Politika, Politológia | Konzervativizmus » Engel-Gizycki - Conservatism, Accuracy and Efficiency, Comparing Value at Risk Models

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Év, oldalszám:1999, 67 oldal

Nyelv:angol

Letöltések száma:3

Feltöltve:2018. május 03.

Méret:920 KB

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                            Source: http://www.doksinet  8QLIRUP3HUFHQWLOHV6LJQLILFDQFHRI/DJJHG3HUFHQWLOHV  5: 9FY ([S  ([S  ([S  &&*DUFK %(. 2U*DU  2U*DU  .HUQHO 0XO .HUQHO %LJ .HUQHO 6P +6 +6 0LQXV (YFY ([S+6  ([S+6  0& 0L[1RUP ([W $YHUDJH                      6WGHY $YHUDJH                                        5: 9FY ([S  ([S  ([S  &&*DUFK %(. 2U*DU  2U*DU  .HUQHO 0XO .HUQHO %LJ .HUQHO 6P +6 +6 0LQXV (YFY ([S+6  ([S+6  0& 0L[1RUP ([W

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