I.2 Preparing a History Essay I.2i Defining the problem I.2ii Researching an argument I.2iii Note taking I.2iv Writing the essay II. PRESENTATION AND SUBMISSION II.1 Conventions of Presentation II.2 Presentation of Quotations II.2i Long and short quotations II.2ii Omissions and additions II.2iii Corrections II.3 Titles II.4 Numbers II.5 Dates II.6 Departmental Requirements for Presentation II.6i Word limits II.6ii Format II.7 Submission of Essays III. REFERENCING III.1 What to Reference and Why III.2 The Footnotes III.2i Format III.2ii Books III.2iii Articles III.2iv Book chapters III.2v Internet references III.2vi Subsequent references – short titles III.2vii Institutional publications

III.2viii Unpublished sources III.2ix Interviews II.2x ‘Lifted’ quotations III.2xi Other footnotes III.3 The Bibliography IV. PLAGIARISM 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 5 5 5 5 5 6 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 14 14 14 15 APPENDIX: CITATION STYLE GUIDE 1 Source: http://www.doksinet I. WRITING AND RESEARCHING I.1 What Is a History Essay? Essay writing is an integral part of every History course. We stress the importance of essays because of their role in developing the skills of research, analysis and writing which are essential for historians and are relevant to so many careers. An essay in History is not just a collection of facts, though a good essay will contain a wealth of historical information. Most History essays have several elements: narrative, description, and analysis. Above all, a History essay must present an argument: that is, a systematic and persuasive development of a position or point of view, using appropriate evidence. Writing an essay, therefore, is a

reasoning process in which you examine the opinions of others, search for and analyse the evidence, and draw your own conclusions. Writing a history essay is also a process of communication. Your presentation of evidence and discussion of texts must be understandable and directly relevant to your argument. Your argument should justify your conclusion In short, you must attempt to persuade the reader that your conclusions are correct, or at least plausible, and not just unsubstantiated assertions. Finally, writing a history essay is a creative process. History is an art, not just a technical exercise. We encourage you to pay attention to your writing style and to develop its fluency and elegance. I.2 Preparing a History Essay I.2i Defining the problem There are two main kinds of essays you will be asked to write. Your lecturer may invite you to choose from a range of set topics, or may encourage you to devise your own topic. Sometimes you are given a choice between writing an essay on a

set topic, and writing on a topic of your own creation. If you are writing on a set topic, first look carefully at the terms of the question. The terms or concepts in the question will require definition or elaboration. They are not selfevident If you are asked to decide whether the French Revolution was in fact a ‘bourgeois revolution’, the argument will not proceed very far if you do not make clear what is meant by ‘bourgeois’. This does not mean that you begin your essay by quoting a dictionary definition. Terms and concepts acquire a specific meaning in the context of the course you are studying. ‘Bourgeois’, for example, is taken to mean different things by different writers, and different things in different contexts; a dictionary definition is therefore almost useless, and can be misleadingly simple. Providing definitions then, is not a mechanical but an intellectual exercise (often a very difficult one) in the understanding and clarification of concepts in terms of

the literature of the subject. Once the terms of the topic are clarified, you need to begin your general reading. As a starting point, go to the reading lists, provided in your course guide, which seem to relate to the question. The object is to define the problem to be examined and to decide where 2 Source: http://www.doksinet to find your solution. At this stage you are ‘testing the water’ Detailed note taking is likely to be inefficient until you are clear about where you are going. If you are devising your own topic, you will probably be asked to develop an essay proposal. This is a proposed topic, with a brief outline of the issues you wish to explore, together with a proposed bibliography, a list of works you have found relevant to that topic. To get started, think about the issues in the course that have interested you most What would you like to follow up in more detail? Read those materials listed in the course guide that seem to relate to those issues. Formulate a

possible topic, and the ideas you want to explore. The topic does not have to be in the form of a question You now need to decide how you are going to research that topic. I.2ii Researching an argument In both kinds of essays, if the problem has been clearly and precisely defined then it will be easier to determine what material is needed and is relevant. This material takes two forms. First, in order of consultation, are what historians often call ‘secondary sources’, that is, the works of historians and other later writers. Next are ‘primary sources’, contemporary to the events or developments you are trying to explain. The distinction is not always clear and the same source might be a primary or a secondary source depending on your topic. For example, a history book written in 1935 about nineteenth century politics will be a secondary source if you are investigating nineteenth-century politics, but a primary source if you are investigating the intellectual history of the

1930s. If you are writing an essay on a set topic, the secondary and primary sources may have been listed for you, or you may have to search library catalogues and databases to build up your own bibliography, or list of works you think you should consult. If you are devising your own topic, you will definitely need to search for the relevant secondary and primary sources. At this stage write your essay proposal, outlining the topic and issues you want to investigate and the works you will consult. Your lecturer will give you feedback, letting you know whether it is clearly formulated, whether its scope is appropriate for the time you have, and whether the materials you have selected are indeed relevant. I.2iii Note taking During this research stage you will be taking extensive notes. There are many different systems of taking notes, and over time you will develop one that suits you. Very often, plagiarism – the presentation of other people’s ideas as your own – is accidental and

results from poor note taking. Remember to record the full bibliographical details of the material you are using, including page numbers, because you will need to acknowledge all direct quotations and all those occasions where you use the ideas and evidence of others. Many people find it useful not only to keep direct notes of what they have read, but also to record separately various thoughts and ideas that they might want to develop in the essay. 3 Source: http://www.doksinet I.2iv Writing the essay Historical writing combines literary and analytical skills. The arts of historical writing include making complex or unfamiliar ideas comprehensible, evoking what we can of a past time and mentality so that they seem to live in the present, narrating a story in a lively and exciting way, and developing a clear and sustained argument. Not all essays need all these skills, but most topics need most of them. Organise the essay as a whole, and plan each part. List the main points you want

to cover, and the sequence of the argument. Keep the word limit in mind so that each part of the essay is allocated space commensurate with its importance to the whole essay. There is no authorised way of setting out an essay. Some people like to begin with an anecdote or striking quotation that illustrates the issues and draws the reader in. Others prefer to begin by straight away defining the problem or issues to be investigated. However you start, within the first few paragraphs you need to tell your readers what the essay is about and give signposts as to what they may expect to find in the remainder of the essay. It is always important to outline the contributions of other historians, to indicate if there are competing schools of thought on your topic, and to make it clear where your own argument or analysis fits in. The main part of the essay will be spent in developing and demonstrating your argument. You will need some kind of conclusion, which should not simply repeat points

already made but should summarise the argument at a higher level of generality than was possible earlier in the essay. Finally, edit the essay with special attention to typographical errors, spelling, grammar and punctuation. Even very experienced writers spend a lot of time editing their own work. Make sure you allow time for the editing process If you are having difficulty in writing, don’t hesitate to visit the Academic Skills and Learning Centre because you will be in good company. Also, read J Clanchy and B Ballard, Essay Writing for Students: A Practical Guide, Longman, Melbourne, 1991. 4 Source: http://www.doksinet II. PRESENTATION AND SUBMISSION II.1 Conventions of Presentation Your History lecturers and tutors expect students to learn and follow the technical conventions of scholarly writing, and historical writing in particular. Those concerning referencing are described in Section III, below, and in the Appendix. Some of the other common conventions are as follows.

II.2 Presentation of Quotations It is quite difficult to learn when to quote a source directly and when it is better to summarise something in your own words. A good rule of thumb is that quotations should be used when the form of words in the quotation itself is significant. When you do quote, it is important to acknowledge correctly the writer of the original. II.2i Long and short quotations All material directly transcribed from another person’s writing or speech should be clearly shown as such. For short quotations this is done by enclosing the quoted passage in single inverted commas (‘ ’). Where there is a quotation within material you have quoted, show this with double inverted commas. Example: As Webb asked rhetorically, ‘What, in the name of common sense have we to do with obsolete hypocrisies about peoples “rightly struggling to be free”?’ Long quotations (longer than about thirty words) are not enclosed in inverted commas. Instead, they are indented and set

with single-space line spacing. Example: In one of the most extraordinary analogies to emerge from the age of consent debates in the 1880s, W.T Stead argued that, Before the 14th of August it is a crime to shoot grouse, lest an immature cheeper should not yet have a fair chance to fly. The sportsman who wishes to follow the partridge through the stubbles must wait till September 1, and the close time for pheasants is even later. Admitting that women are as fair game as grouse and partridges, why not let us have a close time for bipeds in petticoats as well as for bipeds in feathers? At present that close time is absurdly low. It does not give the girls a fair chance. Stead was vilified for many things during this campaign, but never for treating young girls as chicks. II.2ii Omissions and additions Sometimes a passage you wish to quote will contain some material that is irrelevant to the point you actually wish to make. This material should be omitted, and the omission indicated by the

insertion of an ellipsis. An ellipsis consists of three dots () 5 Source: http://www.doksinet Example: Original: ‘What’s the good of reminding us that were at war? He should have thought of that a long time ago – and let us get on with making the revolution which is our job. As though the war had any meaning if we can’t make the revolution at the same time’. Your quotation: ‘What’s the good of reminding us that were at war?.As though the war had any meaning if we can’t make the revolution at the same time’. Never place an ellipsis at the beginning of a quotation, or at the end of a very short quotation. It is, however, necessary to place an ellipsis at the end of a long quotation when the original sentence has been left incomplete. It is sometimes necessary to insert material into a quoted passage. Sometimes a quotation may lose its sense if taken from its original context and therefore be meaningless to your reader unless you insert a few words. Sometimes it is

necessary to change the tense of a verb (e.g ‘is’ to ‘was’) to make the passage conform grammatically to the sentence you are writing. Enclose the insertion in square brackets, thus: [xxx] Do not use square brackets for any other purpose. Examples: Original: ‘The rank and file are for the most part our very good friends’. Your sentence: Shaw’s claim that the Social Democratic Federation’s ‘rank and file [were] for the most part our very good friends’ was probably exaggerated. II.2iii Corrections Some quoted material contains errors of fact or expression. To show the reader that such errors are the original writers rather than your own, follow them with the word ‘sic’ italicized and in square brackets (‘sic’ is the Latin for ‘thus’ or ‘so’). Example: ‘One of the propagandist intellectuals, Mr G.DH Coles [sic], pleads for a “democratic partnership in the control of industry”’. The ‘Coles’ in this quotation was actually called Cole. It is

significant that the author made this mistake consistently throughout the document, as it suggests that he is not really familiar with a writer whose work he is criticising. Some errors are obviously merely typographical, and therefore utterly insignificant. It is best to correct these ‘silently’, without using ‘sic’. On the other hand, some historical documents, for example letters written by nineteenth century labourers, are riddled with errors of spelling and punctuation. Reproduce these in their original form, but do not use ‘sic’. If you are not sure that it will be clear to the reader that the errors have been transcribed from the original, point it out in your text or in a footnote. It is considered bad manners to insert (sic) simply as a means of ridiculing an author. 6 Source: http://www.doksinet II.3 Titles Titles of books, pamphlets, newspapers, and journals (free-standing works) should be italicised wherever they appear. They should not be enclosed in

inverted commas Titles of journal articles, speeches, and individual contributions to edited collections (non freestanding works) should be enclosed in single inverted commas, not italicised. These conventions are discussed at greater length in Section III.2; but it is important to note that they apply to titles used in the main text of your essay, as well as in the footnotes and bibliography. II.4 Numbers Spell out all numbers from one to twenty. Use numerals for numbers above 21, except for thirty, forty, etc. However, 100 is expressed as numerals There are some circumstances in which numerals are always used, regardless of the magnitude of the numbers. The most obvious are: Ages: An 18-year-old. Dimensions: 3 metres x 5 metres Military units: The 9th Battalion Money: $3.12 Percentages: 17 per cent Weights: 2 kg II.5 Dates Dates are shown as follows: 17 July 1936 26 Jan. 1788 March, April, May, June, July and August are usually written in full. The other months are usually shown as

Jan., Feb, Sep, Oct, Nov and Dec II.6 Departmental Requirements for Presentation II.6i Word limits It is important to keep within the prescribed word limit. The length of an essay affects its nature and scope, so do not attempt to develop a narrative and argument that cannot be written in less than 10,000 words if your limit is 3,000. Keep the word limit in mind at every stage of planning the essay. The limit is imposed to encourage the skill of writing economically, to persuade you to focus on the central issues rather than reproduce everything you know. The word limit also reminds you of one of the great traps of historical writing: namely, the desire to report findings which might be fascinating, and have taken some time to collect, and yet are not precisely relevant, or merely provide more evidence for a proposition you have already established. 7 Source: http://www.doksinet Every word in the main text of the essay counts, including quotations. II.6ii Format You should use only

one side of each sheet of unfolded A4 paper and leave a wide lefthand margin (about 5 centimetres) for your tutors comments. The essay should be typed if at all possible. For typescript, use a 12-point font, and either 15 or double spacing Handwriting must be clear, neat, and double-spaced. II.7 Submission of Essays Your essay should have an appropriate cover sheet with all the details filled in. Standard cover sheets are available outside the School of Social Sciences Office, Room COP 2147, top floor, Copland Building. Essays should be deposited in the School of Social Sciences essay box (through the slot in the wall outside the office). They must be deposited there before 400 pm on the day they are due. Essays submitted after 400 pm will not be recorded as received until the next day and thus will be treated as a late submission. Essays that are submitted late are subject to penalty. If for a very good reason you desire an extension of the submission date, you must consult your tutor

before the prescribed date of submission. If illness has been the problem, you must present a medical certificate. Be sure to keep a copy of your essay. On extremely rare occasions essays have been mislaid after they have been submitted. 8 Source: http://www.doksinet III. REFERENCING III.1 What to Reference and Why Referencing serves two purposes. Firstly, it enables you to give due acknowledgment to the sources used in your essay: not just for direct quotations, but also for summaries, ideas and inspiration. Failure to do so is tantamount to claiming that another’s words or ideas are your own, which constitutes a form of plagiarism (see Section IV). Secondly, referencing enables the reader of your essay to follow up the evidence or other material cited in your text. In essence, referencing is a way of demonstrating good faith in the use of your sources. Referencing has two components: the footnotes or endnotes, which acknowledge specific words, ideas and information in the body

of the text, and the bibliography, which lists the cited sources. It is important to present the footnotes and bibliography accurately and consistently in accordance with certain conventions. There are several different systems of referencing in common use, and requirements of the different lecturers may vary. A system commonly used in historical publications is set out below. Sections III.2–III3 below outline the general format and conventions for presenting information about different types of documents in your footnotes and bibliography. A comprehensive citation guide including detailed examples and explanatory text is provided in the appendix to this document. The Citation Guide (see Appendix) follows the Chicago style for formatting citations. We acknowledge that the style itself can vary slightly depending on conventions of grammar and punctuation in different Anglophone countries. The Citation Guide below is our closest approximation to the Chicago Style as outlined in The

Chicago Manual of Style. It is presented once as a quick reference guide, and repeated with explanatory notes. If in any case you require more detailed advice about referencing your work, please consult the latest edition of the Chicago Manual of Style http://www.chicagomanualofstyleorg The house editors have an extensive archive of questions and answers that may be useful. Another very helpful summary of this style for British conventions has been compiled by Talyor&Francis and can be found at http://www.tandfcouk/journals/authors/style/reference/tf Lpdf NOTE TO ENDNOTE PROGRAM USERS: If you use a bibliographic program such as Endnote, the Department recommends that you use the Chicago style as it features in your version of Endnote. We acknowledge that Endnote’s Chicago style can differ slightly from version to version of Endnote. 9 Source: http://www.doksinet III.2 The Footnotes III.2i Format Place the footnote number at the end of the relevant passage of your text (e.g

the end of a quotation, or the end of a passage which summarises someone else’s work). The footnote number in the text should appear slightly above the line of text. The footnotes themselves should appear at the bottom of the relevant page, although it is also acceptable to place them on a separate page at the end of the essay, as endnotes. Footnotes or endnotes should be numbered consecutively through the essay (i.e do not start again at 1 on each page). III.2ii Books Your first reference to a book should contain the following details in this order (punctuation is shown in the examples): *author’s or editor’s first name or initials followed by surname, *in the case of edited books, ed. if the book has a single editor; eds if the book has more than one editor, *title of book (italicised, and written exactly as it appears on the title page of the book), *in parentheses place (e.g city) of publication (not country of publication, or place of printing), publisher, and year of

publication (if no date is shown, use n.d), *page number(s) indicating the precise page from which you have taken the quotation you have used or the passage to which you have referred. (Use only the number or numbers, do not use p., pp, or pg for pages) The required publishing details can be found on the reverse of the title page. Examples: Rosalind Kidd, The Way We Civilise: Aboriginal Affairsthe Untold Story (St Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1997) 7. K.S Inglis, Sacred Places: War Memorials in the Australian Landscape (Melbourne: The Miegunyah Press, 1998), 6-9. III.2iii Articles For an article in a journal, give the following details, in this order (punctuation is shown in the examples): *author’s first name or initials followed by surname, *title of article (enclosed in single inverted commas), *title of journal (italicised), *volume number of journal (as it appears on the cover), 10 Source: http://www.doksinet *issue number of volume (if given), preceded by

‘no.’ (ie no 5) *in parentheses date of edition of journal, *page number(s). Example: A.DW Forbes, ‘A Roman Republican Denarius of c90 BC from the Maldive Islands, Indian Ocean’, Archipel, 28, no. 5 (1984): 54 III.2iv Book chapters Sometimes essays are collected together and published in book form. For these you should show the following details: *first name or initials and surname of the author(s) of the article, *title of article (enclosed in single inverted commas), *title of the book (italicised) followed by ed. or eds, *first name or initials and surname of the editor(s) *in parentheses publishing details of the book, exactly as for any other book, *page number(s) Examples: Jackie Huggins, Rita Huggins and Jane M. Jacobs, ‘Kooramindanjie: Place and the Postcolonial’, in Memories and Dreams: Reflections on Twentieth Century Australia. Pastiche II, eds. Richard White and Penny Russell (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1997), 231 Stephen Bann, ‘History as Competence and

Performance: Notes on the Ironic Museum’, in A New Philosophy of History, eds. Frank Ankersmit and Hans Kellner (London: Reaktion Books, 1995), 198. III.2v Internet references Internet sources in history follow the same basic principles as discussed above, with a few new components and conventions. * author’s first name and last name, *title of work or title of list/site (enclosed in single inverted commas) as appropriate, *<internet address>, (Note that the use of URL – Uniform Resource Locator – addresses is preferred for most Internet materials. The convention is to use pointed brackets < > to enclose electronic addresses, and not to break addresses up across several lines.) *menu path, if appropriate, 11 Source: http://www.doksinet *date, if available, *archived at, if appropriate. Examples: Graeme Davison, `On History and Hypertext, in Electronic Journal of Australian and New Zealand History <http://www.jcueduau/aff/history/newhtm>, 19 August 1997

Rebecca Yamin, `The Five Points Site: Archaeologists and Historians Rediscover a Famous Nineteenth-Century New York Neighborhood <http://R2.gsagov/fivept/fphomehtm>, nd, maintained by the US General Services Administration Public Buildings Service, New York. German Foreign Office Memorandum, Hewel Berchtesgaden to State Secretary von Weizsacker, 29 June 1939 <http://www.yaleedu/lawweb/avalon/nazsov/062939htm>, the Avalon Project, Yale University Law School, 1997. For more information on electronic citation styles, please consult The Chicago Manual of Style http://www.chicagomanualofstyleorg/contentshtml III.2vi Subsequent references – the short title system If you make more than one reference to a work it is unnecessary to provide full details in your second or subsequent references. Use ibid where appropriate, that is where the citation is to the same work as in the preceding footnote (see Appendix). In all other cases use the short title system, as follows: *

author’s surname, * a short form of the title, * page number(s). Examples: First reference: Rosalind Kidd, The Way We Civilise: Aboriginal AffairsThe Untold Story (St Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1997) 7. Becomes: Kidd, The Way we Civilise, 7. First reference: A.DW Forbes, ‘A Roman Republican Denarius of c90 BC from the Maldive Islands, Indian Ocean’, Archipel, 28 (1984): 54. Becomes: Forbes, ‘Roman Republican Denarius’, 54. III.2vii Institutional publications Treat the name of the institution (e.g government department, political organisation) as the author. If the document is a report forming part of a larger series, enclose its title in inverted commas, and italicise the title of the series. 12 Source: http://www.doksinet Examples: Australian Broadcasting Commission, O Freedom! O Freedom, ABC, Sydney, 1976, 2. Royal Commission on State Banking, ‘Report’, Victorian Parliamentary Papers, 1895-6, 4, iv. III.2viii Unpublished sources Theses Treat these as

books; but, because they have not been published, do not italicise the title. Enclose the title in single inverted commas. In place of publishing details, show the type of degree for which the thesis was prepared, the name of the institution that awarded the degree, and the year in which it was submitted. Example: G. McCulloch, ‘The Politics of the Popular Front 1935-1945’, (PhD thesis, Cambridge, 1980), 123. Unpublished primary sources such as letters, diaries, or speech notes should be cited with as much information as is available. Remember that the purpose of the citation is to enable your reader to find the document. In your first citation, show what you can of the following, in this order: *author (and, in the case of a letter, the recipient), *title, if any (enclosed in single inverted commas), *further details as available; e.g, the catalogue number of a manuscript in the library or archives where it is deposited, the present owner of the document, its date, *page number

(if any). Examples: 12. H.W Massingham to S Webb, 20 Oct 1893, Passfield Papers, II49/19 13. D.G Bowd, Richard Fitzgerald 1772-1840, paper delivered to Hawkesbury Historical Society, 1957, 3. III.2ix Interviews If you are quoting or paraphrasing material from an interview conducted by yourself or another person, show the names of the interviewee, the interviewer, the location and date of the interview, and the location of the tape or transcript. Examples: 14. Ann Smith, interview by author, 18 April 1999 in Canberra, tape in author’s possession. 13 Source: http://www.doksinet 15. John Brown, interview by Mary Jones, 13 September 1976 in Perth, tape and transcript in Oral History Collection, National Library of Australia. III.2x ‘Lifted’ quotations Sometimes it is necessary to quote or paraphrase material that you have seen quoted in a source, but have not yourself seen in its original context. Do not do this too often: it is best to check the original if you can, as

mistakes are frequently perpetuated by this method. The most obvious example where you might quote in this way is a quotation from an historical document that you have read in a secondary source. It is misleading simply to reproduce the author’s footnote so as to give the impression that you have consulted the original source yourself. Remember, one of the main purposes of referencing is to enable your reader to look at what you have read. You must therefore show in your footnote, not only the full details of the original source, but the full details of the source in which you found it. Example: Hutt to Lord John Russell, 15 May 1841. C 627, 380, quoted in Paul Hasluck, Black Australians: A survey of native policy in Western Australia 1829-1897 (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1970), 76. III.2xi Other footnotes Another use of footnotes is to supply information or comment that is supplementary to the text. Such notes are sometimes helpful, but before including one, ask

yourself: ‘Is it really necessary?’ If not, omit it. If it is, why not put its contents in the text? III.3 The Bibliography The bibliography is a list of the material, primary and secondary, that you have cited in the essay, as well as any un-cited work that has supported your research on the topic. It starts on a fresh page at the very end of the essay (see Appendix for further details). The presentation of bibliographic information should differ in form from the first citation in a footnote in the following ways only: (1) authors’ surnames should precede their initials or first name (note that if there is more than one author, this applies only to the first author listed; for subsequent authors the surname is listed last); (2) page numbers should not be shown, other than the first and last page numbers of any articles listed. It is also customary to separate the major elements within an entry with full stops instead of commas. Example: Walkowitz, Judith R. City of Dreadful

Delight: Narratives of Sexual Danger in LateVictorian London Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992 Butt, Trevor and Jeff Hearn. ‘The Sexualization of Corporal Punishment: The Construction of Sexual Meaning’. Sexualities 1, 1 (May 1998): 203-27 14 Source: http://www.doksinet IV. PLAGIARISM Plagiarism is any attempt to present the work of any other person as your own. A student therefore commits an act of plagiarism if he or she copies, summarises, or paraphrases any text written by any person, without proper acknowledgment. If you are in any doubt about how to acknowledge your sources, re-read section III of this Guide. Printed below is the Faculty of Arts statement on plagiarism. Please read it carefully, and if you are still in doubt, consult your lecturer or tutor, and/or see What is Plagiarism?, which is available from the Academic Skills and Learning Centre. Note that there can be severe penalties for plagiarism. The mildest of these is a requirement to resubmit the

work; a medium penalty is the award of no marks for the assignment concerned; and a stronger penalty is automatic failure in the course. THE FACULTY OF ARTS PLAGIARISM: INFORMATION FOR STUDENTS PLAGIARISM is the appropriation, by copying, summarising or paraphrasing, of another’s ideas or argument, without acknowledgment. Some common modes of misappropriation are described below. Students should also familiarise themselves with the full University policy. Copying is the quotation of another author’s text, word for word, without acknowledgment. Such quotation is only permissible when indicated by quotation marks or indentation and acknowledged by exact references. It is not sufficient to make a general attribution or give references for some but not all of the passages copied. References should be to the work in which the material is found: lifting references or footnotes that refer to a third work (as if it has been consulted when in fact it has not) is not acceptable. Summarising

To summarise the argument of other authors (for example, by isolating main points and tracing connections) is legitimate, provided it is made clear that this is what is being done. However, to summarise others’ arguments, ideas or information as though they were one’s own is plagiarism. Paraphrasing means putting an author’s meaning into different words. This is permissible only if full and exact references are given. A common form of plagiarism combines copying with paraphrase, repeating some words of the original text and substituting different words for others. The more the wording is changed, the more fully the copyist may have understood the material; but it is still necessary to cite the source of the ideas and of any direct quotations. The University’s policy on plagiarism is set out at: http://info.anueduau/policies/Codes Of Practice/Students/Other/Academic Honestyas p The Faculty of Arts procedures for dealing with plagiarism are set out at:

http://arts.anueduau/student information/current/rules/plagiarismasp 15 Source: http://www.doksinet The Faculty of Arts abides by the principle that its students should show they can think independently and sustain in their own words a clear and cogent argument. Students may not submit work containing unacknowledged or improperly acknowledged transcription or excessive quotation of the work of others. The Academic Skills and Learning Centre is available to help students who have problems with expression. Plagiarism is a most serious academic offence and severe penalties will be imposed on anyone found guilty of it. Students may sometimes offend in this way inadvertently, through inexperience or failure to understand the aims and methods of university study. Apart from the question of deliberate deceit, the practices described above can impede sound thinking: learning to avoid them is part of a training in the skills of good scholarship. * 16 Source: http://www.doksinet

APPENDIX: QUICK CITATION GUIDE Source First Footnote Book (single author) 4. Jill Matthews, Dance Hall and Picture Palace: Sydney’s Romance With Modernity (Sydney: Currency Press, 2005), 9. Book (two authors) 9. Monica Dux and Zora Simic, The Great Feminist Denial (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2008), 9. Book (more than two authors) 22. Edward O Laumann et al, The Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1994), 262. Book (single editor) 14. Tim Armstrong, ed, Michel Foucault: Philosopher (New York: Routledge, 1992). Subsequent footnotes 5. Ibid, 9 6. Ibid 7. Quarkface, Pedant’s Paradise, 92 8. Matthews, Dance Hall, 32 15. Dux and Simic, Feminist Denial, 12 29. Laumann et al, Social Organization of Sexuality, 4. Bibliography Matthews, Jill. Dance Hall and Picture Palace: Sydney’s Romance With Modernity. Sydney: Currency Press, 2005 Dux, Monica, and Zora Simic. The Great Feminist Denial

Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2008. Laumann, Edward O., John H Gagnon, Robert T Michael, and Stuart Michaels. The Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994. 7. Armstrong, Michel Foucault: Philosopher Armstrong, Tim, ed. Michel Foucault: Philosopher New York: Routledge, 1992. 22. Armstrong and Thompson, Phar Lap Armstrong, Geoff and Peter Thompson, eds. Phar Lap Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 2001. 13. Aristotle Metaphysics 32996b5–8, Complete Works of Aristotle: The Revised Oxford Translation, ed. Jonathan Barnes, vol 1 (Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984), 455. 17. Aristotle Metaphysics 32996a1–9 Aristotle, Complete Works of Aristotle: The Revised Oxford Translation. Edited by Jonathan Barnes. 2 vols Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984. 16. Ted Poston, A First Draft of History, ed Kathleen A Hauke, (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2000), 46. 13. Poston, A First

Draft, 49 Book (reprint of a much earlier publication) 28. Watkin Tench, Sydney’s First Four Years: Being a Reprint of “A Narrative of the Expedition to Botany Bay” and “A Complete Account of the Settlement of Port Jackson”. [1788, 1793] (Sydney, Angus & Robertson, 1961), 455. 35. Tench, Sydney’s First Four Years, 557 Tench, Watkin. Sydney’s First Four Years: Being a Reprint of “A Narrative of the Expedition to Botany Bay” and “A Complete Account of the Settlement of Port Jackson”. [1788, 1793] Sydney: Angus & Robertson, 1961. Book (edition other than the first) 41. Ludmilla Jordanova, History in Practice, 2nd ed (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 72. 70. Jordanova, History in Practice, 79 Jordanova, Ludmilla. History in Practice 2nd ed New York: Oxford University Press, 2006. Book (multiple editors) Edited book, author known 12. Geoff Armstrong and Peter Thompson, eds Phar Lap (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 2001). Poston, Ted. A First

Draft of History Edited by Kathleen A Hauke Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2000. 0 Source: http://www.doksinet Chapter in an edited book Journal article 10. Sarah Maza, ‘The Diamond Necklace Affair Revisited (1785-1786): The Case of the Missing Queen’, in Eroticism and the Body Politic ed. Lynn Hunt (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991), 65. 38. Marshall Sahlins, ‘The Sadness of Sweetness: The Native Anthropology of Western Cosmology’, Current Anthropology 37 (1996): 402. 18. Maza, ‘Diamond Necklace Affair’, 70 12. Sahlins, ‘Sadness of Sweetness’, 399 Maza, Sarah. ‘The Diamond Necklace Affair Revisited (1785-1786): The Case of the Missing Queen’. In Eroticism and the Body Politic edited by Lynn Hunt, 63–89. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991. Sahlins, Marshall. ‘The Sadness of Sweetness: The Native Anthropology of Western Cosmology’. Current Anthropology 37 (1996): 395–415. 39. Stephen A White, ‘Callimachus

Battiades: Epigr 35’, Classical Philology 94 (April 1999): 168. 82. White, ‘Callimachus Battiades’, 166 White, Stephen A. ‘Callimachus Battiades: Epigr 35’, Classical Philology 94 (April 1999): 160–178. 40. Stephen Gaukroger, ‘Science, Religion, Modernity’, Critical Quarterly 47, no. 4 (2005): 5 99. Gaukroger, ‘Science, Religion’, 17 Gaukroger, Stephen. ‘Science, Religion, and Modernity’, Critical Quarterly 47, no. 4 (2005): 5–26 Journal article (online version identical to print version) 1. Marina Perrier Jouet, ‘How I Rule the World’s Good Form’, The Narcissist, 431 (2020): 7. 2. Perrier Jouet, ‘How I Rule’, 9 Perrier Jouet, Marina ‘How I Rule the World’s Good Form’. The Narcissist 431 (2020): 1–601. Journal article (online version different from print version or only an online journal) 64. Pierpaolo Antonello and Roberto Farneti, ‘Antigone’s Claim: A Conversation With Judith Butler’, Theory & Event 12 no. 1 (2009),

http://musejhuedu/journals/theory and event/v012/12.1antonellohtml (accessed September 12, 2009) 69. Antonello and Farneti, ‘Antigone’s Claim’ Antonello, Pierpaolo and Roberto Farneti. ‘Antigone’s Claim: A Conversation With Judith Butler’. Theory & Event 12 no 1 (2009): http://muse.jhuedu/journals/theory and event /v012/12.1antonellohtml (accessed September 12, 2009) Newspaper article 32. Michael Duffy, ‘ABC Unloads a Shipload of Bias’, Sydney Morning Herald, May 12, 2007. 34. Duffy, ‘Shipload’ Duffy, Michael. ‘ABC Unloads a Shipload of Bias’ Sydney Morning Herald. 12 May, 2007 32. Michael Duffy, ‘ABC Unloads a Shipload of Bias’, Sydney Morning Herald, May 12, 2007. http://wwwsmhcomau/ news/opinion/abc-unloads-a-shipload-of-bias/2007/05/11/ 1178390549480.html (accessed August 11, 2008) Magazine article 82. Marina Perrier Jouet, ‘Tricky Stuff with Autoshapes in Tables in Word’, MacTech, June 2009, 73. Duffy, Michael. ‘ABC Unloads a

Shipload of Bias’ Sydney Morning Herald. 12 May 2007 http://wwwsmhcomau /news /opinion/abc-unloads-a-shipload-of bias/2007/ 05/11/ 1178390549480.html (accessed 11 August, 2008) 85. Perrier Jouet, ‘Tricky Stuff ‘, 70 Perrier Jouet, Marina. ‘Tricky Stuff with Autoshapes in Tables in Word’. MacTech, June 2009 1 Source: http://www.doksinet Encyclopedia /Dictionary entry Website 30. Oxford English Dictionary, sv ‘pernickety’ 96. Oxford English Dictionary, sv ‘pedantic’ 137. The Times Guide to English Language Style and Usage, comp. Tim Austin, (London: Times Books, 1999), svv ‘police ranks’; ‘postal addresses’. 47. Times Guide to English Language, sv ‘elegant’ The Times Guide to English Language Style and Usage. Compiled by Tim Austin. London: Times Books, 1999 204. University of Chicago Press Staff, ‘The Chicago Manual of Style Online’, http://www.chicagomanualofstyle org/home.html (accessed 12 October, 2008) 209. Chicago Press, ‘Chicago

Manual’ University of Chicago Press Staff, ‘The Chicago Manual of Style Online’, http://www.chicagomanualofstyleorg/homehtml (accessed 12 October, 2008). 210. Chicago Press, ‘Chicago Manual’, http://www.chicagomanualofstyleorg/ch06/ch06 sec008.html Royal Commission 27. Commonwealth of Australia, Commission on the Stevedoring Industry Report, Melbourne, 1946, 27. 32. Australia, Commission Report, 63 Commonwealth of Australia, Commission on the Stevedoring Industry Report. Melbourne, 1946 Interview Audio Recording 62. Jack Mundy, Interview by Ann Turner, 11 July and 25 August 1991 in Sydney, N.SW, audio recording, National Library of Australia. 64. Mundy, Interview Munday, Jack. Interview by Ann Turner 11 July and 25 August 1991 in Sydney, N.SW Audio recording National Library of Australia. Song / Music (commercially recorded) 49. School of Seven Bells, ‘Half Asleep’, on Alpinisms, CD, (Ghostly International GI-81, 2008). 59. School of Seven Bells, ‘Half

Asleep’ School of Seven Bells. ‘Half Asleep’ Alpinisms CD Ghostly International, GI-81, 2008. Film 31. On Our Selection, directed by Ken G Hall, Cinesound, 1932. 33. On Our Selection, 1932 On Our Selection. Directed by Ken G Hall Cinesound, 1932 Book Review 25. JGA Pocock, review of A History of Histories by John Burrow, Common Knowledge 15, no. 2 (2009): 208 64. Pocock, review of History of Histories, 209 Pocock, J.GA Review of A History of Histories by John Burrow Common Knowledge 15 no. 2 (2009): 208–209 103. Film Weekly, ‘Crikey!’, 18 August, 1932 Film Weekly. ‘Crikey!’ Unsigned review of On Our Selection 18 August 1932. 50. Hurley, My Diary, 4 May 1916, MS883/1/5 Hurley, Frank. My Diary MS883/1/5, National Library of Australia, Canberra. Unsigned Review or Newspaper Article 101. Film Weekly, ‘Crikey!’, unsigned review of On Our Selection directed by Ken G. Hall, 18 August, 1932 Diary 37. Frank Hurley, 5 September 1917, My Diary, MS883/1/5,

National Library of Australia, Canberra. Letter 24. Joseph Lyons to Stanley Bruce, 2 November 1932, MS 4852/4, Papers of Jospeh Aloysius Lyons 1924-1939, National Library of Australia, Canberra. 26. Lyons to Bruce, 5 December 1932, MS 4852/7, Papers of Joseph Lyons. Lyons, Joseph. Papers of Joseph Aloysius Lyons 1924-1939 National Library of Australia, Canberra. 2 Source: http://www.doksinet Thesis Sacred Text Early Modern text 19. Craig Ryan, ‘Ships and Sickles: The Communists and Three Australian Maritime Unions 1928-1945’, (MA thesis, University of New South Wales, 1989), 38. 20. Bible (King James) Genesis 1:27 36. Qur’an 19:17–21 71. Andrew Willet, Hexapla in Genesin & Exodum, (London, 1633), 321. 23. Ryan, ‘Ships and Sickles’, 202 21. 1 Corinthians 13:12 74. Willet, Hexapla, 397 Ryan, Craig. ‘Ships and Sickles: The Communists and Three Australian Maritime Unions 1928-1945’. MA thesis, University of New South Wales, 1989. Not normally cited in

the bibliography Willet, Andrew. Hexapla in Genesin & Exodum London 1633 3 Source: http://www.doksinet INDENT the first line of every footnote. NOTICE the punctuation. This is a note to the reader; it should function like a sentence. APPENDIX: CITATION GUIDE WITH EXPLANATORY NOTES author and status Source Book (single author) The place to be included is the city where the publisher’s main editorial offices are located. Where two or more cities are given (e.g “Chicago and London,”), only the first is normally included. Book (two authors) First Footnote In footnotes, names of authors, artists, etc. are represented in straight form (first name first). 4. Jill Matthews, Dance Hall and Picture Palace: Sydney’s Romance with Modernity (Sydney: Currency Press, 2005), 9. In notes and bibliographies, titles of books, articles, and journal names, albums, films, archive collections, etc. are usually capitalized headline style Book and journal titles etc. are in italics,

article and chapter titles are set inside quotation marks. NOTE the sequence of publication details: PLACE, then PUBLISHER, then YEAR. They are bracketed to make the publication details one element of the footnote ‘sentence’. For details on headline style, see the entry at the end of this table. Subsequent footnotes 5. Ibid, 11 6. Ibid 7. Quarkface, Pedant’s Paradise, 9 8. Matthews, Dance Hall, 32 9. Monica Dux and Zora Simic, The Great Feminist Denial 15. Dux and Simic, Feminist Denial, 12 (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2008), 9. In the short form version of an item, include both surnames if there are two authors or 22. Edward O Laumann et al, The Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1994), 262. 29. Laumann et al, Social Organization of Sexuality, 4. Whether quoted in text, noted in a footnote, or listed in a bibliography, titles of books, journals, plays, and other freestanding works are

italicised. Book (single editor) Book (multiple editors) Edited book, author known If the city of publication may be unknown to readers or may be confused with another city of the same name, the abbreviation of the state, province, or (sometimes) country is added. Bibliography Matthews, Jill. Dance Hall and Picture Palace: Sydney’s Romance with Modernity. Sydney: Currency Press, 2005. To reduce the bulk of documentation in scholarly works that use footnotes or endnotes, subsequent citations to sources already given in full should be shortened whenever possible. The short form, as distinct from an abbreviation, should include enough information to remind readers of the full title or to lead them to the appropriate entry in the bibliography. Titles should be abbreviated to four words or less, if possible. Never begin the first footnote on any page with ibid Instead, give the short form title, even if the note references material identical to the last note on the previous page.

editors. If there are more than two, include the abbreviation et al after the first author’s surname. Such abbreviations as ed or trans following a name in the full reference are omitted in subsequent (short form) references. Book (more than two authors) 14. Tim Armstrong, ed, Michel Foucault: Philosopher (New York: Routledge, 1992). The abbreviation et al. is an abbreviation of et alia [neut.], et alii [masc], or et aliae [fem], literally “and others”. Note that it is not italicised and that no full stop follows et (which is not an abbreviation). 7. Armstrong, Michel Foucault: Philosopher 12. Geoff Armstrong and Peter Thompson, eds Phar Lap (Sydney: Allen& Unwin, 2001). The punctuation changes in bibliography entries. These are no longer notes to your reader; they are items within a complete inventory of your source material. Note how both the author status details and the publication details are still grouped together in their own mini-sentences. The first line of

every entry in a bibliography is indicated by a HANGING INDENT. Names authors, artists, The of names of authors, artists, etc.composers are represented etc. are in straight form in (last nameform represented inverted (last name first) in the first) in the bibliography. bibliography. Dux, Monica, and Zora Simic. The Great Feminist Denial Melbourne: NOTE the sequence of publication Melbourne University Press, 2008. details is the same in the bibliography as in the footnote: PLACE, PUBLISHER, YEAR. Laumann, Edward O., John H Gagnon, Robert T Michael, and Stuart Michaels. The Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994. Armstrong, Tim, ed. Michel Foucault: Philosopher New York: Routledge, 1992. 22. Armstrong and Thompson, Phar Lap Rather spookily, no punctuation intervenes between classical author and title of work, or between title and number, but a comma follows the author in references to specific editions.

Numerical divisions are separated by full stops, with no space following each full stop. No page numbers are given. Edited collections rarely appear in footnotes on their own, since your note would normally cite the particular article within the collection, and that page number (see ‘Chapter in an edited book’ below). An entire edited book can appear in your footnotes to illustrate a general point about a field, or type of inquiry, etc. 13. Aristotle Metaphysics 32996b5–8, Complete Works of 17. Aristotle Metaphysics 32996a1–9 Aristotle: The Revised Oxford Translation, ed. Jonathan Barnes, volClassic texts like these often have identifying numbers for various parts of thembooks, sections, lines, and so onwhich remain the same in all editions. 1 (Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984), 455. These, therefore, are used to identify the cited material, rather than a page Armstrong, Geoff and Peter Thompson, eds. Phar Lap Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 2001. Aristotle,

Complete Works of Aristotle: The Revised Oxford Translation. Edited by Jonathan Barnes. 2 vols Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984. number(s). 16. Ted Poston, A First Draft of History, ed Kathleen A Hauke, (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2000), 46. Book (reprint of a much earlier publication) 28. Watkin Tench, Sydney’s First Four Years: Being a Reprint of “A Narrative of the Expedition to Botany Bay” and “A Complete Account of the Settlement of Port Jackson”. [1788, 1793] (Sydney, Angus & Robertson, 1961), 455. Book (edition other than the first) 41. Ludmilla Jordanova, History in Practice, 2nd ed (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 72. 13. Poston, A First Draft, 49 Poston, Ted. A First Draft of History Edited by Kathleen A Hauke Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2000. 35. Tench, Sydney’s First Four Years, 557 Tench, Watkin. Sydney’s First Four Years: Being a Reprint of “A Narrative of the Expedition to Botany Bay” and “A

Complete Account of the Settlement of Port Jackson”. [1788, 1793] Sydney: Angus & Robertson, 1961. Modern editions or reprints of much earlier publications should include the original publication date in square brackets immediately before the publication details of the edition used. When citing old works, always include the first publication date, if known. 70. Jordanova, History in Practice, 79 In the case of a book title within a title, double quotation marks are used. For a book title within an article title, italics are used. For a quotation or an article title within an article title, double quotation marks are used. Jordanova, Ludmilla. History in Practice 2nd ed New York: Oxford University Press, 2006. 4 Source: http://www.doksinet Chapter in an edited book 10. Sarah Maza, ‘The Diamond Necklace Affair Revisited (1785-1786): The Case of the Missing Queen’, in Eroticism and the Body Politic ed. Lynn Hunt (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991), 65.

Titles of chapters in an edited volume, articles, and other shorter works are set in roman (i.e not italicised) and enclosed in single quotation marks. NOTE that there is no punctuation between the journal title and the volume number. 18. Maza, ‘Diamond Necklace Affair’, 70 When the words “edited by” follow a book’s title in bibliographies they are sometimes linked to it by a comma and sometimes separated from it by a full stop. The styles vary according to whether one is citing a whole book or a chapter or article within a book. There’s no full stop or capital E in “edited by” here to make it clear that Hunt edited every article in this book, which includes articles by authors other than Maza. If a full stop and a cap E were used, the span of Hunt’s editorship (i.e did she edit Maza alone?) would be left ambiguous. Cf the bibliography entries above in the row “Edited book, author known”. 12. Sahlins, ‘Sadness of Sweetness’, 399 Journal article If the

volume number is the only division of the journal given, then it is all you need to note. If that volume is further split by issues, give volume and issue number. If the volume has no numbers but does have seasons or months, they are capitalized and inserted within parentheses with the year. Only one subset of the volume is required, i.e add on the issue number OR the season/month, but not both. 39. Stephen A White, ‘Callimachus Battiades: Epigr 35’, Classical Philology 94 (April 1999): 168. 40. Stephen Gaukroger, ‘Science, Religion, Modernity’, Critical Quarterly 47, no. 4 (2005): 5 Journal article (online version identical to print version) 1. Marina Perrier Jouet, ‘How I Rule the World’s Good Form’, The Narcissist, 431 (2020): 7. Journal article (online version different from print version or only an online journal) 64. Pierpaolo Antonello and Roberto Farneti, ‘Antigone’s Claim: A Conversation With Judith Butler’, Theory & Event 12 no. 1 (2009),

http://musejhuedu/journals/theory and event/v012/12.1antonellohtml (accessed September 12, 2017) Newspaper article 32. Michael Duffy, ‘ABC Unloads a Shipload of Bias’, Sydney Morning Herald, May 12, 2007. You must verify that the online version is identical to the print version, which means it has the same pagination as the print version. Normally, you are looking at a pdf of the print version online; cite the page number as you see it on that pdf. No accession date is required 32. Michael Duffy, ‘ABC Unloads a Shipload of Bias’, Sydney Morning Herald, May 12, 2007. http://wwwsmhcomau/ news/opinion/abc-unloads-a-shipload-of-bias/2007/05/11/ 1178390549480.html (accessed August 11, 2008) The page range of the article or chapter cited in an edited work (multi-author or single author) is given immediately after the editor(s), following a comma. An “N dash” is used to separate page numbers. [‘N’dash = Ctrl+-(hyphen on number pad)] If just one article from an edited

book is used in your work, there is no need to list that edited book separately. If more than one article from an edited book appears in the footnotes of your work, the edited book should also be listed in a separate entry in the bibliography. Sahlins, Marshall. ‘The Sadness of Sweetness: The Native Anthropology of Western Cosmology’. Current Anthropology 37 (1996): 395–415. 38. Marshall Sahlins, ‘The Sadness of Sweetness: The Native Anthropology of Western Cosmology’, Current Anthropology 37 (1996): 402. Maza, Sarah. ‘The Diamond Necklace Affair Revisited (1785-1786): The Case of the Missing Queen’. In Eroticism and the Body Politic edited by Lynn Hunt, 63–89. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991. The numeral immediately following the title of the journal is usually the volume number. If no further division is indicated, it is followed by the year of publication in parentheses. If no volume number is given, but an issue number or the year itself serves

that function, then that information should be placed in this spot, without parentheses in the case of a year. White, Stephen A. ‘Callimachus Battiades: Epigr 35’, Classical Philology 94 (April 1999): 160–178. 82. White, ‘Callimachus Battiades’, 166 Gaukroger, Stephen. ‘Science, Religion, and Modernity’, Critical Quarterly 47, no. 4 (2005): 5–26 99. Gaukroger, ‘Science, Religion’, 17 Space versus no space after a colon: When page numbers immediately follow a volume number (or occasionally an issue number); separated only by a colon, no space follows the colon. But when parenthetical information intervenes, a word space follows the colon. It is unusual for journals in the humanities not to include a year as an identifying element, but occasionally volumes do span several years, so the volume number functions alone, as in Social Networks 14:213–29. 2. Perrier Jouet, ‘How I Rule’, 9 Perrier Jouet, Marina ‘How I Rule the World’s Good Form’. The

Narcissist 431 (2020): 1–601. A colon rather than an apostrophe always follows the parenthetical information preceding the page number in a citation of a journal article in a footnote. 69. Antonello and Farneti, ‘Antigone’s Claim’ Non-print journals have no page numbers (funnily enough). The assumption is that when the reader arrives at the web page, the cited material can be searched for using a browser’s ‘find’ function. If the cited material on the web page is under a heading or other locater, include that e.g “Introduction.” If, however, a page number does happen to exist, use it. 34. Duffy, ‘Shipload’ Newspaper articles may be cited in running text (“As Michael Duffy noted in a Sydney Morning Herald article on 12 May, 2007, the ABC was accused of bias”) instead of in a footnote, and they are commonly omitted from a bibliography as well. This is a formal version of how to cite newspaper articles. Antonello, Pierpaolo and Roberto Farneti.

‘Antigone’s Claim: A Conversation With Judith Butler’. Theory & Event 12 no 1 (2009): http://muse.jhuedu/journals/theory and event /v012/12.1antonellohtml (accessed September 12, 2009) No punctuation at the end of a web address unless it comes at the end of the entry. Duffy, Michael. ‘ABC Unloads a Shipload of Bias’ Sydney Morning Herald. 12 May, 2007 Duffy, Michael. ‘ABC Unloads a Shipload of Bias’ Sydney Morning Herald. 12 May 2007 http://wwwsmhcomau /news /opinion/abc-unloads-a-shipload-of bias/2007/ 05/11/ What to do if you have accessed the newspaper online. Accession dates are important to include as some web material/locations change quickly. However, 1178390549480.html (accessed 11 August, 2008) the use of accession dates is diminishing as earlier pages are difficult to access. You are advised to cite a print version if it is at all possible. Magazine article 82. Marina Perrier Jouet, ‘Tricky Stuff with Autoshapes in Tables in Word’, MacTech, June

2009, 73. Weekly or monthly magazines, even if numbered by volume and issue, are usually cited by date only. The date, being an essential element in the citation, is not enclosed in parentheses. While a specific page number may be cited in a note, the inclusive page numbers of an article may be omitted in the bibliography entry, since they are often widely separated by extraneous material. When page numbers are included, a comma rather than a colon separates them from the date of issue. 85. Perrier Jouet, ‘Tricky Stuff, ’ 70 Perrier Jouet, Marina. ‘Tricky Stuff with Autoshapes in Tables in Word’. MacTech, June 2009 A note on punctuation vis-à-vis quotation marks: British convention uses quotation marks to set off a direct quotation or a title. Any punctuation within the quoted material must be included, and all punctuation that belongs to the writer falls outside the quotation marks. There’s much gnashing of teeth about whether single or double quotation marks should be

used for titles – they are always used for direct quotations run in text. There’s even more gnashing of teeth over the Atlantic. American convention allows for the writer to include their punctuation before the end quotation marks (see the article by David Bowman below, who discusses quotation marks in dialogue or run-in text, rather than citation styles). There’s a very interesting history behind all these conventions involving, amongst other things, the need to stop 16thC printers overusing the relatively tiny comma because they kept breaking it; but we won’t go into that here. For our purposes, we have adopted the British convention (writer’s punctuation outside quotation marks), and we will use single quotation marks for titles of shorter, non freestanding works i.e journal articles, song titles, chapters of edited volumes, etc 5 Source: http://www.doksinet Encyclopedia /Dictionary entry Website The Times Guide to English Language Style and Usage. Compiled by Tim

Austin. London: Times Books, 1999 96. Oxford English Dictionary, sv ‘pedantic’ 30. Oxford English Dictionary, sv ‘pernickety’ 137. The Times Guide to English Language Style and Usage, comp. Tim Austin, (London: Times Books, 1999), svv ‘police ranks’; ‘postal addresses’. 204. University of Chicago Press Staff, ‘The Chicago Manual of Style Online’, http://www.chicagomanualofstyle org/home.html (accessed 12 October, 2008) 47. Times Guide to English Language, sv ‘elegant’ Common reference works like the OED and the Encyclopedia Britannica etc in their recent editions are not usually s.v = sub verso, which is Latin for ‘under the word’’ svv is the common abbreviation for ‘under the words’. The word itself functions as the locator; a page number is not required as pagination can change with different editions. cited in bibliographies. Never, ever, ever cite Wikipedia as a source (which means, do not use what it says as the sole source of truth about

anything other than what Wikipedia looked like that day) unless your essay is an exposé of unreliable source material in tertiary studies, and even then you may remain on shaky ground. 209. Chicago Press, ‘Chicago Manual’ In this case the author is indicating material found on a different ‘page’ of the larger web source, so the web address of that page must be cited. 210. Chicago Press, ‘Chicago Manual’, http://www.chicagomanualofstyleorg/ch06/ch06 sec008.html University of Chicago Press Staff, ‘The Chicago Manual of Style Online’, http://www.chicagomanualofstyleorg/homehtml (accessed 12 October, 2008). This short-form note cites material from the same (web) location cited in the first footnote to this source. Royal Commission 27. Commonwealth of Australia, Commission on the Stevedoring Industry Report, Melbourne, 1946, 27. 32. Australia, Commission Report, 63 Commonwealth of Australia, Commission on the Stevedoring Industry Report. Melbourne, 1946 Interview

Audio Recording 62. Jack Mundy, Interview by Ann Turner, 11 July and 25 August 1991 in Sydney, N.SW, audio recording, National Library of Australia. 64. Mundy, Interview Munday, Jack. Interview by Ann Turner 11 July and 25 August 1991 in Sydney, N.SW Audio recording National Library of Australia. Artist, or composer. Song / Music (commercially recorded) Song, or section of larger work. Film Album, or larger work. 49. School of Seven Bells, ‘Half Asleep’, on Alpinisms, CD, (Ghostly International GI-81, 2008). Record label. Record label ID number. If there is more than one Mundy interview in your bibliography, you need to include further specification here, e.g Munday, Interview by Turner, 11 July and 25 August, 1991. Year of release. 59. School of Seven Bells, ‘Half Asleep’ School of Seven Bells. ‘Half Asleep’ Alpinisms CD Ghostly International, GI-81, 2008. Type of recording . 31. On Our Selection, directed by Ken G Hall, Cinesound, 33. On Our Selection, 1932

1932. If the review has a title, such On Our Selection. Directed by Ken G Hall Cinesound, 1932 as a review essay in a journal, include that title inside single quotation marks. Book Review 25. JGA Pocock, review of A History of Histories by John Burrow, Common Knowledge 15, no. 2 (2009): 208 64. Pocock, review of History of Histories, 209 Pocock, J.GA Review of A History of Histories by John Burrow Common Knowledge 15 no. 2 (2009): 208–209 Unsigned Review or Newspaper Article 101. Film Weekly, ‘Crikey!’, unsigned review of On Our Selection directed by Ken G. Hall, 18 August, 1932 103. Film Weekly, ‘Crikey!’,18 August, 1932 Film Weekly. ‘Crikey!’ Unsigned review of On Our Selection 18 August 1932. Diary 37. Frank Hurley, 5 September 1917, My Diary, MS883/1/5, National Library of Australia, Canberra. Why haven’t we included the manuscript details in the short footnote? Because the first footnote cites the manuscript details of the title My Diary, as does the

bibliography. Compare this short footnote with the one below, where the manuscript details are included because the letters are spread over several files in the collection Papers of Joseph Lyons. A note on unpublished sources: The goal of any footnote and/or bibliography entry is to inform the reader of exactly what you are citing so the reader canin principle or actuallygo to the same source. In the case of unpublished sources which are by nature much harder to access, the city and/or institution, as well as the catalogue number and/or collection where you found or keep the material must also be included. CHECK THE PARTICULAR ARCHIVE FOR THEIR REFERENCING POLICY. Otherwise, use the formats listed here Letter 50. Hurley, My Diary, 4 May 1916 Hurley, Frank. My Diary MS883/1/5, National Library of Australia, Canberra. Unpublished manuscript sources are often gathered together in numbered files or folios within the particular collection you are examining. Where that information is

available, you should include it in your footnote and bibliography, as it is the only catalogue number that will ever exist for that item, unlike published works, which may have different locating numbers depending on the library holding a copy. 24. Joseph Lyons to Stanley Bruce, 2 November 1932, MS 26. Lyons to Bruce, 5 December 1932, MS Lyons, Joseph. Papers of Joseph Aloysius Lyons 1924-1939 National 4852/4, Papers of Jospeh Aloysius Lyons 1924-1939, National 4852/7, Papers of Joseph Lyons. Library of Australia, Canberra. Library of Australia, Canberra. The reader can discover a lot about the ‘shape’ of a collection from footnotes. In this case, the reader can see that the collection Papers of Joseph Lyons includes the data gathered as MS4852, that there are several files in that sub-collection, and that some letters are in File 7, others are in File 4 (as noted in footnote 24), and so on. The aim, as ever, is to provide the reader/researcher with information that will allow

them to locate the material precisely. 6 Source: http://www.doksinet Thesis Sacred Text 19. Craig Ryan, ‘Ships and Sickles: The Communists and Three Australian Maritime Unions 1928-1945’, (MA thesis, University of New South Wales, 1989), 38. 23. Ryan, ‘Ships and Sickles’, 202 Ryan, Craig. ‘Ships and Sickles: The Communists and Three Australian Maritime Unions 1928-1945’. MA thesis, University of New South Wales, 1989. 21. 1 Corinthians 13:12 20. Bible (King James) Genesis 1:27 The Christian and Jewish scriptures are traditionally cited only by the particular book (abbreviated), chapter, and verse i.e Gen 1:27 Yet 36. Qur’an 19:17–21 Not normally cited in the Bibliography versions of the Bible differ in their translation as well as in other matters, and it seems wildly eurocentric to think everyone should just know that the ‘book’ of Genesis is a book of the Bible. You are therefore advised to include the title ‘Bible’ and the version you are using in

your first footnote. To indicate their particular status, the titles of sacred scriptures Bible, Quran (Koran), Talmud, Upanishads, Vedas, and the like and the names of books of the Bible and of the Apocrypha are neither italicised nor put in quotation marks. Early Modern text 71. Andrew Willet, Hexapla in Genesin & Exodum, (London, 1633), 321. 74. Willet, Hexapla, 397 Willet, Andrew. Hexapla in Genesin & Exodum London 1633 The publication details of early texts can be a little unwieldy. For example, this book’s details are actually: “Printed by John Haviland, and are sold by James Boler at the signe of the Marigold in Pauls Church-yard.” (ie London) For most early texts, the city of publication and the publication date suffices. The Brits Got It Right: Punctuation with Quotation by David Bowman http://www.articlesbasecom/writing-articles/the-brits-got-it-right-punctuation-withquotations-938578html To an American writer or reader, British English is pretty easy

to spot with its funny spellings: “neighbOUr,” “colOUr,” “programME,” etc. (To be fair, Brits probably find our spellings strange, too.) Maybe this has something to do with their addiction to Bubble and Squeek. I hate to say it, I really do, but British punctuation makes more sense than American punctuation, at least in one regard. The British punctuation conventions for quotations are more logical than the American English conventions. 1. Quoting a statement: Following the British conventions, the punctuation that separates a quotation from the rest of a sentence occurs OUTSIDE the quotation marks. In American conventions, it occurs INSIDE. British: Bob said that this “is not our fight”. The final period occurs outside the last quotation mark because it is not part of the quoted text. In this case, the period is not being quoted; the words are Thus only the words are in the quotation marks. American: Bob said that this “is not our fight”. The final period occurs

inside the quotation mark. Why? Because that’s the rule, so do it Notice that American conventions do place the punctuation OUTSIDE the quotation marks in some cases. American: Did he say, “Let’s fire everyone”? In this case, the question mark is not part of the quoted text. It is part of the larger sentence, so it goes outside the quote. Just like the British do Colons are handled the same way. 2. Using single and double quotes: In British conventions, double quotes are used for text that is exactly quoted, and single quotes (called “inverted commas” in British conventions) are reserved for text that is not directly quoted or when emphasizing a word or words. In this way, the reader knows whether the material inside is an actual quote from someone or something, or if the writer is trying to create emphasis. In American conventions, double quotes are used for everything, and the reader has to guess or figure it out from the context. British: Alfred was ‘happy’ after

drinking. The use of the inverted commas lets the reader know that “happy” may mean something other than “joyous”. The writer is not actually quoting someone American: Alfred was “happy” after drinking. Is the writer quoting someone else, perhaps someone who observed Alfred? Or should the reader understand that “happy” is not being used according to its common definition? Who knows. Your guess is as good as mine 3. Designating words as words: Following the British conventions, the punctuation that separates a quoted word occurs OUTSIDE the quotation marks. In American conventions, it occurs inside. British: The words ‘hot’, ‘sexy’, and ‘foxy’ all mean the same thing: ‘attractive’. The commas separating the words in the series are outside the quotation marks. After all, the comma is not part of the word, so they do not belong inside the quotation marks with the word. Also, the final period occurs after the quotation mark for the same reason American: The

words “hot,” “sexy,” and “foxy” all mean the same thing: “attractive”. The commas separating the words are inside the quotation marks, which is odd because they aren’t part of the word being specified. The final period is also inside the quotation mark, which is odd for the same reason. Why do we do it this way? Because it’s the rule, so do it. 7 Source: http://www.doksinet Footnotes contra Bibliography entries As you can see, a bibliographical entry is similar to a full footnote reference in that it includes much the same material arranged in much the same order. Differences between the two in the way of presenting this material stem from the differences in purpose and placement. The purpose of the bibliographical entry is to list the work in full bibliographical detail. It is a list, and it is punctuated accordingly. The purpose of the footnote, on the other hand, is primarily to inform the reader of the particular spotpage, section, or other from which the

writer of the paper has taken certain material in her text. It is a note, a sentence, from the writer to the reader. The secondary purpose of the footnoteto enable the reader to find the source for himselfdictates the inclusion of the full bibliographical details in the first footnote reference to a work. Headline Style The conventions of headline style, admittedly arbitrary, are governed by a mixture of aesthetics (the appearance of a title on a printed page), emphasis, and grammar. Some words are always capitalized; some are always lowercased (unless used as the first or last word in a title); others require a decision. Chicago recommends the following rules, pragmatic rather than logically rigorous but generally accepted: (1) Always capitalise the first and last words both in titles and in subtitles and all other major words (nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and some conjunctionsbut see rule 4). (2) Lowercase the articles ‘the’, ‘a’, and ‘an’ (3) Lowercase

prepositions, regardless of length, except when they are stressed (e.g ‘through’ in A River Runs Through It), are used adverbially or adjectivally (e.g ‘up’ in Look Up, ‘down’ in Turn Down, ‘on’ in The On Button, etc.), are used as conjunctions (e.g ‘before’ in Look Before You Leap, etc), or are part of a Latin expression used adjectivally or adverbially (De Facto, In Vitro, etc.) (4) Lowercase the conjunctions ‘and’, ‘but’, ‘for’, ‘or’, ‘nor’. (5) Lowercase the words ‘to’ and ‘as’ in any grammatical function, for simplicity’s sake. (6) Lowercase the second part of a species name, such as lucius in Esox lucius, or the part of a proper name that would be lowercased in text, such as de or von. Ibid.: The Final Word Use ibid. where appropriate, that is where the citation is to the same work as in the preceding footnote. In all other cases use the author’s surname plus a shortened version of the title. The abbreviation ibid (from ibidem,

“in the same place”) refers to a single work cited in the note immediately preceding. Ibid. must never be used if the preceding note contains more than one citation. It takes the place of the name(s) of the author(s) or editor(s), the title of the work, and as much of the succeeding material as is identical. I have given an example in the first row of the table above, in the ‘Subsequent Footnotes’ column. The material I am citing at reference point 5 in the main text of my work can be found on page 11 of Jill’s book. The next material from Jill’s work that I refer to in the main body of my text (at reference point 6) is also located on page 11 of Jill’s book, so at footnote 6 I have simply placed ibid. alone, without a page reference, since the preceding note is identical to what I would otherwise need to write. The word ibid (italicised in this paragraph only because it is a word used as a word) is set in roman (i.e not italicised), is capitalized if it immediately

follows a full stop, and it is always followed by a full stop because it is an abbreviation. Op cit (opere citato, “in the work cited”) and loc. cit (loco citato, “in the place cited”), used with an author’s last name and standing in place of a previously cited title, are rightly falling into disuse. Since they can refer to works cited many pages or even chapters earlier, they are exceptionally unhelpful. Consider a reader’s frustration on meeting, for example, “Wells, op. cit, p 10” in note 95 and having to search back to note 2 for the full source or, worse still, finding that two works by Wells have been cited. Instead, we will employ the short title method for subsequent footnotes to a work. Your Research Essay Bibliography Your research essay bibliography should include all the material cited in your footnotes, as well as any un-cited work that has supported your research on this topic. You may also break your bibliography into sections, not only Primary and

Secondary Material, but you can divide your primary section into subsections, e.g Newspapers, Archives, Trade Publications, etc. More than one citation in a single footnote The number of note references in a sentence or a paragraph can sometimes be reduced by grouping several citations in a single note. The citations are separated by semicolons and must appear in the same order as the text material (whether works, quotations, or whatever) to which they pertain. Take care to avoid any ambiguity about what is documenting what. See the following example Main text of essay: Only when we gather the work of several scholarsWalter Sutton’s explications of some of Whitman’s shorter poems; Paul Fussell’s careful study of structure in ‘Cradle’; Stanley K. Coffman’s close readings of ‘Crossing Brooklyn Ferry’ and ‘Passage to India’; and the attempts of Thomas Rountree and John Lovell, dealing with ‘Song of Myself’ and ‘Passage to India’, respectivelydo we begin to get

a sense of both the extent and the specificity of Whitman’s forms.1 Footnote 1. Walter Sutton, ‘The Analysis of Free Verse Form, Illustrated by a Reading of Whitman’, Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 18 (1959): 241–54; Paul Fussell, ‘Whitman’s Curious Warble: Reminiscence and Reconciliation’ in The Presence of Whitman, R. W B Lewis ed. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1962): 28–51; Stanley K Coffman, ‘ “Crossing Brooklyn Ferry”: Note on the Catalog Technique in Whitman’s Poetry’, Modern Philology 51, (1954): 225–32; Stanley K. Coffman, ‘Form and Meaning in Whitman’s “Passage to India”‘, PMLA 70 (1955): 337–49; Thomas Rountree, ‘Whitman’s Indirect Expression and its Application to “Song of Myself”‘, PMLA 73 (1958): 549–55; and John Lovell, ‘Appreciating Whitman: “Passage to India”‘, Modern Language Quarterly 21 (June 1960): 131–41. 8 Source: http://www.doksinet The footnotes below would, of course, be

distributed at the foot of the pages of an essay according to the particular information they note in the main text. They are listed here to give you an idea of how they would look in context. 1. Marina Perrier Jouet, ‘How I Rule the World’s Good Form’, The Narcissist, 431 (2020): 7 2. Ibid 9 3. Susan Quarkface, Pedant’s Paradise, (Wollongong: LikeThis Press, 2015), 52 4. Jill Matthews, Dance Hall and Picture Palace: Sydney’s Romance with Modernity (Sydney: Currency Press, 2005), 9. A 3-em dash followed by a full stop represents the same author or editor 5. Ibid, 11 named in the preceding entry. To type an em-dash, hold down 3 keys: ctrl+alt+dash on number pad. 6. Ibid 7. Quarkface, Pedant’s Paradise, 9 8. Matthews, Dance Hall, 32 9. Monica Dux and Zora Simic, The Great Feminist Denial (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2008), 9. 10. Sarah Maza, ‘The Diamond Necklace Affair Revisited (1785-1786): The Case of the Missing Queen’, in Eroticism and the Body Politic

ed. Lynn Hunt (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991), 65 12. Geoff Armstrong and Peter Thompson, eds Phar Lap (Sydney: Allen& Unwin, 2001) 13. Aristotle Metaphysics 32996b5–8, Complete Works of Aristotle: The Revised Oxford Translation, ed Jonathan Barnes, vol. 1, (Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984), 455 14. Tim Armstrong, ed, Michel Foucault: Philosopher (New York: Routledge, 1992) 15. Dux and Simic, Feminist Denial, 12 16. Ted Poston, A First Draft of History, ed Kathleen A Hauke, (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2000), 46. 17. Aristotle Metaphysics 32996a1-9 18. Maza, ‘Diamond Necklace Affair’, 70 19. Craig Ryan, ‘Ships and Sickles: The Communists and Three Australian Maritime Unions 1928-1945’, (MA thesis, University of New South Wales, 1989), 38. 20. Bible (King James) Genesis 1:27 21. 1 Corinthians 13:12 22. Edward O Laumann et al The Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States (Chicago: Chicago University

Press, 1994), 262. 23. Ryan, ‘Ships and Sickles’, 202 24. Joseph Lyons to Stanley Bruce, 2 November 1932, MS 4852/4, Papers of Jospeh Aloysius Lyons 19241939, National Library of Australia, Canberra 25. JGA Pocock, review of A History of Histories by John Burrow, Common Knowledge 15, no 2 (2009): 208. 26. Lyons to Bruce, 5 December 1932, MS 4852/7, Papers of Joseph Lyons 27. Commonwealth of Australia, Commission on the Stevedoring Industry Report, Melbourne, 1946 28. Watkin Tench, Sydney’s First Four Years: Being a Reprint of “A Narrative of the Expedition to Botany Bay” and “A Complete Account of the Settlement of Port Jackson”. [1788, 1793] (Sydney, Angus & Robertson, 1961), 455. 29. Laumann et al, Social Organization of Sexuality, 4 30. Oxford English Dictionary, sv ‘pernickety’ 31. On Our Selection, directed by Ken G Hall, Cinesound, 1932 32. Australia, Commission Report, 63 33. On Our Selection, 1932 34. Oxford English Dictionary, sv ‘pernickety’ 35. Ibid

36. Qur’an 19:17–21 37. Frank Hurley, 5 September 1917, My Diary, MS883/1/5, National Library of Australia, Canberra 38. Marshall Sahlins, ‘The Sadness of Sweetness: The Native Anthropology of Western Cosmology’, Current Anthropology 37 (1996): 402. 39. Stephen A White, ‘Callimachus Battiades Epigr 35’, Classical Philology 94 (April 1999): 168 40. Stephen Gaukroger, ‘Science, Religion, and Modernity’, Critical Quarterly 47, no 4 (2005): 5 41. Ludmilla Jordanova, History in Practice 2nd ed New York: Oxford University Press, 2006, 127 The bibliography below is not subdivided (manuscript, music, film, early texts, etc), but it could be. Check some of the books by historians you have been reading to see the way they divide up their bibliographies. BIBLIOGRAPHY Antonello, Pierpaolo and Roberto Farneti. ‘Antigone’s Claim: A Conversation With Judith Butler’ Theory & Event 12 no. 1 (2009): http://musejhuedu/journals/theory and event /v012/12.1antonellohtml (accessed

September 12, 2009) Aristotle, Complete Works of Aristotle: The Revised Oxford Translation. Edited by Jonathan Barnes 2 vols Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984. Armstrong, Geoff and Peter Thompson, eds. Phar Lap Sydney: Allen& Unwin, 2001 Armstrong, Tim, ed. and trans Michel Foucault: Philosopher New York: Routledge, 1992 Australia, Commonwealth of. Commission on the Stevedoring Industry Report Melbourne, 1946 Duffy, Michael. ‘ABC Unloads a Shipload of Bias’ Sydney Morning Herald 12 May, 2007 Dux, Monica, and Zora Simic. The Great Feminist Denial Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2008 Film Weekly. ‘Crikey!’ Unsigned review of On Our Selection18 August 1932 Gaukroger, Stephen. ‘Science, Religion, and Modernity’, Critical Quarterly 47, no 4 (2005): 5–26 Hurley, Frank. My Diary MS883/1/5, National Library of Australia Jordanova, Ludmilla. History in Practice 2nd ed New York: Oxford University Press, 2006 Laumann, Edward O., John H Gagnon, Robert T

Michael, and Stuart Michaels The Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994 Lyons, Joseph. Papers of Joseph Aloysius Lyons 1924-1939 National Library of Australia, Canberra Matthews, Jill. Dance Hall and Picture Palace: Sydney’s Romance with Modernity Sydney: Currency Press, 2005. Maza, Sarah. ‘The Diamond Necklace Affair Revisited (1785-1786): The Case of the Missing Queen’ In Eroticism and the Body Politic edited by Lynn Hunt, 63–89. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991. Munday, Jack. Interview by Ann Turner 11 July and 25 August 1991 in Sydney, NSW Audio recording. National Library of Australia On Our Selection. Directed by Ken G Hall Cinesound, 1932 Perrier Jouet, Marina ‘How I Rule the World’s Good Form’. The Narcissist 431 (2020): 1–601 . ‘Tricky Stuff with Autoshapes in Tables in Word’ MacTech, June 2009 Pocock, J.GA Review of A History of Histories by John Burrow, Common

Knowledge 15 no 2 (2009): 208– 209. Poston, Ted. A First Draft of History Edited by Kathleen A Hauke Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2000. Quarkface, Susan. Pedant’s Paradise Wollongong: LikeThis Press, 2015 Ryan, Craig. ‘Ships and Sickles: The Communists and Three Australian Maritime Unions 1928-1945’ MA thesis, University of New South Wales, 1989. Sahlins, Marshall. ‘The Sadness of Sweetness: The Native Anthropology of Western Cosmology’ Current Anthropology 37 (1996): 395–415. School of Seven Bells. ‘Half Asleep’ Alpinisms CD Ghostly International, GI-81, 2008 Tench, Watkin. Sydney’s First Four Years: Being a Reprint of “A Narrative of the Expedition to Botany Bay” and “A Complete Account of the Settlement of Port Jackson”. Sydney: Angus & Robertson, [1788, 1793] 1961. The Times Guide to English Language Style and Usage. Compiled by Tim Austin London: Times Books, 1999. University of Chicago Press Staff, ‘The Chicago Manual of Style Online’,

http://www.chicagomanualofstyleorg/homehtml (accessed 12 October, 2008) White, Stephen A. ‘Callimachus Battiades: Epigr 35’,Classical Philology 94 (April 1999): 160–178 9 Source: http://www.doksinet 10