Information Technology | High school » Vietnamese Style Guide

Source: http://www.doksinet Vietnamese Style Guide Source: http://www.doksinet Contents Whats New? . 4 New Topics . 4 Updated Topics . 4 Introduction . 5 About This Style Guide . 5 Scope of This Document . 5 Style Guide Conventions . 5 Sample Text . 5 Recommended Reference Material . 6 Normative References . 7 Informative References . 7 Language Specific Conventions . 8 Country/Region Standards . 8 Characters . 8 Date . 14 Time . 16 Numbers . 18 Sorting . 22 Geopolitical Concerns . 39 Grammar, Syntax & Orthographic Conventions . 40 Adjectives . 40 Articles . 41 Capitalization . 42 Compounds. 43 Gender . 43 Genitive . 44 Modifiers . 44 Nouns . 45 Prepositions . 47 Pronouns . 48 Punctuation . 49 Singular & Plural . 53 Split Infinitive . 53 Subjunctive . 54 Symbols & Non-Breaking Spaces. 54 Syntax . 54 Verbs . 55 Word Order . 57 Style and Tone Considerations . 58 Audience . 58 Source: http://www.doksinet Style . 58 Tone . 59 Voice . 59 Localization Guidelines . 61

General Considerations . 61 Abbreviations . 61 Accessibility . 61 Acronyms . 61 Applications, Products, and Features . 63 Frequent Errors . 63 Glossaries . 64 Fictitious Information . 64 Recurring Patterns . 64 Standardized Translations . 64 Unlocalized Items. 64 Using the Word Microsoft . 65 Software Considerations . 65 User Interface . 65 Messages . 66 Keys . 69 Document Translation Considerations . 74 Titles . 74 Copyright . 74 Source: http://www.doksinet Whats New? Last Updated: February 2011 New Topics The following topics were added:  Hint about translating from English to Vietnamese for localization processes  Updates on new changes in localization information. Updated Topics The following topics were updated:  n/a 4 Source: http://www.doksinet Introduction This Style Guide went through major revision in February 2011 in order to remove outdated and unnecessary content. It contains information pertaining to all Microsoft products and services

About This Style Guide The purpose of this Style Guide is to provide everybody involved in the localization of Vietnamese Microsoft products with Microsoft-specific linguistic guidelines and standard conventions that differ from or are more prescriptive than those found in language reference materials. These conventions have been adopted after considering context based on various needs, but above all, they are easy to follow and applicable for all types of software to be localized. The Style Guide covers the areas of formatting, grammatical conventions, as well as stylistic criteria. It also presents the reader with a general idea of the reasoning behind the conventions. The present Style Guide is a revision of our previous Style Guide version with the intention of making it more standardized, more structured, and easier to use as a reference. The guidelines and conventions presented in this Style Guide are intended to help you localize Microsoft products and materials. We welcome your

feedback, questions and concerns regarding the Style Guide You can send us your feedback via the Microsoft Language Portal feedback page. Scope of This Document This Style Guide is intended for the localization professional working on Microsoft products. It is not intended to be a comprehensive coverage of all localization practices, but to highlight areas where Microsoft has preference or deviates from standard practices for Vietnamese localization. Style Guide Conventions In this document, a plus sign (+) before a translation example means that this is the recommended correct translation. A minus sign (-) is used for incorrect translation examples In Microsoft localization context, the word term is used in a slightly untraditional sense, meaning the same as e.g a segment in Trados. The distinguishing feature of a term here is that it is translated as one unit; it may be a traditional term (as used in terminology), a phrase, a sentence, or a paragraph. References to interface

elements really only refer to translatable texts associated with those interface elements. Example translations in this document are only intended to illustrate the point in question. They are not a source of approved terminology. Always check for approved translation in the Microsoft terminology database Sample Text Kính gửi: anh Phan Hoàng Khiêm 33 Trƣơng Vĩnh Ký 5 Source: http://www.doksinet Mỹ Tho - Tiền Giang Tel: 073 880 479 Hà Nội ngày 1/11/2000 Anh Khiêm thân mến, Về vấn đề dịch sách, xin anh thông cảm cho là những sách tôi đã dịch trƣớc hết là để phục vụ cho hiểu biết của mình, để cho mình hiểu thật thấu đáo thì phải viết ra. Anh nói đúng đấy, đây là việc chuyển ngữ, không phải dịch sách. Và quan điểm của tôi là phản ánh trung thành hết mức với nguyên bản, kể từ cách hành văn, kể từ phong cách của tác giả, kể từ từng câu

chữ. Tôi không có khả năng tạo ra đƣợc những câu nói hay hơn tác giả Tôi chỉ cố gắng để làm cho câu tiếng Việt sát từng từ của câu gốc. Tuy nhiên khi làm điều này, câu tiếng Việt cứ tự nhiên tuôn ra mà tôi chẳng phải trau chuốt gì. Tôi cảm nhận trực tiếp tình yêu và tấm lòng của ngƣời nói để nói lại trong tiếng Việt. Cho nên mặc dù câu văn có theo kiểu nƣớc ngoài, có vẻ không Việt văn, thì cũng không sao Điều cơ bản là linh hồn của những từ đó đƣợc chuyển sang tiếng Việt. Xin anh cứ cảm nhận trực tiếp tình cảm của ngƣời nói. Đây là những bản kinh nguyên gốc do ngƣời chứng ngộ thốt ra, cho nên nó phải đƣợc phản ánh trung thành nhất trong mọi ngôn ngữ, trong tiếng Việt. Cho dù có cách nói tiếng Việt có thể hay hơn cho câu ấy, tôi cũng không chọn cách nói

đó, tôi xin giữ nguyên tƣơng ứng từng từ với các câu trong bản gốc. Điều cơ bản là ngƣời đọc cảm nhận chính tác giả, cái vô lời xuyên qua câu chữ. Còn nếu ta chƣa hiểu đƣợc điều ngụ ý trong đó, thì đấy là chúng ta phải cố gắng nâng mình lên cao hơn để hiểu, chứ không thể hạ thấp những lời đã nói bằng cách lí giải của riêng chúng ta. Việc ham thích đọc sách và tìm hiểu những cách nghĩ mới, cách sống mới là quan trọng, nhƣng chƣa đủ. Ngƣời ta phải đƣợc biến đổi sau khi đọc qua những sách này. Những sách này chính là những lời xuyên thấu để làm thay đổi tận gốc rễ cuộc đời chúng ta, để làm cho con ngƣời cũ chết đi và con ngƣời mới hoàn toàn trong trẻo sinh ra. Cuộc sống chỉ có thể tốt lên, khi ngƣời ta đã tự biến đổi tâm thức mình theo hƣớng

nhƣ vậy Mong rằng anh đọc sách và đi vào những chiều sâu nhƣ thế của chính bản thân mình. Điều đó sẽ là niềm hạnh phúc vô biên của sự tồn tại. Thân mến, Ngô Trung Việt Viện Công nghệ Thông tin 18 Hoàng Quốc Việt Hà Nội - Việt Nam Chỉnh lại ngày 20/4/2006 lúc 18:10 Recommended Reference Material Use the Vietnamese language and terminology as described and used in the following publications. 6 Source: http://www.doksinet Normative References These normative sources must be adhered to. Any deviation from them automatically fails a string in most cases When more than one solution is allowed in these sources, look for the recommended one in other parts of the Style Guide. Từ điển Tiếng Việt 2008 - Trung tâm Từ điển học và Nhà xuất bản Đà Nẵng phát hành năm 2008. Từ điển Chính tả - Hoàng Phê – Trung tâm Từ điển học và Nhà xuất bản Đà Nẵng phát hành

năm 2006. Chính tả tiếng Việt - Hoàng Phê - Trung tâm Từ điển học và Nhà xuất bản Đà Nẵng, phát hành năm 2003 Từ điển Lạc Việt MTD2002 created and distributed by LacViet Computing Corporation. http://www.lacvietcomvn/lcmsweb/Defaultaspx?pageid=353 5. Từ điển Tin học - Điện tử - Viễn thông Anh - Việt và Việt Anh – Nhà xuất bản Khoa học Kỹ thuật phát hành năm 2005 1. 2. 3. 4. Informative References These sources are meant to provide supplementary information, background, comparison, etc. 1. http://viwikipediaorg/wiki/Trang Ch%C3%ADnh 2. Từ điển Giải thích Thuật ngữ Công nghệ thông tin Anh – Anh - Việt – Tác giả Trƣơng Văn; Quốc Bình – Nhà xuất bản Thống Kê phát hành năm 2005 3. Unikey software, http://wwwunikeyorg/ 7 Source: http://www.doksinet Language Specific Conventions This part of the style guide contains information about standards specific to Vietnamese.

Country/Region Standards Characters Country/region Vietnam Lower-case characters a, ă, â, b, c, d, đ, e, ê, g, h, i, k, l, m, n, o, ô, ơ, p, q, r, s, t, u, ƣ, v, x, y Upper-case characters A, Ă, Â, B, C, D, Đ, E, Ê, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, O, Ô, Ơ, P, Q, R, S, T, U, Ƣ, V, X, Y Characters in caseless scripts n/a Extended Latin characters ă, â, đ, ê, ô, ơ, ƣ Ă, Â, Đ, Ê, Ô,Ơ, Ƣ Note on alphabetical order Alphabetical order is based on the list above of letters in the alphabet. Total number of characters 29 letters, totally 58 in all lower and upper cases A 0041 a 0061 0041, 0301 á 0061, 0301 0041, 0300 Unicode codes à 0061, 0300 Â 00c2 â 00e2 Ă 0102 ă 0103 0041, 0303 ã 0061, 0303 ấ 00e2, 0301 00c2, 0300 00e2, 0300 0102, 0301 ắ 0103, 0301 8 Source: http://www.doksinet Country/region Vietnam 0102, 0300 ằ 0103, 0300 00c2, 0303 00e2, 0303 0102, 0303 ẵ 0103, 0303 0041, 0309 ả 0061, 0309 00c2, 0309 00e2, 0309

0102, 0309 ẳ 0103, 0309 0041, 0323 ạ 0061, 0323 00c2, 0323 ậ 00e2, 0323 0102, 0323 ặ 0103, 0323 B 0042 b 0062 C 0043 c 0063 D 0044 d 0064 Đ 0110 đ 0111 E 0045 e 0065 0045, 0301 0065, 0301 0045, 0300 0065, 0300 Ê 00ca ê 00ea 9 Source: http://www.doksinet Country/region Vietnam 0045, 0303 ẽ 0065, 0303 00ca, 0301 ế 00ea, 0301 00ca, 0300 ề 00ea, 0300 00ca, 0303 ễ 00ea, 0303 0045, 0309 ẻ 0065, 0309 00ca, 0309 ể 00ea, 0309 0045, 0323 0065, 0323 00ca, 0323 ệ 00ea, 0323 F 0066 f 0046 F 0047 G 0067 g 0048 H 0068 h 0049 I 0069 i 0049, 0301 0069, 0301 í 0049, 0300 0069, 0300 ì 0049, 0303 0069, 0303 ĩ 0049, 0309 0069, 0309 ỉ 0049, 0323 0069, 0323 10 Source: http://www.doksinet Country/region Vietnam ị 004a J 006a j 004b K 006b k 004c L 006c l 004d M 006d m 004e N 006e n 004f O 006f o 004f, 0301 006f, 0301 ó 004f, 0300 006f, 0300 ò 00d4 Ô 00f4 ô 004f, 0303

006f, 0303 00d4, 0301 00f4, 0301 ố 00d4, 0300 00f4, 0300 ồ 00d4, 0303 00f4, 0303 004f, 0309 006f, 0309 00d4, 0309 00f4, 0309 ổ 01a0 Ơ 01a1 ơ 004f, 0323 006f, 0323 11 Source: http://www.doksinet Country/region Vietnam ọ 01a0, 0301 01a1, 0301 ớ 01a0, 0300 01a1, 0300 ờ 00d4, 0323 00f4, 0323 ộ 01a0, 0303 01a1, 0303 01a0, 0309 01a1, 0309 01a0, 0323 01a1, 0323 ợ 0050 P 0070 p 0051 Q 0071 q 0052 R 0072 r 0053 S 0073 s 0054 T 0074 t 0055 U 0075 u 0055, 0301 0075, 0301 ú 0055, 0300 0075, 0300 ù 0055, 0303 0075, 0303 ũ 0055, 0309 0075, 0309 ủ 01af Ƣ 01b0 12 Source: http://www.doksinet Country/region Vietnam ƣ 0055, 0323 0075, 0323 ụ 01af, 0301 01b0, 0301 ứ 01af, 0300 01b0, 0300 ừ 01af, 0303 01b0, 0303 ữ 01af, 0309 01b0, 0309 ử 01af, 0323 01b0 ự 0323 V 0056 v 0076 W 0057 w 0077 X 0058 x 0078 y 0079 0059, 0301 ý 0079, 0301 0059, 0300 0079, 0300 0059, 0303 ỹ 0079, 0303

0059, 0309 0079, 0309 0059, 0323 0079, 0323 Z 005a z 007a In September 2001, Vietnams Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment (MOSTE) issued the TCVN 6909:2001 standard, which is based on ISO/ICE 13 Source: http://www.doksinet Country/region Vietnam 10646 and Unicode 3.1, as the new national standard for Vietnamese 16-bit character encoding. The letters "F", "J", "W" and "Z" is not in the Vietnamese alphabet, but may encounter in words borrowed from foreign languages. "W" is sometimes used in abbreviations for "Ƣ". There are suggestions that these four letters should be added into the alphabet for legal use to meet the development of modern Vietnamese language. Vietnamese script Quoc ngu has 6 tones. Apart from the base form of a syllable without tone mark, there exist also 5 other forms with tone marks included: Notes grave (huyền), hook above (h i), tidle (ngã), acute (sắc), dot below (nặng). Tone

marks belong to the syllable and are put above or below one vowel letter of each syllable. The precise position of tone mark in a vowel is decided by 4 rules, mentioned at Appendix B.5 Rules for tone mark position in syllables Date Country/region Vietnam Calendar/Era Gregorian calendar and Lunar calendar First Day of the Week Monday First Week of the Year The week with the first Monday after 1 January Separator / Default Short Date Format d/M/yy Example 17/3/11 Default Long Date Format d/M/yyyy Example 17/3/2011 Additional Short Date Format 1 d-M-yy Example 17-3-2011 Additional Short Date Format 2 n/a 14 Source: http://www.doksinet Country/region Vietnam Example n/a Additional Long Date Format 1 ngày d tháng M năm yyyy Example ngày 17 tháng 3 năm 2011 Additional Long Date Format 2 ngày d tháng MMMM năm yyyy Example ngày 17 tháng ba năm 2011 Leading Zero in Day Field for Short Date Format No Leading Zero in Month Field for Short Date

Format No No. of digits for year for Short Day Format 2 Leading Zero in Day Field for Long Date Format No Leading Zero in Month Field for Long Date Format No Number of digits for year for Long Day Format 4 Date Format for Correspondence ngày d tháng M năm yyyy Example ngày 17 tháng 3 năm 2011 Notes The Additional Long Date Format 2 rarely used recently. The names of months in the Additional Long Date Format 2 are written in lower case. d is for day, number of ds indicates the format (d = digits without leading zero, dd = digits with leading zero, ddd = the abbreviated day name, dddd = full day name) Abbreviations in Format Codes M is for month, number of Ms gives number of digits. (M = digits without leading zero, MM = digits with leading zero, MMM = the abbreviated name, MMMM = full name) y is for year, number of ys gives number of digits (yy = two digits, yyyy = four digits) 15 Source: http://www.doksinet Time Country/region Vietnam 24 hour format Yes

Standard time format H:mm:ss Standard time format example 15:07:02 Time separator Colon (:) Time separator examples 15:07:02 Hours leading zero No (Leading zero is not compulsory) Hours leading zero example 3:24:12 String for AM designator SA String for PM designator CH Notes  n/a Standard time format Days Country/region: Vietnam Day Normal Form Abbreviation Monday thứ hai t2 Tuesday thứ ba t3 Wednesday thứ tƣ t4 Thursday thứ năm t5 Friday thứ sáu t6 Saturday thứ b y t7 Sunday chủ nhật cn 16 Source: http://www.doksinet First Day of Week: Thứ hai Is first letter capitalized?: No Notes: In Vietnamese names of days of week are considered as common noun, so first letter is not capitalized. Example 1: First letter is capitalized as it is beginning of sentence (Chủ nhật). Chủ nhật này này tôi về quê (This Sunday I am going to my country) Example 2: In the middle of sentence the first letter is not capitalized

(chủ nhật) Tôi sinh vào chủ nhật, 29 tháng 12 năm 1960 (I was born on Sunday 29 December 1960) Months Country/region: Vietnam Month Full Form Abbreviated Form Long Date Form January tháng một 1 tháng 1 February tháng hai 2 tháng 2 March tháng ba 3 tháng 3 April tháng tƣ 4 tháng 4 May tháng năm 5 tháng 5 June tháng sáu 6 tháng 6 July tháng b y 7 tháng 7 August tháng tám 8 tháng 8 September tháng chín 9 tháng 9 October tháng mƣời 10 tháng 10 November tháng mƣời một 11 tháng 11 December tháng mƣời hai 12 tháng 12 Is first letter capitalized?: No Notes: Names of months in Lunar calendar         Tháng giêng Tháng hai Tháng ba Tháng tƣ Tháng năm Tháng sáu Tháng b y Tháng tám 17 Source: http://www.doksinet    Tháng chín Tháng một Tháng chạp In Vietnamese names of months are considered as common noun, so first letter is not

capitalized Month is not capitalized in date format Numbers Country Vietnam Decimal separator , Description Comma Examples 100,05 15900,05 đ Entire part leading zero Yes Examples 0,123 Digit groupping symbol . Description Dot Examples 123.456789 Negative sign symbol - Description Minus Examples -123,456 Notes n/a 18 Source: http://www.doksinet Dot is used as digits grouping symbol Phone Numbers Country/ region International Dialing Code Area Codes Used? Number of Digits – Area Codes Separator Number of Digits – Domestic Digit Groupings – Domestic Vietnam +84 Yes 2; 3 Space 8; 9 (##) #### ####; (###) ### #### Country/ region Number of Digits – Local Digit Groupings – Local Number of Digits – Mobile Digit Groupings – Mobile Number of Digits – International Digit Groupings – International Vietnam 8 #### #### 9; 10 (when calling from overseas) (###) ###### 11; 12 +84 # #### ####: +84 ## #### #### 10; 11 (from

calling from inside Vietnam) Notes: n/a Addresses Country/region: Vietnam Disclaimer: Please note that the information in this entry should under no circumstances be used in examples as fictitious information. Address Format: 1. [Title/Honorific] FamilyName MiddleName Name 2. [CompanyName] 19 Source: http://www.doksinet 3. Address1 4. [Address2] 5. City 6. Country Example Address: Ông. Nguyễn Thế Trung DTT Technology Group 141 Lê Du n Hoàn Kiếm Hà nội Việt Nam Local Postal Code Format: n/a Notes: [Title/Honorific] Ông/Bà/Cô/Anh/Chị/TS (Tiến sĩ)/GS (Giáo sƣ)/BS (Bác sĩ)/PGS (phó Giáo sƣ)/ThS (Thạc sí) . Currency Country/region Vietnam Currency Name Dong; International Currency Code: VND Currency Symbol ₫ Currency Symbol Position After Positive Currency Format 123.456789,00 ₫ Negative Sign Symbol Minus (-) Negative Currency Format -123.456789,00 ₫ Decimal Symbol , Number of Digits after Decimal 2 Digit Grouping Symbol

###.######,## Number of Digits in Digit Grouping 3 Positive Currency Example ###.######,## ₫ Negative Currency Example -###.######,## ₫ ISO Currency Code ISO 4217 Currency Subunit Name hao 20 Source: http://www.doksinet Currency Subunit Symbol xu Currency Subunit Example 100,45 = 100VND, 4 hao, 5 xu Currency symbol is placed after number Digit Groups Country/region: Vietnam Decimal Separator: , Decimal Separator Description: Comma Decimal Separator Example: 100,05; 15900,05 đ Thousand Separator: . Thousand Separator Description: Period Thousand Separator Example: 100.000; 100000 đ Notes: n/a    Period is used in product versions only. Example: MS-DOS 622; Windows 311 It is acceptable to omit thousand separator (dot) for numbers with 4 digits in their integer part. Eg 1000 Numbers not in regular text may or may not have thousand separators. For examples, values in Excel do not have thousand separators. Measurement Units Metric System Commonly Used?:

Yes Temperature: Celsius Category English Translation Abbreviation Linear Measure Kilometer Kilôm t km Meter M t m Decimeter Đềxim t dm Centimeter Xentim t cm 21 Source: http://www.doksinet Category Capacity Mass English Units of Measurement English Translation Abbreviation Millimeter Milim t mm Hectoliter Hctôlít hl Liter Lít l Deciliter Đềxilít dl Centiliter Xentilít cl Milliliter Mililít ml Ton Tấn n/a Kilogram Kilôgam kg Pound Pao Gram Gam g Decigram Đềxigam dg Centigram Xentigam cg Milligram Miligam mg Inch In-xơ n/a Feet Bộ n/a Mile Dặm n/a Gallon Galông n/a Notes: n/a Percentages The percent sign (%) in documentation (including online documents) not should be separated from the number with a non-breaking space: 10%. Sorting 1. Capital letters and lowercase letters are equal No distinction is made between them Sorting rules 2. The extended characters ă, â, đ, ê, ô, ơ

and ƣ keep their orders as their positions in the alphabet. 3. The characters f, j, z, w are sorted as their positions in the Vietnamese alphabet 4. In sorting, tone marks could be considered as a character and put behind the last letter of its syllable and their sorting weights are less than all other letters in the alphabet. 22 Source: http://www.doksinet 5. The rules for sorting Vietnamese syllable in the dictionary order are following:   A 65 a 97 Rule 1: sorting words by the order of letters in the alphabet, regardless of the tone mark in the word. Rule 2: sorting by tone marks between the syllables of words with same consonants and vowels but different tone marks. The order between them is defined by order of tone marks.) 65, 679 á 97, 769 65, 768 à 97, 768 Â 194 â 226 Ă 258 ă 259 65, 771 ã 97, 771 ấ 226, 769 194, 768 226, 768 Character sorting order 258, 769 ắ 259, 769 258, 768 ằ 259, 768 194, 771 226, 771 258, 771 ẵ 259, 771

65, 777 ả 97, 777 194, 777 226, 777 258, 777 ẳ 259, 777 65, 803 ạ 97, 803 23 Source: http://www.doksinet 194, 803 ậ 226, 803 258, 803 ặ 259, 803 B 66 b 98 C 67 c 99 D 68 d 100 Đ 272 đ 273 E 69 e 101 69, 769 101, 769 69, 768 101, 768 Ê 202 ê 234 69, 771 ẽ 101, 771 202, 769 ế 234, 769 202, 768 ề 234, 768 202, 771 ễ 234, 771 69, 777 ẻ 101, 777 202, 777 ể 234, 777 69, 803 101, 803 202, 803 24 Source: http://www.doksinet ệ 234, 803 F 102 f 70 F 71 G 103 g 72 H 104 h 73 I 105 i 73, 769 105, 769 í 73, 768 105, 768 ì 73, 771 105, 771 ĩ 73, 777 105, 777 ỉ 73, 803 105, 803 ị 74 J 106 j 75 K 107 k 76 L 108 l 77 M 109 m 78 N 110 n 79 O 111 o 79, 769 111, 769 ó 79, 768 111, 768 25 Source: http://www.doksinet ò 212 Ô 244 ô 79, 771 111, 771 212, 769 244, 769 ố 212, 768 244, 768 ồ 212, 771 244, 771 79, 777 111, 777 212, 777 244, 777 ổ 416

Ơ 417 ơ 79, 803 111, 803 ọ 416, 769 417, 769 ớ 416, 768 417, 768 ờ 212, 803 244, 803 ộ 416, 771 417, 771 416, 777 417, 777 416, 803 417, 803 ợ 80 P 112 p 81 Q 113 q 82 26 Source: http://www.doksinet R 114 r 83 S 115 s 84 T 116 t 85 U 117 u 85, 769 117, 769 ú 85, 768 117, 768 ù 85, 771 117, 771 ũ 85, 777 117, 777 ủ 431 Ƣ 432 ƣ 85, 803 117, 803 ụ 431, 769 432, 769 ứ 431, 768 432, 768 ừ 431, 771 432, 771 ữ 431, 777 432, 777 ử 431, 803 432 ự 803 V 86 v 118 W 87 w 119 X 88 27 Source: http://www.doksinet x 120 y 121 89, 769 ý 121, 769 89, 768 121, 768 89, 771 ỹ 121, 771 89, 777 121, 777 89, 803 121, 803 Z 90 z 122 The order of tone marks is following: 123 a a dua a xít à à ơi à uôm á á hậu Examples of sorted words á phiện ả ả đào ạ ạ ơi ác ác bá ái ái ân ái chà 28 Source: http://www.doksinet ái lực ái mộ ái nam ái nữ . ba đào ba

đ u sáu tay ba đậu ba gác ba gạc ba gai . ch u h u ch u rìa chấu ch u ch u chàng ch u chuộc chậu chậu thau . dân sự dân thƣờng dân tình dân tộc dân tộc chủ thể dân tộc đa số . . veo veo veo v o v o v o von vẻo v o 29 Source: http://www.doksinet v o vọ . yêu quý yêu sách yêu thƣơng yếu yếu địa yếu điểm yếu đuối yếu h n yểu yểu điệu yểu tƣớng chaque chemin cote Czech irdisch lie lire llama luck lye myndig pint pylon savoir Sietla subtle symbol verkehrt vox waffle wood yen yuan yucca zoo Zviedrija 30 Source: http://www.doksinet zysk List of characters with Unicode codes of TCVN 6909:2001: Dec Hexa Character Description 32 20 SPACE Space 33 21 ! Exclamation mark 34 22 “ Double quotes 35 23 # Number sign 36 24 $ Dollar sign 37 25 % Percent mark 38 26 & Ampersand 39 27 „ Single quote 40 28 ( Opening parenthesis 41 29 ) Closing parenthesis 42 002A

* Asterisk 43 002B + Plus sign 44 002C , Comma 45 002D - Minus sign - Hyphen 46 002E . Period 47 002F / Slash 48 30 0 Zero 49 31 1 One 50 32 2 Two 51 33 3 Three 52 34 4 Four 53 35 5 Five 54 36 6 Six 55 37 7 Seven 56 38 8 Eight 31 Source: http://www.doksinet Dec Hexa Character Description 57 39 9 Nine 58 003A : Colon 59 003B ; Semicolon 60 003C < Less than sign 61 003D = Equal sign 62 003E > Greater than 63 003F ? Question mark 64 40 @ At symbol 65 41 A Letter A 66 42 B Letter B 67 43 C Letter C 68 44 D Letter D 69 45 E Letter E 70 46 F Letter F 71 47 G Letter G 72 48 H Letter H 73 49 I Letter I 74 004A J Letter J 75 004B K Letter K 76 004C L Letter L 77 004D M Letter M 78 004E N Letter N 79 004F O Letter O 80 50 P Letter P 81 51 Q Letter Q 82 52 R Letter R 83 53 S Letter S 84 54 T Letter T 85 55 U

Letter U 32 Source: http://www.doksinet Dec Hexa Character Description 86 56 V Letter V 87 57 W Letter W 88 58 X Letter X 90 005A Z Letter Z 91 005B [ Opening bracket 92 005C Backslash 93 005D ] Closing bracket 94 005E ^ Caret - circumflex 95 005F Underscore 96 60 ` Grave accent 97 61 a Letter a 98 62 b Letter b 99 63 c Letter c 100 64 d Letter d 101 65 e Letter e 102 66 f Letter f 103 67 g Letter g 104 68 h Letter h 105 69 i Letter i 106 006A j Letter j 107 006B k Letter k 108 006C l Letter l 109 006D m Letter m 110 006E n Letter n 111 006F o Letter o 112 70 p Letter p 113 71 q Letter q 114 72 r Letter r 115 73 s Letter s 33 Source: http://www.doksinet Dec Hexa Character Description 116 74 t Letter t 117 75 u Letter u 118 76 v Letter v 119 77 w Letter w 120 78 x Letter x 121 79 y Letter y 122 007A z Letter z 123 007B {

Opening brace 124 007C | Vertical bar 125 007D } Closing brace 126 007E ~ Equivalency sign - tilde 160 00A0 NBSP Non- break space 192 00C0 Letter A with grave accent 193 00C1 Letter A with acute accent 194 00C2 195 00C3 Letter A with tilde 196 00C8 Letter E with grave accent 197 00C9 Letter E with acute accent 198 00CA 204 00CC Letter I with grave accent 205 00CD Letter I with acute accent 210 00D2 Letter O with grave accent 211 00D3 Letter O with acute accent 212 00D4 213 00D5 Letter O with tilde 217 00D9 Letter U with grave accent 218 00DA Letter U with acute accent 219 00DD Letter Y with acute accent 224 00E0 Letter a with grave accent Â Ê Ô Letter  Letter Ê Letter Ô 34 Source: http://www.doksinet Dec Hexa Character Description 225 00E1 226 00E2 227 00E3 Letter a with tilde 232 00E8 Letter e with grave accent 233 00E9 Letter e with acute accent 234 00EA 236 00EC Letter i with grave

accent 237 00ED Letter i with acute accent 242 00F2 Letter o with grave accent 243 00F3 Letter o with acute accent 244 00F4 245 00F5 Letter o with tilde 249 00F9 Letter u with grave accent 250 00FA Letter u with acute accent 253 00FD Letter y with acute accent 258 102 Ă Letter Ă 259 103 ă Letter ă 272 110 Đ Letter Đ 273 111 đ Letter đ 296 128 Letter I with tilde 297 129 Letter i with tilde 360 168 Letter U with tilde 361 169 Letter ũ with tilde 416 01A0 Ơ Letter Ơ 417 01A1 ơ Letter ơ 431 01AF Ƣ Letter Ƣ 432 01B0 ƣ Letter ƣ 768 300 Grave (`) 769 301 Letter a with acute accent â ê ô Letter â Letter ê Letter ô 35 Source: http://www.doksinet Dec Hexa Character Description 770 302 Circumflex (^) Like in â, Â, ô, Ô 771 303 774 306 Br v 777 309 Hook Like in Ơ, ơ , Ƣ, ƣ 795 031B Hook above Like in ả, . 803 323 Dot below Like in ạ, 7840 1EA0 Letter A

with dot below 7841 1EA1 Letter a with dot below 7842 1EA2 Letter A with hook above 7843 1EA3 Letter a with hook above 7844 1EA4 7845 1EA5 Letter ấ with acute accent 7846 1EA6 Letter  with grave accent 7847 1EA7 Letter â with grave accent 7848 1EA8 Letter  with hook above 7849 1EA9 Letter â with hook above 7850 1EAA Letter  with tilde 7851 1EAB Letter â with tilde 7852 1EAC Letter  with dot below 7853 1EAD Letter â with dot below 7854 1EAE Letter Ă with acute accent 7855 1EAF Letter ă with acute accent 7856 1EB0 Letter Ă with grave accent 7857 1EB1 Letter ă with grave accent 7858 1EB2 Letter Ă with hook above 7859 1EB3 Letter ă with hook above 7860 1EB4 Letter Ă with tilde 7861 1EB5 Letter ă with tilde 7862 1EB6 Letter Ă with dot below F k nĂ Letter  with acute accent 36 Source: http://www.doksinet Dec Hexa Character Description 7863 1EB7 Letter ă with dot below 7864 1EB8 Letter

E with dot below 7865 1EB9 Letter e with dot below 7866 1EBA Letter E with hook above 7867 1EBB Letter e with hook above 7868 1EBC Letter E with tilde 7869 1EBD Letter e with tilde 7870 1EBE Letter Ê with acute accent 7871 1EBF Letter ê with acute accent 7872 1EC0 Letter Ê with grave accent 7873 1EC1 Letter ế with grave accent 7874 1EC2 Letter Ê with hook above 7875 1EC3 Letter ế with hook above 7876 1EC4 Letter Ê with tilde 7877 1EC5 Letter ê with tilde 7878 1EC6 Letter Ê with dot below 7879 1EC7 Letter ê with dot below 7880 1EC8 Letter I with hook above 7881 1EC9 Letter i with hook above 7882 1ECA Letter I with dot below 7883 1ECB Letter i with dot below 7884 1ECC Letter O with dot below 7885 1ECD Letter o with dot below 7886 1ECE Letter O with hook above 7887 1ECF Letter o with hook above 7888 1ED0 Letter Ô with acute accent 7889 1ED1 Letter ô with acute accent 7890 1ED2 Letter Ô with grave

accent 7891 1ED3 Letter ô with grave accent 37 Source: http://www.doksinet Dec Hexa Character Description 7892 1ED4 Letter Ô with hook above 7893 1ED5 Letter ô with hook above 7894 1ED6 Letter Ô with tilde 7895 1ED7 Letter ô with tilde 7896 1ED8 Letter Ô with dot below 7897 1ED9 Letter ô with dot below 7898 1EDA Letter Ơ with acute accent 7899 1EDB Letter ơ with acute accent 7900 1EDC Letter Ơ with grave accent 7901 1EDD Letter ơ with grave accent 7902 1EDE Letter Ơ with hook above 7903 1EDF Letter ơ with hook above 7904 1EE0 Letter Ơ with tilde 7905 1EE1 Letter ơ with tilde 7906 1EE2 Letter Ơ with dot below 7907 1EE3 Letter ơ with dot below 7908 1EE4 Letter U with dot below 7909 1EE5 Letter u with dot below 7910 1EE6 Letter U with hook above 7911 1EE7 Letter u with hook above 7912 1EE8 Letter Ƣ with acute accent 7913 1EE9 Letter ƣ with acute accent 7914 1EEA Letter Ƣ with grave accent

7915 1EEB Letter ƣ with grave accent 7916 1EEC Letter Ƣ with hook above 7917 1EED Letter ƣ with hook above 7918 1EEE Letter Ƣ with tilde 7919 1EEF Letter ƣ with tilde 7920 1EF0 Letter Ƣ with dot below 38 Source: http://www.doksinet Dec Hexa Character Description 7921 1EF1 Letter ƣ with dot below 7922 1EF2 Letter Y with grave accent 7923 1EF3 Letter y with grave accent 7924 1EF4 Letter Y with dot below 7925 1EF5 Letter y with dot below 7926 1EF6 Letter Y with hook above 7927 1EF7 Letter y with hook above 7928 1EF8 Letter Y with tilde 7929 1EF9 Letter y with tilde 8220 201C “ Opening double quotes 8221 201D ” Closing double quotes Geopolitical Concerns Part of the cultural adaptation of the US-product to a specific market is the resolving of geopolitical issues. While the US-product should have been designed and developed with neutrality and a global audience in mind, the localized product should respond to the

particular situation that applies within the target country/region. Sensitive issues or issues that might potentially be offensive to the users in the target country/region may occur in any of the following:  Maps  Flags  Country/region, city and language names  Art and graphics  Cultural content, such as encyclopedia content and other text where historical or political references may occur Some of these issues are relatively easy to verify and resolve: the objective should be for the localizer to always have the most current information available. Maps and other graphic representations of countries/regions and regions should be checked for accuracy and existing political restrictions. Country/region, city and language names change on a regular basis and need to be checked, even if previously approved. A thorough understanding of the culture of the target market is required for checking the appropriateness of cultural content, clip art and other

visual representations of religious symbols, body and hand gestures. 39 Source: http://www.doksinet Guideline As country/region and city names can change, please use the most up-to-date Vietnamese list for every release of your product. Grammar, Syntax & Orthographic Conventions This section includes information on how to apply the general rules of the Vietnamese language to Microsoft products and documentation. Adjectives In Vietnamese, adjectives should be handled in the following manner. 1. Adjective has the syntax role to specify a noun or pronoun Normally adjective go after noun, in the case adjective go before noun, the meaning is changed Example 1: Điểm yếu (weak point) Example 2: Yếu điểm (Important point) 2. When a phrase with two (or more) adjective, the position of the adjectives in the phrase to the noun gives the phrase different meaning. Example 3: Cô gái đ p đi xe (Beautiful riding girl) Example 4: Cô gái đi xe đ p (Girl riding nice car)

Example 5: Mệnh đề này có l i tiếng Việt (This sentence has Vietnamese error(s)) Example 6: Mệnh đề tiếng Việt này có l i (This Vietnamese sentence has error(s)) Example 7: Thiết kế ứng dụng đồ họa (Graphic Application Design) Example 6: Thiết kế đồ họa ứng dụng (Application Graphic Design) Possessive adjectives In Vietnamese Possessive adjective is “ ” and ―của‖ is added before personal pronounce. 40 Source: http://www.doksinet Example: Possessive adjective in English Personal pronounce in Vietnamese Possessive adjective in Vietnamese (+) Tôi (+) Của tôi (+) Bạn, anh, chị (+) Của bạn, Của anh, Của chị His (+) Anh ấy, ông ấy (+) Của anh ấy, Của ông ấy Her (+) Cô ấy, bà ấy (+) Của cô ấy, Của bà ấy Its (+) Nó (+) Của nó Our (+) Chúng tôi, chúng ta (+) Của chúng tôi, Của chúng ta Your (+) Các bạn, các anh, các chị (+) Các bạn, các

anh, các chị Their (+) Họ, chúng ta (+) Họ, chúng ta My Your Articles General considerations The general rule is that product names are not translated if they include the word Microsoft and/or are trademarked (for example, Microsoft Draw or Microsoft Graph). The Microsoft PM and/or Subsidiary should always be contacted for final approval before you translate a product or component name. Unlocalized Feature Names Microsoft product names and non-translated feature names are used without definite or indefinite articles in the English language. Product names and non-translated feature names should also be treated as proper nouns in Vietnamese. English example Vietnamese example Windows Mail shares your Internet Connection settings with Internet Explorer (+) Windows Mail chia sẻ thiết đặt kết nối Internet của bạn với Internet Explorer Website addresses will be sent to Microsoft (+) Địa chỉ website sẽ đƣợc gửi cho Microsoft 41 Source:

http://www.doksinet Localized Feature Names Translated feature names are used with a definite or indefinite article as they are not treated as proper names. English example Vietnamese example Hide the Task Manager when it is minimized (+) Giấu Task Manager khi nó đƣợc làm tối thiểu Check for updates in your installed Media Players language (+) Kiểm cập nhật trong ngôn ngữ của Media Player đã thiết lập Articles for English Borrowed Terms When faced with an English loan word previously used in Microsoft products, consider the following options:   Motivation: o The popular English words or the words when translated cause ambiguity (OK, tab, flip-flop, ). o The proper nouns, such as font names, font type (TrueType, Calibri, arial, time new roman ). o The familiar words for Vietnamese (monitor, modem, ). o Abbreviations (MS-DOS, PC, Tablet-PC, ). o The words if translated into Vietnamese to be long (README file, Script, ) o The terms of new

concepts or new technology that translation can be confusing and have unclear meaning Analogy: o Vietnamese belongs to South Asia system, but with Latin characters (more extended specific vowels and 5 tones) and there are terms and words derived from Chinese and French. In this case there is analogy, e.g, console (mặt nghiêng, bàn điều khiển), ziczag (chữ chi or dích dắc), Capitalization If the first word in the English source string is capitalized, the corresponding first word in the target language should also be capitalized. If the word in the English source string is not capitalized, the corresponding first word in the target language should also not be capitalized, unless language-specific rules specify different capitalization. In Vietnamese, only the first character in a sentence is capitalized. Proper names are capitalized the first character for each word. First character of every sentence is capitalized and each word of feature name is capitalized 42 Source:

http://www.doksinet Compounds Generally, compounds should be understandable and clear to the user. Overly long or complex compounds should be avoided. Keep in mind that unintuitive compounds are ultimately an intelligibility and usability issue One principal to be remember is that when there many consecutive nouns and verbs, select the last one as noun and consider every precedent nouns as adjectives for this noun. The order of Vietnamese compounds is inverse in comparison to the corresponding English compounds. See example in the below table. English examples Vietnamese example Internet Accounts (+) Tài khoản Internet Logon script processing (+) Xử lí script đăng nhập Workgroup Administrator (+) Ngƣời quản trị nhóm làm việc Internet News Server Name (+) Tên máy phục vụ tin Internet Gender You should always recognize your audience‘s sensitivity to male and female stereotypes. Instead of stressing gender differences or reinforcing stereotypical

distinctions between men and women, use language that is as neutral as possible. The neutral approach also applies to the localization of scenarios, comparisons, examples, illustrations, and metaphors. Create a balance when assigning roles and functions to men and women (active vs. passive roles, leading vs secondary roles, technical vs. non-technical professions, and so on) Scenarios, pictures, metaphors, and comparisons should be based on areas and attributes common to both genders. Instead of using phrases which mention the two genders separately, use a general term that includes both genders such as ―people,‖ ―users,‖ or ―persons.‖ Avoid writing sentences that refer to a single person whose gender is unknown. You can often avoid this situation by rewriting the sentence to make the subject plural. In cases where a reference to a single person is impossible to avoid, do not use ―he or she,‖ ―him or her,‖ or ―his or hers.‖ Also, generally avoid the use of

slashes to combine both genders (although sometimes exceptions are made - see table below). 43 Source: http://www.doksinet Linguistic method Example Context Use a Neutral noun (+) person, leader, team lead, expert, employee, user. Concept descriptions, explanations Combine both genders by means of a slash (+) he/she, s/he Only in exceptional cases such as License Terms, sometimes in tables (headers or column/row titles, for example) Genitive This section does not apply to Vietnamese, instead use ―of‖ (của). Modifiers Grammatical modifier: Like in English, in Vietnamese there are adverbs and adjectives prototypically function as modifiers, but in Vietnamese a word can be either adverb or adjective, e.g Công việc dễ dàng (ease work), dễ dàng sử dụng (Use easily), sử dụng dễ dàng (ease use).   (+) Adjective goes after noun (+) Adverb go before verb Example: Easy planning work (+) Dễ dàng lập kế hoạch công việc Planning ease work

(+) Lập kế hoạch công việc dễ (dàng) Because in Vietnamese adjective go after noun. In some cases, like in other languages (French, Russian) the meaning changes depending to position of adjective (before or after noun). Example: (+) Ngƣời ngh o - Poor man – Homme pauvre (French) (+) Ngƣời đáng thƣơng - Pauvre homme (French) (+) Điểm yếu – weakness (+) Yếu điểm – The essential point Premodifiers and Postmodifiers Like in English, adverbs and adjectives prototypically function as modifiers This will be explained in the proper case (in the case that‘s right for it) (+) Điều này sẽ đƣợc giải thích trong trƣờng hợp thích hợp This will be explained in the case proper (in the case itself) (+) Điều này sẽ đƣợc giải thích trong trƣờng hợp riêng biệt 44 Source: http://www.doksinet Dangling modifiers: Not exists in Vietnamese. In Vietnamese we use while, during (trong lúc, trong khi, vừa vừa) Nouns

General considerations 1. (+) Normally noun goes before adjective: Văn bản tiếng Việt - Vietnamese text 2. A word can be adjective or adverb (+) ―dễ‖ may be adjective or adverd, so the order of words is very important. Dịch văn bản này dễ– Translate this text easily; ―dễ‖ is adverb Dich văn bản dễ này -- Translate this ease text; ―dễ‖ is adjective 3. Noun as genitive: (Vietnam) (+) Hệ thống truyền hình (của) Việt Nam – Vietnam television system 4. Proper geographic names, human name: (+) In Vietnamese all the first letters are capitalized (+) Hà Nội - Hanoi (+) Việt Nam - Vietnam (+) TP Hồ Chí Minh – Hochiminh City (+) Hoa K -- USA 5. Common noun: First letter of noun is not capitalized, except Initial letter in the new sentence (new line or after punctuation mark. (+) Ngôn ngữ tiếng Việt – Vietnamese language (+) But we accept capitalize first letter like in English: Mô tả Nhà cung cấp Dữ liệu Tin cậy

-- Trusted Data Provider Description 6. Noun as complement-object for transitive verb: Sao ch p đoạn văn bản sau – Copy the following paragraph Inflection 1. Tense (+) In Vietnamese the tense is used with additional word, such as: Present (đang – being): Hệ thống đang làm việc độc lập - The system is working independently Hệ thống làm việc độc lập - The system works independently (+) But in the case if not necessary to emphasize, it will be omitted - Future (sẽ – will) 2. Grammatical Mood In Vietnamese complements are not modified by mood, instead a word is added, like in English: 45 Source: http://www.doksinet - của – of ( ) But in some case we need add ―của‖ (of) for clarity. Maximum Cache Age – Tuổi Tối đa của Bộ đệm n 3. Grammatical voice - Active voice: (+) The order of words in the sentence determines the meaning: Tôi quản lý hệ thống - I manage the system Hệ thống quản lý tôi - The system

manages me. 4. Aspect: n/a In Vietnamese the additional word is added, e.g ―vừa‖ (just, venir de in French), ―sẽ‖ (to be Tôi vừa dịch bài này - I just translated this article (+) Mai tôi (sẽ) đi TP HCM – Tomorrow I‘m going to HCM City ing) and 5. Person: (Like in English) Pronoun I You Pronoun in Vietnamese Person/Plurality (+) Tôi First person singular (+) Bạn, anh, chị (+) Các bạn, các anh, các chị Gender Second person singular / plural He (+) Anh ấy, ông ấy Third person singular, masculine / gender third person singular Masculine She (+) Cô ấy, bà ấy Third person singular, feminine Feminine (+) Nó Third person singular, neuter Neuter (+) Chúng tôi, chúng ta First person plural (+) Họ, chúng nó Third person plural/genderneutral third person It We They (+) In Vietnamese pay attention when use ―nó‖, ―chúng nó‖ and ―họ‖: Bố m tooti sống quê. Chủ nhật này tôi vê thăm họ

(Not ―chúng nó‖) -- My parents are living in the country This Monday I am going to see them. Tôi gh t chúng nó (not ―họ‖) – I hate them. Bố tôi già rồi, tôi rất yêu ông ấy – My father is old, I love him Plural Formation In Vietnamese we add ―các‖ or ―chúng‖ to specify plural in Personal Pronouns: 46 Source: http://www.doksinet Example: Các bạn You Neuter Các anh You Plural, masculine Các chi You Plural, feminine Chúng tôi We Plural, neuter Chúng ta We Plural, neuter This includes second person too (you), that means (we + you) Adding article ―các‖ and ―những‖ before noun: ―Các‖ – (+) Plural indefinite article ―Những‖ – (+) Plural definite article Example: Trong tính năng, n n tính năng sau là quan trọng nhất Among features the following features are most important Prepositions Pay attention to the correct use of the preposition in translations. Influenced by the English language,

many translators omit them or change the word order. Prepositional phrases in English need to be translated according to their context; anglicisms should be avoided. The table below contains frequently used verbs and the prepositions that follow them. US Expression Vietnamese Expression Comment ―to‖ can be translated as tới/đến, not recommended to use ―sang‖ migrate to di trú đến Migrate from di trú từ import to Chuyển nhập đến import from Chuyển nhập từ export to Xuất chuyển đến export from Xuất chuyển từ update to cập nhật lên upgrade to nâng cấp lên change to đổi sang ―sang‖: - across, normally move from this side to other side, at the same level 47 Source: http://www.doksinet US Expression Vietnamese Expression click on bấm vào connect to kết nối với welcome to . chào mừng . Comment The examples below contain frequently occurring noun phrases that are preceded by a

preposition. Please use this table as a reference. When there is a progress or improvement ―to‖ will be translated as ―lên‖ (+) Cập nhật lên – update to (+) Nâng cấp lên – upgrade to There is a correspondence between English prepositions and Vietnamese ones. But in some case the usage of prepositions may be different in comparison their normal meanings. That shows the different conceptions between peoples. For example: in English "A bird flies in the sky", its translation in Vietnamese is (+) "Con chim bay trên trời" not (-) "Con chim bay trong trời" even the normal translation of "in" is "trong" and of "on" is "trên" US Expression Vietnamese Expression in the toolbar (+) trên thanh công cụ on the tab (+) trên tab on the menu (+) trên menu on the net (+) trên mạng on the Internet (+) trên Internet on the Web (+) trên Web on a web site (+) trên web site on a web

page (+) trên trang web Comment Pronouns 1. Personal pronouns: in Vietnamese we add ―các‖ and ―chúng‖ to create plural personal pronouns (see ―Plural Formation‖ part. 2. (+) In case ―chúng ta‖ (we audience), ―chúng tôi‖ (we) 48 Source: http://www.doksinet 3. Intensive pronouns: : in Vietnamese we add ―tự‖ before or after personal pronoun, eg ô làm việc này, n làm việc này - I did it myself, He did it himself 4. Objective pronouns, prepositional pronouns, disjunctive pronouns: the same as personal pronouns 5. Reciprocal pronoun: ―l n nhau‖ – each other Giúp đ l n nhau - Help each other 6. Dummy pronoun, e.g: In Vietnamese either specify the subject ―Trời‖ (Sky) or without the subject It is raining – Trời đang mƣa or đang mƣa It is difficult to do Khó làm . Punctuation This section explains how to use Vietnamese-specific punctuation in place of the US-English punctuation found in the source interface and content.

Please follow the following basic rules for the use of punctuation marks in Vietnamese. If your language uses a character set that is based on the Latin alphabet, make sure to include a space after commas and periods. Vietnamese script is based on Latin alphabet, every rule for commas and other common punctuation marks is the same as in Latin script. Comma US English uses a period as the decimal separator, while many other languages use a comma. In Vietnamese a comma is used. Do not use a space for this purpose as a space separates the numeral from the abbreviation Comma is used as decimal seperator In paper sizes (the last example in the table below) the decimal separator and the abbreviation "in" for inches are kept, since the sizes are US norms and should be represented accordingly. 49 Source: http://www.doksinet English example Vietnamese example 5.25 cm (+) 5,25 cm 5 x 7.2 inches (+) 5 x 7,2 inches Letter Landscape 11 x 8.5 in (+) Letter Landscape 11 x 8,5 in

For thousands, English uses a comma while many other languages use a period (at Microsoft we normally do not use a space for this purpose, but we use a period instead to avoid wrapping problems). In Vietnamese a period is used. English example Vietnamese example 1,526 (+) 1.526 $ 1,526.75 (+) $ 1.526,75 Colon Vietnamese script is based on Latin alphabet; every rule for commas and other common punctuation marks is the same as in Latin script. 1. (+) No space before colon, but one space after colon must be added Example 1: Các đặc tả sau: (The following features: ) 2. Use colon to introduce a list/ a series: Example 2: (+) First letter of proper noun is capitalized (+) Tôi có ba con trai: Viet, Nam và Thanh (I have three sons: Viet, Nam and Thanh) Viet is proper noun, so ―V‖ is capitalized. Example 3: (+) The list after the colon is like a part of the sentence, so first letter is not capitalized. (+) M i ngƣời đàn ông và đàn bà có ba mục tiêu: sống,

yêu và học tập. (Every man and woman has three aims: to live, to love, and to learn.) ―sống‖ with lower case ―s‖ (+) Để cài đặt chƣơng trình bạn c n  có đĩa cài đặt,  đọc hƣớng d n cài đặt,  The colon is not used. Example 4: (+) To introduce a list (Each items is listed as a new line and of course first letters are capitalized. (+) Để phòng chống bệnh cúm chúng ta c n:  Rửa tay thƣờng xuyên với xà phòng và nƣớc. 50 Source: http://www.doksinet   Tránh tiếp xúc với ngƣời bệnh Example 5: (+) A quotation Lời nói của Hamlet: ―Tồn tại hay không tồn tại‖. (Hamlet‘s speech: ―To be or not to be‖) Michaerl Jackson đã tuyên bố: ―Tôi là vua nhạc Pop‖. Michael Jackson proclaimed: ―I am the King of Pop.‖ Example 7: (-) Remember, a colon can never be followed by a hyphen or a dash Michaerl Jackson đã tuyên bố:- ―Tôi là vua nhạc Pop‖. (wrong

style) Dashes and Hyphens Three different dash characters are used in English: Hyphen The hyphen is used to divide words between syllables, to link parts of a compound word, and to connect the parts of an inverted or imperative verb form. Example: In general in Vietnamese hyphen is rarely used for breaking compound words: Compound word ―Dễ-sử dụng‖ consists of two words, ―sử dụng‖ itself is one compound word, so no hyphen to separate two its syllables Ease-to-use (+) Dễ-sử dụng Left-to-right (+) Từ-trái-sang-phải Hyphen is used separate two parts of compound words; second part is for explaining the first part En Dash Like in English, a dash smaller than an em dash but usually longer than a regular hyphen, the en dash is often used in place of the word "to", such as 10-5 p.m Em Dash Like in English, an em dash (), so known as an ‗m dash‘ or ‗m rule‘, the em dash gets its name because it is roughly the width of the letter ‗m‘ and is

used in a similar way to a colon. It can show an abrupt change or pause in thought, but where a full stop is too strong or a comma is too weak. It can be used to indicate that a sentence is unfinished because the speaker has been interrupted. Example 1: An em dash marks an interruption in a sentence, a change in direction. Usually two em dashes are used to mark the beginning and end of the interruption, though sometimes the sentence may end with the interrupting phrase. (+) Hai nhà lãnh đạomột từ Công ty A và ngƣời kia từ Công ty Bnghĩ h trợ cho công việc của hội đồng. 51 Source: http://www.doksinet (The two leadersone from Company A and one from Company Bsought to build support for the work of the commission.) Example 2: (+) Tràvới vị hoa sen hoặc hoa nhàithơm và ngon. The teawith lotus or jasmine spiceswas delicious and fragrant Ellipses (Suspension Points) In Vietnamese ― ‖ and ―v.v‖ are used as ellipses (et cetera) Example: In

Vietnamese there are combinations extended vowels with 5 tones, for example: á, ả, ã, ạ, à (+) Trong tiếng Việt tổ hợp của các nguyên âm với 5 thanh, thí dụ: á, ả, ã, ạ, à Period Vietnamese script is based on Latin alphabet; every rule for commas and other common punctuation marks is the same as in Latin script. 1. Place a period after a declarative sentence A declarative sentence is one that makes a statement or a point. Example 1: (+) Cài đặt xong. (The installation is finished) 2. Put a period at the end of an abridged sentence An abridged sentence is one that is not a complete sentence, such as "After your homework." Example 2: (+) Thực hiện hợp đồng. (Contract implementation) 3. Add a period after an imperative sentence An imperative sentence is giving a command: Example 3: (+) Hãy viết kiểm tra. (Write a check) 4. Use a period to express a decimal point Periods can be used to express a thousand separator in figures

Example 4: (+) 2.400VND (2,400VND) 5. Insert periods after abbreviations such as academic degrees, geographic names, courtesy titles, compass points, single word headings and Latin word and phases that are abbreviated. 6. Periods can be used to display lists, enumerate items, outlines, numerals and letters 7. At the end of a sentence, you would space once after the period There is no space when you use it in abbreviations. There are no spaces when a period is used in thousand separators 52 Source: http://www.doksinet Example 5: (+) ƣd (app.); cty (inc); CPĐT (e-gov) (-) One space before period (wrong) 8. (+) In Vietnamese a period is used after closing double quotes (This is also true for exclamation mark ―!‘ and comma ―,‖) for exact words of the subject. Example 6: (+) Madonna thích tuyên bố ―Tôi không xấu hổ vì bất cứ điều gì‖ Madonna is fond of declaring "Im not ashamed of anything." Example 7: (+) Tổng thống Nixon đã tuyên bố

―Tôi không phải kẻ lừa đảo‖ President Nixon declared ―I am not a crook.‖ Example 8: But in English this style í correct too. Thomas Edison declared that genius was "one per cent inspiration and ninety-nine per cent perspiration" Quotation Marks Quotation marks are used in Vietnamese for quoting sentences or phrases. As in English Quotation Marks come as a pair of opening and closing marks in either of two styles: single (‗ ‘) or double (― ‖), but there is a little difference: (+) In Vietnamese closing mark goes before period (.), comma (,) Example: ―Good morning, Frank,‖ greeted HAL. (+) ―Chào anh Frank‖, HAL chào. Parentheses In English, there is no space between the parentheses and the text inside them and the same rule is applied to Vietnamese. The text in the parentheses is for comment, explanation, without it the meaning of the phrase will not changed. (+) Example 1: (+) No spaces before and after ―LOB‖ Đƣờng lối kinh

doanh (LOB) Singular & Plural Refer to Plural Formation part for information. Split Infinitive This section does not apply to Vietnamese. 53 Source: http://www.doksinet Subjunctive This section does not apply to Vietnamese. Symbols & Non-Breaking Spaces According to Unicode codes of TCVN 6909:2001 NBSP has hexa code 00A0H In HTML coding, the non-breaking space (&nbsp;) is the entity used to represent a non-breaking space. It is essentially a standard space, the primary difference being that a browser should not break (or wrap) a line of text at the point that this &nbsp. Non-breaking spaces (&nbsp;) should only be used whenever they are present also in the US text. Otherwise it is recommended to use a blank space as non-breaking spaces can create functionality problems. This Style Guide does not cover a comprise overview of existing symbols. For information on Currency symbols used in Vietnamese, please refer to the section numbers and the sub-section

currency. Syntax Vietnamese is an isolating language in which the relationship between parts of a sentence is indicated by the word order and auxiliaries. As a result, word order is critical to convey the meaning of a sentence A word follows the noun it modifies (sách mới, anh tôi, vấn đề đ u tiên, văn học Việt Nam hiện đại), unlike English which has the reverse word order (new book, my brother, first issue, modern Vietnamese literature). The basic word order of noun phrases should be stressed: (+) Number/PlurMark Classifier Noun Adjective Pronoun a. In the basic structure SVP (Subject + Verb + (Subject) Predicative) the English copular verb to be is used to link 1) a noun to a noun, e.g, My name is John 2) a pronoun to a noun, e.g, He is my friend 3) a noun or pronoun to an adjective, e.g, The movie is good In Vietnamese the sentences of type 3) do not use the copular verb là, that is 1) Tên tôi là John. 2) Anh ấy là bạn tôi. and 3) Bộ phim ấy

hay b. In English, interrogative words (who, what, which, how, where, when, why) are placed at the beginning of a question. In Vietnamese, some interrogatives are placed at the beginning of questions (vì sao, tại sao, sao – why, ai – who, cái nào - which, cái gì -- what). 54 Source: http://www.doksinet Some others are put at the end of questions (đâu, đâu – where, nhƣ thế nào -- how). Other may be put at beginning or at the end of questions (khị nào) For instance, 1) 2) 3) 4) Vì sao chị không đồng ý với chúng tôi? (Why do you disagree with us?); Anh làm việc đâu? (Where are you working?) The position of the interrogative words ai, gì, nào depends on their grammatical function in a sentence. Interrogative words with the meaning of time (bao giờ, khi nào, ngày nào, hôm nào, lúc nào, thứ mấy, ngày bao nhiêu) refer to the past tense when placed at the end of questions and indicate the present or future when put at the

beginning. For instance, 1) Bao giờ anh ấy đến? (When will he arrive?) vs. Anh ấy đến bao giờ? (When did he arrive?) c. In interrogative sentences, Vietnamese native speakers distinguish the purpose and the reason by using different interrogative words, whereas the context identifies the purpose or the reason in English, for instance: 1) Anh đi đến đấy làm gì? (Why do you go there? Literally: For what purpose do you go there?) vs. Vì sao anh không muốn đi đến đấy? (Why dont you want to go there?) d. Some words have a position different from the position of English words with similar meanings and functions For example: 1) đ p hơn vs. more beautiful, Quyển sách này hay hơn quyển sách kia nhiều vs This book is much better than that one. Tháng sau tôi đi Việt Nam vs I am going to Vietnam next month Some words have different meanings when placed in different positions, for instance: đƣợc nghỉ ba ngày (to be allowed to take three

days off) and nghỉ đƣợc ba ngày (to be able to take three days off). e. The adverbs of degree rất and lắm are used without the adverb nhiều "much" when the verb conveys the meaning of feeling. The adverb much is necessary in English: Tôi rất thích quyển sách này or: Tôi thích quyển sách này lắm. versus I like the book very much Verbs 1. In Vietnamese verbs are the words that have general vocabulary meaning and specify the operation or given status of things. There are: - Single verb: chạy, nhảy, đi, về, ăn (run, jump, walk, return, eat, .) - Complex verb: đi lại, bác b , gom góp, lựa chọn, kh i động (to go back, deny, collect, select, start .) (+) Recommend to specify clearly: Loại b – Remove Xóa b – Delete Xóa – Clear Bác b – Reject ( ) Do not use speaking language, such as use ―xóa‖ for different meaning ―xóa b ‖, ―loại b ‖ 55 Source: http://www.doksinet 2. Tense of verbs: In Vietnamese an

adverb of time is added before verb to specify past, continous present and future respectively ―đã‖, ―đang‖ and ―sẽ‖. We do not distinguish detailed of past and future, such as simple past, complete past . like in English or in French Example 1: Tôi đang đọc (I am reading) (+) Except for emphasizing purpose, sometime we do not use adverb ―đang‖, ―đã‖, and ―sẽ‖ for expressing tense of verbs. Example 2: (+) Tôi đã cài đặt chƣơng trình diệt virus (I installed the antivirus program) Example 3: (+) Tôi sẽ làm việc vào chủ nhật này (I will work on this Sunday) 3. The verbs can be merged with adverbs that complement meaning of continuity, such as ―còn‖, ―v n‖, ―cứ‖ Example 4: (+) Tôi v n làm (I‘m still working) 4. The verbs can be merged with adverbs that complement negative meaning, such as ―không‖, ―chƣa‖, ―chẳng‖ Example 5: (+) Tôi không biết (I don‘t know) Use of adverbs that complement

negative meaning in Vietnamese is depending on the negative level. (+) Tôi không biết (In general, I don‘t know) (+) Tôi chƣa biết (I don‘t know, but I would like to know or I will know later) (+) Tôi chẳng biết (I don‘t know, but I don‘t care) All are translates as ―I don‘t know‖ 5. The verbs can be merged with adverbs that complement demand meaning, such as ―hãy‖, ―đừng‖, ―chớ‖ Example 6: (+) Hãy đọc ReadMe sau đây (Read the following ReadMe) (+) Vui lòng đọc ReadMe sau đây (Please, read the following ReadMe) English Vietnamese Verb in infinitive and imperative form: (+) Add adverb ―Hãy‖: Read carefully the following paragraph Hãy đọc kỹ đoạn văn bản sau Verb in impersonal form for description or imperative form but in subordinate clause: (+) Not neccessay to add the adverb ―Hãy‖: To resolve this issue, ask your system administrator to verify that Excel Services are enabled on this site and are

functioning Để giải quyết vấn đề này, ( ) h i ngƣời quản trị hệ thống của bạn để kiểm chứng là các Dịch vụ Excel đƣợc 56 Source: http://www.doksinet English Vietnamese properly. ph p trên site này và hoạt động đúng. Polite form: (+) Add ―Vui lòng‖ before verb: Please read Vui lòng đọc 6. Continuous operations are usually expressed in English with a gerund, which should be translated into Vietnamese, e.g 1) Reading this book is compulsory – Đọc cuốn sách này là bắt buộc. In Vietnamese we can use a verb as subject; ―Đọc‖ (Read) in Vietnamese is a verb. (-) Not neccessay to add the article ―việc‖ before verb ―đọc‖ to gerund ―reading‖. 2) I like programming – Tôi thích lập trình. Gerund performs function of object; ―lập trình‖ can be considered as ―việc lập trình‖ (programming). I enjoy doing it myself, or the idea of programming is otherwise appealing.

3) I‘m tired of arguing – Tôi mệt vì tranh cãi. Gerund is preceded by preposition; ―tranh cãi‖ can be considered ―việc tranh cãi‖ (arguing) 7. Like in English or in French , in Vietnamese there are transitive and intransitive verbs and the specific prepositions are used with each verbs: Chuyển đổi 013AH từ hệ hexa sang hệ thập phân (Convert 013A from hexa to decimal system) The verb ―chuyển đổi‖ (convert) is transitive one, and direct complement is ―013AH từ hệ hexa sang hệ thập phân‖ (013A from hexa to decimal system). Two prepositions are ―từ‖, ―sang‖ (from, to) Word Order As it is mentioned above, word order in Vietnamese is critical. The meaning of a sentence may be totally different when the words order is changed, due to in Vietnamese there isn‘t mood and tense, aspect and voice are defined by adding a word. (+) Remenber that word order in Vietnamese is very important! 57 Source: http://www.doksinet

Example: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) Tôi ăn cơm - I eat rice Cơm ăn tôi – Rice eats me Tôi sẽ làm việc đó – I will do it Tôi muốn bạn làm điều đó - I want you do it Tôi muốn bạn nên làm điều đó - I want you should do it; the order is ―bạn nên‖, ―nên‖ (should) Tôi muốn nên bạn làm điều đó – I wanted to, so you do it; the order is ―nên bạn‖, ―nên‖ (so) Style and Tone Considerations This section focuses on higher-level considerations for audience, style, tone, and voice. Audience Vietnamese has some variations in terms writing depending on the regions: north, middle, and south, and depending on fields, such as industry or university, or smaller environment. Do not use the terms specific for small audience and not considered as popular. (+) Do not use the terms that originate and format compound words from Chinese language where in Vietnamese the equivalent term exists. Example: Use ―thấy đƣợc‖ instead of

―hữu hình‖, ―có ích‖ instead of ―hữu ích‖ Style 1) Consistency, because in technical writing, using different styles to make two similar utterances makes the reader ask whether the use of different styles was intended to carry additional meaning: Example: Please do Vui lòng (+) ―Please‖ is translate as ―Vui lòng.‖ Not recommended to translate as ―Làm ơn‖ Delete - Xóa b Remove – Loại b Cancel – Hủy b Format the disk - Hãy định dạng The imperative ‗Format‖ is translated as ―Hãy‖ ―định dạng‖ 2) Use active voice where applicable for ease understanding The maximum time in minutes a Web Drawing should be cached by the service Can be translated as: (+) Thời gian tối đa theo phút mà hình Vẽ Web c n đƣợc dịch vụ lƣu trữ vào đệm n 58 Source: http://www.doksinet Or: (-) Thời gian tối đa theo phút mà hình Vẽ Web c n đƣợc lƣu trữ vào đệm n b i dịch vụ 3) Follow the Microsoft

culture in each categories of localization (help text, commands menu, ) Tone The tone should be formal. Three main dialects are slightly different in tone, pronunciation, and terminology Northern (Hanoi) pronunciation is considered standard. English Send mail North Vietnamese (+) Gửi thƣ South Vietnamese G i thơ Recommended North VI Select (+) Chọn Lựa North VI Voice In Vietnamese there are many words for expressing pronouns depending on your ages and your relations. (+) It is recommended that in translation from English source text, you do not use many such words but only use "bạn" for "you" and "chúng tôi" for "we, us", "họ" for "they, them." (-) Do not use "anh ấy" or "cô ấy" but use "ngƣời đó" for "he/she, him/her." (+) The word ―you‖ must be translated as ―bạn‖ in all cases. This word can be used to address to the general audience both

formal and casual regardless of age, gender. In Vietnamese, in general, a word could be a noun or verb or adjective or adverb is depending on its role in sentences. It depends on the context for using the right word type Example: English Translation You are now connected to the Internet. Your Internet connection is in trouble Bạn hiện đang đƣợc kết nối vào Internet Kết nối Internet của bạn đang bị trục trặc (+) To express passive voice in Vietnamese we use the word ―đƣợc‖ or ―bị‖ and add it before the verb, in the examples below: Example: 1) This file is moved to other directory – Tệp này đƣợc chuyển sang thƣ mục khác The word ―đƣợc‖ is added before the verb ―chuyển‖ (move) for expressing positive action, or it is difficult to consider this action is positive or negative. 2) This file is deleted from the directory – Tệp này bị xóa b kh i thƣ mục The word ―bị‖ is added before the verb ―xóa‖

(delete) for expressing negative action. 59 Source: http://www.doksinet (+) Normally, in Vietnamese we use active voice (if applicable), in case we can‘t specify the subject or the subject isn‘t defined specifically we use verb infinitive. Example: 1) Chuyển tiếp thƣ cho ông A – Forward the e-mail to Mr. A 60 Source: http://www.doksinet Localization Guidelines This section contains guidelines for localization into Vietnamese. General Considerations Abbreviations Common Abbreviations You might need to abbreviate some words in the UI (mainly buttons or options names) due to lack of space. This can be done in the following ways: - Use common abbreviated words in correct context for clear meaning. List of common abbreviations: Vietnamese Expression English Expression Acceptable Abbreviation vân vân etc. (+) v.v Công nghệ thông tin IT (+) CNTT Công nghiệp ph n mềm Software Industry (+) CNgPM Accessibility Microsoft provides people with

disabilities (single-handed or with hearing or motion disabilities) with more accessible products and services. These may not be available in Vietnam Please check with your Microsoft contact and remove these references from Vietnamese text if necessary. Acronyms Acronyms are words made up of the initial letters of major parts of a compound term. Some well-known examples are WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get), OLE (Object Linking and Embedding), or RAM (Random Access Memory). Caution: Do not include a generic term after an acronym or abbreviation if one of the letters in the acronym stands for that term. Even though this might occur in the US-English version, it should be ―corrected‖ in the localized version. The following examples show the redundancy in red for English terms However, in Vietnamese all acronym or abbreviation is kept unchange from English source, so even there is redundancy in red for English terms, in Vietnamse it is not redundant and can be translated: 

   (-) RPC call - lời gọi RPC (-) HTML language- ngôn ngữ HTML (-) TCP/IP-Protocol - giao thức TCP/IP (-) PIN Number- Số PIN 61 Source: http://www.doksinet Localized Acronyms In online help or documentation, spell out the words that comprise an acronym or abbreviation the first time that acronym is used in the text. You should include the language-specific translation, the US term, and the acronym as in the following example:   (+) Đ (+) Đ ƣ n ƣ n r n (Data Access Objects, DAO) ActiveX (ActiveX Data Objects, ADO) You should also consider that different users will have different levels of knowledge about a product. For example, an Italian Exchange user will understand ―DL,‖ but the average Italian Windows user might not understand ―DL‖ and would need to see ―lista di distribuzione‖ (distribution list) instead. Try to be consistent within a product with your use of acronyms and initializations. Note: Although the English acronym cannot

generally be derived from the language-specific translation, creating a new acronym derived from the language-specific translated term is not an option. For example, do not replace an English acronym with a language-specific acronym; instead, leave the English acronym or abbreviation intact, as in the following examples ―where DLL‖ and ―DPI‖ are correctly rendered as ―DLL‖ and ―DPI‖: Unlocalized Acronyms Many abbreviations and acronyms are standardized and remain untranslated. They are only followed by their full spelling in English if the acronym needs to be explained to the speakers of a different language. In other cases, where the acronym is rather common, adding the fully spelled-out form will only confuse users. In these cases, the acronym can be used on its own. The following list contains examples of acronyms and abbreviations that are considered commonly understood; these acronyms and abbreviations should not be localized or spelled out in full in English: 

      ANSI (American National Standards Institute) ISO (International Standards Organization) ISDN DOS DSL CD DVD If you are unsure what an acronym or abbreviation stands for or refers to, please contact the Moderator responsible for this Style Guide. 62 Source: http://www.doksinet Applications, Products, and Features Application/product names are often trademarked or may be trademarked in the future and are therefore rarely translated. Occasionally, feature names are trademarked, too (eg IntelliSense™) Before translating any application, product, or feature name, please verify that it is in fact translatable and not protected in any way. Frequent Errors Like English, Vietnamese terminologies depend on regions North, Middle and South, habitation and culture of people of each region. Example 1: Terminology and Orthographical Ambiguity           (+) Edit (Sửa, soạn thảo), Modify (Chỉnh sửa, Sửa đổi), Compose

(Soạn) (-) but Vietnamese always tend to abbreviate, using ―sửa‖ for ―edit and ―modify‖ (+) Browse (Duyệt) and may be Review (Duyệt lại) or Approve (Phê duyệt) (-) but Vietnamese always tend to abbreviate, using ―duyệt‖ for ―browse‖, ―review‖, and ―approve‖. (+) Click (bấm chuột) (-) Clich (nháy chuột) is used popularly in university area) Autocorrect Program or Program corrects errors it-self (Chƣơng trình Tự sửa l i) ToolBar (Thanh Công cụ --- For translating the word like this, there is not the consistency: ThanhCôngcụ, Thanh Công cụ, Thanh Công cụ, Thanh Công cụ) ( ) ToolBar (Thanh công cụ) To choose, to select, to pick out (Chọn, Lựa, Lựa chọn, Chọn lựa) ( ) Select (Chọn) Word list: (Danh sách từ:) --- Work (Từ) and from (từ), so ―Danh sách từ:‖ if no context we can understand as ―List from:‖ Add double &quote for Hebrew alphabet numbering (Thêm cặp dấu ngoặc k p cho

vi c đánh số dùng bảng chữ cái Tiếng Do Thái) --- this can be trahnslated as ―Thêm cặp dấu ngoặc k p đ đánh số bảng chữ cái tiếng Do Thái‖ – Here, the preposition ―for‖ (cho) better is translated as ―để‖. In Vietnamese the word after ―để‖ is a verb. In some community G rối (Troubleshoot, Troubleshooting) and G l i (Debugger) are used interchangeably. . (+) Example 2: In English ―reviewer‖ is subject that performs the review, may be a person or program, but in Vietnamese we must specify clarely who ―ngƣời‖ (person) or ―chƣơng trình‖ (program).     Chƣơng trình dịch (Translator) Reviewer (Ngƣời duyệt lại) Administrator (Ngƣời quản trị) Supplyer (Nhà cung cấp) (+) Example 3: In Vietnamese one word may be a verb or a noun, an adjective or an adverb. Sometime we must add an adverb.  Update (verb: cập nhật, noun: bản cập nhật) 63 Source: http://www.doksinet 

  Change (Verb: Thay đổi, noun: sự thay đổi) Click (Verb: bấm chuột, noun: bấm --- we don‘t add an adverb like ―cú‖) Selection (việc chọn, vùng chọn) Glossaries You can find the translations of terms and UI elements of Microsoft products at Microsoft Language Portal (http://www.microsoftcom/Language/en-US/Defaultaspx) Fictitious Information Fictitious content is legally sensitive material and as such cannot be handled as a pure terminology or localization issue. Below is some basic information and contact points when dealing with fictitious content: Vendors and Localizers are not allowed to create their own fictitious names. You must either use the source names or use the list of legally approved names. Please contact your product team representative for further information on how to deal with fictitious companies, names, addresses, email addresses, phone numbers, etc. in your product For technical products, you may also check with the product team

representative whether localized fictitious content is required or not (e.g Visual Studio). Recurring Patterns For recurring patterns, please refer to the Links provided in the following section Standardized Translations. Standardized Translations There are a number of standardized translations mentioned in all sections of this Style Guide. In order to find them more easily, the most relevant topics and sections are compiled here for you reference.  Titles of the Type "Sending a File" Unlocalized Items Trademarked names and the name Microsoft Corporation shouldn‘t be localized. A list of Microsoft trademarks is available for your reference at the following location: http://www.microsoftcom/trademarks/t-mark/nameshtm Refer to the Windows section at the bottom of this document. 64 Source: http://www.doksinet Using the Word Microsoft In English, it is prohibited to use MS as an abbreviation for Microsoft. In Vietnamese, MS stands for Microsoft for many year and used

for abbreviation of Microsoft where you can use abbreviation. Example: In Microsoft Excel you can . – (+) Trong MS Excel bạn có thể Software Considerations This section refers to all menus, menu items, commands, buttons, check boxes, etc., which should be consistently translated in the localized product. Refer to http://msdn.microsoftcom/library/aa511258aspx for a detailed explanation of the Windows user interface guidelines (English). User Interface For UI localization, you should always translate the term as short as possible because there‘s always limited space for the target translation. However the translation must be always clear and correct Avoid to use ―Các‖ or ―Những‖ for plural term, esepcially the term is used as a title or button of a dialog box. For example: Word Options  Tùy chọn Word, ―Các tùy chọn của Word‖ is not recommended because it may cause issues about length limitation. 65 Source: http://www.doksinet Messages Status

Messages What is a Status Bar Message? A status bar message is an informational message about the active document or a selected command as well as about any active or selected interface item. Messages are shown in the status bar at the bottom of the window when the user has chosen a menu, a command or any other item, or has started a function. The status bar messages refer to actions being performed or already complete (for example in Outlook below). Vietnamese Style in Status bar Messages In English, the status bar messages have different forms dependent on the information they must convey. In Vietnamese, menu and commands status bar messages should follow the format below. Name Edit Vietnamese Name (+) Soạn Copy to Folder. (+) Sao vào Cặp. New (+) Mới Category English Status Bar message Vietnamese Status Bar message menu Contains editing commands (+) Chứa các lệnh soạn thảo menu Copies the selected items to a new location (+) Sao các khoản mục

đã chọn vào vị trí mới command Creates a new document (+) Tạo lệnh mới Make object visible? (+) Làm cho đối tƣợng nhìn thấy đƣợc Word is converting the document. Press Esc to stop. (+) Word đang chuyển đổi tài liệu. Nhấn Esc để dừng. Datasheet View (+) Dạng xem Trang tính Done (+) Đã hoàn thành 66 Source: http://www.doksinet The importance of standardization In the US product you can often find messages that are phrased differently even though they have the same meaning. Try to avoid this in the localized Vietnamese version Use one standard translation as in the examples below: English term Correct Vietnamese translation Press F1 to get Help (+) n F1 để nhận Trợ giúp If you want Help press F1 To get Help press F1 Not enough memory Insufficient memory (+) Không đủ bộ nhớ There is not enough memory Save changes to %1? (+) Lƣu thay đổi của %1? Do you want to save changes to %1? Error

Messages What Is An Error Message? Here is an example: Error messages are messages sent by the system or a program, informing the user that there is an error that must be corrected in order for the program to keep running. For example, the messages can prompt the user to take an action or inform the user of an error that requires rebooting the computer. Vietnamese Style in Error Messages It is important to use consistent terminology and language style in the localized error messages, and not just translate as they appear in the US product. The main principles for translation are clarity, comprehensibility, and consistency. 67 Source: http://www.doksinet Standard Phrases in Error Messages When translating standard phrases, standardize. Note that sometimes the US uses different forms to express the same thing. Error messages written in US-English are occasionally inconsistent. As you localize the software into Vietnamese, you should ensure that you use a standard phrase for error

messages that have the same meaning and purpose in the US-English version. Examples: English Could not Cannot Failed to Translation Example Comment File cannot be found (+) Không tìm đƣợc tệp Use of impersonal active voice and do not distinguish past and present tense Failed to connect (+) Kết nối h ng Failure to connect or File could not be found (+) Không kết nối đƣợc Failure of Cannot find Could not find Unable to find Unable to locate Cannot find driver software Could not find driver software Unable to find driver software (+) Không tìm thấy. Express closer to Vietnamese, not word by word In English there are different expessión, but in Vietnamese we use one ―Không tìm thấy‖ to specify only the result. Unable to locate driver software Not enough memory Insufficient memory (+) Không đủ bộ nhớ There is not enough memory There is not enough memory available . is not available . is unavailable In English there are

different expessión, but in Vietnamese we use one ―Không đủ bộ nhớ‖ to specify only the result: ―Not enough memory‖ The command is not available The command is unavailable (+) Chỉ lệnh không sẵn có The same meaning ―the command not exists‖ Error Messages Containing Placeholders When localizing error messages containing placeholders, try to find out what will replace the placeholder. This is necessary for the sentence to be grammatically correct when the placeholder is replaced with a word or phrase. Note that the letters used in placeholders convey a specific meaning, see examples below: 68 Source: http://www.doksinet %d, %ld, %u, and %lu means <number> %c means <letter> %s means <string> Examples of error messages containing placeholders: "Checking Web %1!d! of %2!d!" means "Checking Web <number> of <number>". "INI file "%1!-.200s!" section" means "INI file

"<string>" section" Keys The keyboard is the primary input device used for text input in Microsoft Windows. For accessibility and efficiency, most actions can be performed using the keyboard as well. While working with Microsoft software, you use keys, key combinations and key sequences. In English, References to key names, like arrow keys, function keys and numeric keys, appear in normal text (not in small caps). Access Keys/Hot keys Sometimes, there are underlined or highlighted letters in menu options, commands or dialog boxes. These letters refer to access keys (also known as hot keys) that allow you to run commands, perform tasks, etc. more quickly Hot Key Special Options Usage: Is It Allowed? "Slim characters", such as I, l, t, r, f can be used as hot key yes Notes 69 Source: http://www.doksinet Hot Key Special Options Usage: Is It Allowed? Notes Characters with downstrokes, such as g, j, y, p and q can be used as hotkeys yes

Extended characters can be used as hotkeys Not recommended It is not agreed in general on the unique way to type extended characters in Vietnamese, so it is not recommended to use extended character as hotkey. An additional letter, appearing between brackets after item name, can be used as hotkeys allowed but not encouraged the best way for choosing letters as hot keys in Vietnamese is those without particulary of Vietnamese word (English letters). A number, appearing between brackets after item name, can be used as hotkey allowed but not encouraged the best way for choosing letters as hot keys in Vietnamese is those without particulary of Vietnamese word (English letters). A punctuation sign, appearing between brackets after item name, can be used as hotkey allowed but not encouraged the best way for choosing letters as hot keys in Vietnamese is those without particulary of Vietnamese word (English letters). Duplicate hotkeys are allowed when no other character is

available yes It is ok if software allows to move from the first to the next item. No hotkey is assigned when no more yes characters are available (minor options only) If no more characters are available use duplicate or not assign hotkey. Preferred characters to be used as Hotkeys Characters Case Sensitive A B C D E G H I K L M N O P Q R S T U V X Y 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 False 789 70 Source: http://www.doksinet Allowed characters to be used as Hotkeys Characters Case Sensitive FJWZ False Additional notes: n/a Arrow Keys The arrow keys move input focus among the controls within a group. Pressing the right arrow key moves input focus to the next control in tab order, whereas pressing the left arrow moves input focus to the previous control. Home, End, Up, and Down also have their expected behavior within a group. Users cant navigate out of a control group using arrow keys. Numeric Keypad It is recommended that you avoid distinguishing numeric keypad keys from the other keys,

unless it is required by a given application. In case which keys to be pressed is not obvious, provide necessary explanations Shortcut Keys Shortcut keys are keystrokes or combinations of keystrokes used to perform defined functions in a software application. Shortcut keys replace menu commands and they are sometimes given next to the command they represent. In opposition to the access keys, which can be used only when available on the screen, shortcut keys can be used even when they are not accessible on the screen. Shortcut keys 71 Source: http://www.doksinet Standard Shortcut Keys US Command US English Shortcut Key Vietnamese Command Vietnamese Shortcut key General Windows Shortcut keys Help window F1 Cửa sổ Trợ giúp Context-sensitive Help Shift+F1 Trợ giúp theo ngữ cảnh Display pop-up menu Shift+F10 Hiển thị menu bật lên Cancel Esc Hủy b ActivateDeactivate menu bar mode F10 Kích hoạt/Khử hoạt chế độ thanh menu Switch to

the next primary application Alt+Tab Chuyển giữa các ứng dụng đang m Display next window Alt+Esc Hiển thị cửa sổ tiếp theo Display pop-up menu for the window Alt+Spacebar Hiển thị menu bật lên cho cửa sổ Alt+Spacebar Display pop-up menu for the active child window Alt+- Hiển thị menu bật lên cho cửa sổ con đang hiện hoạt Alt+- Display property sheet for current selection Alt+Enter Hiển thị bảng thuộc tính cho ph n Alt+Enter chọn hiện thời Close active application window Alt+F4 Đóng cửa sổ ứng dụng hiện hoạt Switch to next window within (modelesscompliant) application Alt+F6 Chuyển tới cửa sổ tiếp theo trong Alt+F6 ứng dụng Capture active window image to the Clipboard Alt+Prnt Scrn Chụp ảnh cửa sổ hiện hoạt và lƣu trong Bảng tạm Alt+Prnt Scrn Capture desktop image to the Clipboard Prnt Scrn Chụp ảnh màn hình và lƣu trong Bảng tạm Prnt Scrn

Access Start button in taskbar Ctrl+Esc Truy nhập vào nút Bắt đ u trong thanh tác vụ Ctrl+Esc Display next child window Ctrl+F6 Hiển thị cửa sổ con tiếp theo Ctrl+F6 Alt+F4 72 Source: http://www.doksinet US Command US English Shortcut Key Vietnamese Command Vietnamese Shortcut key Display next tabbed pane Ctrl+Tab Hiển thị ngăn tab tiếp theo Ctrl+Tab Launch Task Manager and system initialization Ctrl+Shift+Esc Kh i chạy Trình quản lý Tác vụ và kh i tạo hệ thống Ctrl+Shift+Esc File Menu File New Ctrl+N Tệp Mới Ctrl+N File Open Ctrl+O Tệp M Ctrl+O File Close Ctrl+F4 Tệp Đóng Ctrl+F4 File Save Ctrl+S Tệp Lƣu Ctrl+S File Save as F12 Tệp Lƣu nhƣ F12 File Print Preview Ctrl+F2 Tệp Xem trƣớc khi In Ctrl+F2 File Print Ctrl+P Tệp In Ctrl+P File Exit Alt+F4 Tệp Thoát ra Alt+F4 Edit Menu Edit Undo Ctrl+Z Soạn Hoàn tác Ctrl+Z Edit Repeat Ctrl+Y Soạn Lặp lại

Ctrl+Y Edit Cut Ctrl+X Soạn Cắt Ctrl+X Edit Copy Ctrl+C Soạn Sao Ctrl+C Edit Paste Ctrl+V Soạn Dán Ctrl+V Edit Delete Ctrl+Backspace Soạn Xóa b Ctrl+Backspace Edit Select All Ctrl+A Soạn Lựa tất cả Ctrl+A Edit Find Ctrl+F Soạn Tìm Ctrl+F Edit Replace Ctrl+H Soạn Thay thế Ctrl+H Edit Go To Ctrl+B Soạn Đi tới Ctrl+B Help Menu Help F1 Trợ giúp F1 Font Format 73 Source: http://www.doksinet US Command US English Shortcut Key Vietnamese Command Vietnamese Shortcut key Italic Ctrl+I Nghiêng Ctrl+I Bold Ctrl+G Đậm Ctrl+G UnderlinedWord underline Ctrl+U Gạch dƣới/Gạch dƣới từ Ctrl+U Large caps Ctrl+Shift+A Chữ hoa to Ctrl+Shift+A Small caps Ctrl+Shift+K Chữ hoa nh Ctrl+Shift+K Paragraph Format Centered Ctrl+E Căn giữa Ctrl+E Left aligned Ctrl+L Căn trái Ctrl+L Right aligned Ctrl+R Căn phải Ctrl+R Justified Ctrl+J Căn đều Ctrl+J Document Translation

Considerations Document localization may require some specific considerations that are different from software localization. This section covers a few of these areas. Titles In English the titles for chapters usually begin with "How to " or with phrases such as "Working with " or "Using ".In the Vietnamese version of Microsoft documentation, you can use (+) ―Làm thế nào (để) ‖ or (+) ―Làm việc với .‖, ―Sử dụng ‖ Copyright Copyright protection is granted to any original work of authorship fixed in any tangible medium of expression from which it can be perceived, reproduced, or communicated. Vietnam has taken the first step towards provision for copyright protection. At present this will be of limited help to foreigners since protection is granted only to works of Vietnamese nationals or works of foreigners which are published in Vietnam within 30 days of first publication in the authors home country. The law does, however,

provide that, if and when Vietnam joins the Berne or Universal Copyright Conventions, protection will be afforded to foreigners on the basis of these conventions. 74 Source: http://www.doksinet Translation of copyright text should be consistent both within the product being localized and across Vietnamese versions of Microsoft products. Important things to remember:   No changes in copyright text are allowed until English text is different. Different Vietnamese translation should be treated as a minor style error unless meaning is the same (if meaning was changed, it would be an accuracy error.) Logo word position: all logo occurrences should be at the end of Vietnamese trademarks enumeration regardless of where the <name> logo part is placed in the English text. It is required to make sure logo in Vietnamese is associated only with the following product/technology name (not with the subsequent names too.) English example Vietnamese example 2011 Microsoft

Corporation. All rights reserved (+) The example companies, organizations, products, people, and events depicted herein are fictitious. No association with any real company, organization, product, person, or event is intended or should be inferred. 2011 Tập đoàn Microsoft. Bảo lƣu mọi quyền Microsoft, the Office logo, Outlook, PowerPoint, SharePoint, Windows, the Windows logo, and Windows Server are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. Microsoft, các logo Office, Outlook, PowerPoint, SharePoint, Windows, logo Windows, và Windows Server hoặc là đăng ký thƣơng hiệu hoặc thƣơng hiệu của Tập đoàn Microsoft tại Hoa K và các nƣớc khác. Các công ty ví dụ, các tổ chức, sản ph m, con ngƣời, và các sự kiện đƣợc mô tả đây là hƣ cấu. Không có liên quan nào với các công ty, tổ chức, sản ph m, cá nhân hoặc sự kiện là

có chủ đích hoặc hàm ý. PROTECTABLE WORKS        lectures, speeches; theatrical works and other forms of artistic performance; cinematographic and video works; radio and television works; press works; architectural works; plastic art works; applied art works; photographic works; scientific works, text books, teaching materials; graphic works, drawings, patterns, sketches and maps related to topography, works of architecture or scientific projects; translated, adapted, re-written, transformed, compiled, annotated, selected and anthological works; computer software; and other works prescribed by law. We would be happy to advise you on the registrability of your particular copyright works upon request. TIME FOR REGISTRATION In general, it will take 10 days from the filing date for obtaining the copyright registration. DURATION OF PROTECTION The duration of copyright endures for a term consisting of the life of the author and fifty years (50) after the

author‘s death. FILING REQUIREMENTS 75 Source: http://www.doksinet Documents required at filing a) A Notarized Power of Attorney signed by the applicant (s) (with full name capacity of the subscriber in the case of legal entity) (our form is enclosed). b) Notarized Deed of Assignment from author (s) to the applicant, where the applicant is not the author. c) 04 original works. Information a) Full name, address, nationality of applicant (s) and author (s); b) Name and category of the work; c) Date on which the work was completed, date and place of the first-made - public of works; 76