Közlekedéstan | Tanulmányok, esszék » Ager-Ellingsen - Life Cycle Assessment of Electric Vehicles

Source: http://www.doksinet Life cycle assessment of electric vehicles Linda Ager-Wick Ellingsen Anders Hammer Strømman linda.ellingsen@ntnuno Source: http://www.doksinet Life cycle assessment (LCA) Energy Materials Transport Manufacture & assembly Extraction & processing Emissions Use Waste products Recycling 2 Source: http://www.doksinet The ReCiPe characterization method 3 Source: http://www.doksinet Life cycle assessment of vehicles Complete life cycle Vehicle life cycle Vehicle production • Extraction and processing • Component manufacture and assembly Energy value chain Energy extraction Vehicle operation Energy distribution Energy conversion • Energy use • Maintenance End-of-life vehicle • Recycling/recovery • Waste management 4 Source: http://www.doksinet We have good knowledge of the environmental impacts of conventional vehicles 5 Source: http://www.doksinet Impact potentials Stressors Example of typical LCA results:

Mercedes A class 6 DaimlerChrysler AG, Mercedes Car Group Source: http://www.doksinet GHGs over the whole life cycle - high end of the range as of 2010 References: Daimler AG (2009, 2009, 2012), Volkswagen AG (2010, 2012) 7 Source: http://www.doksinet GHGs over the whole life cycle - low end of the range as of 2010 References: Daimler AG (2009, 2010, 2012,2013,2014), Volkswagen AG (2010, 2012,2013,2014) 8 Source: http://www.doksinet GHGs over the whole life cycle - low end of the range as of 2014 References: Daimler AG (2009, 2010, 2012,2013,2014), Volkswagen AG (2010, 2012,2013,2014) 9 Source: http://www.doksinet Car size, fuel type, model year, and horsepower matter 3x References: Daimler AG (2009, 2010, 2012,2013,2014), Volkswagen AG (2010, 2012,2013,2014) 10 Source: http://www.doksinet Can electric vehicles get us below the fossil envelope? References: Daimler AG (2009, 2009, 2012,2013,2014), Volkswagen AG (2010, 2012,2013,2014) 11 Source:

http://www.doksinet Zero emission vehicle? 12 Source: http://www.doksinet BEVs have indirect operational emissions associated with the energy value chain 13 Source: http://www.doksinet NTNU’s latest LCA study on battery electric vehicles published in 2016 14 Ellingsen et al. (2016) Source: http://www.doksinet Size selection based on commercially available BEVs 250 A - segment B - segment C - segment D - segment E - segment F - segment NEDC energy requirement (Wh/km) 200 150 100 mini car 50 medium car large car luxury car 0 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 Vehicle curb weight (kg) 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 15 Source: http://www.doksinet Electric vehicle parameters Segment Curb weight (kg) Battery size (kWh) Driving range (km) EV energy consumption (Wh/km) A - mini car 1100 17.7 133 146 C - medium car D - large car F - luxury car 1500 1750 2100 26.6 42.1 59.9 171 249 317 170 185 207 16 Source:

http://www.doksinet Production inventories 17 Source: http://www.doksinet Use phase assumptions • Average European electricity mix (521 g CO2/kWh at plug, 462 g CO2/kWh at plant) • 12 years and a yearly mileage of 15,000 km, resulting in a total mileage of 180,000 km 18 Source: http://www.doksinet End-of-life treatment 19 Source: http://www.doksinet Conventional vehicles  Production and use phase from LCA reports  End-of-life inventory from Hawkins et al. 2012 20 Source: http://www.doksinet Results 21 Source: http://www.doksinet 50 F 45 40 Fossil envelope -average new ICEVs as of 2015 D 35 Emission (ton CO2-eq) C 30 A 25 20 15 10 5 0 Driving distance (km) 22 Ellingsen et al. 2016 Source: http://www.doksinet 50 F 45 40 Fossil envelope -average ICEVs D 35 Emission (ton CO2-eq) C 30 A 25 20 15 10 5 0 Driving distance (km) A - mini car Ellingsen et al. 2016 C - medium car D - large car F - luxury car 23 Source: http://www.doksinet

Sensitivity analysis 24 Source: http://www.doksinet Sensitivity analysis - coal World average coal (1029 g CO2-eq/kWh) 25 Ellingsen et al. 2016 Source: http://www.doksinet Sensitivity analysis – natural gas World average natural gas (595 g CO2-eq/kWh) 26 Ellingsen et al. 2016 Source: http://www.doksinet Sensitivity analysis – wind Wind (21 g CO2-eq/kWh) 27 Ellingsen et al. 2016 Source: http://www.doksinet Sensitivity analysis – all wind Wind in all value chains (17 g CO2-eq/kWh) 28 Ellingsen et al. 2016 Source: http://www.doksinet Differences in emissions due to size decrease with lower carbon intensity 29 Ellingsen et al. 2016 Source: http://www.doksinet Questions? linda.ellingsen@ntnuno 30 Source: http://www.doksinet NTNU Publications on e-mobility October 2012 November 2013 May 2016 December 2016 Ellingsen. L A-W, Hung, R H, & Strømman, A H Identifying key assumptions and differences in life cycle assessment studies of lithium-ion traction

batteries (In review 2017). Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment Ellingsen. L A-W, Majeau-Bettez, M, & Strømman, A H (2015) Comment on “The significance of Li-ion batteries in electric vehicle life-cycle energy and emissions and recycling's role in its reduction” in Energy & Environmental Science. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment Singh, B., Ellingsen L A-W, & Strømman, A H (2015) Pathways for GHG emission reduction in Norwegian road transport sector: Perspective on consumption of passenger car transport and electricity mix. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment Singh, B., Guest, G, Bright, R M, & Strømman, A H (2014) Life Cycle Assessment of Electric and Fuel Cell Vehicle Transport Based on Forest Biomass. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment Singh, B., & Strømman, A H (2013) Environmental assessment of electrification of road transport in Norway: Scenarios and impacts

Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. Hawkins, T. R, Gausen, O M, & Strømman, A H (2012) Environmental impacts of hybrid and electric vehiclesa review The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. Majeau-Bettez, M., Hawkings, T, & Strømman, A H (2011) Life Cycle Environmental Assessment of Lithium-ion and Nickel Metal Hydride 31 Batteries for Plug-in Hybrid and Battery Electric Vehicles