Sport | Siklóernyőzés » Agnieszka Chmielewska - The Risk in Paragliding Tourism Practised by the Disabled

Source: http://www.doksinet The risk in paragliding tourism practiced by the disabled THE RISK IN PARAGLIDING TOURISM PRACTICED BY THE DISABLED Ryzyko w turystyce paralotniowej uprawianej przez osoby niepe∏nosprawne Agnieszka Chmielewska STRESZCZENIE Celem opracowania by∏o zaprezentowanie wp∏ywu turystyki paralotniowej na gospodark´ makroekonomicznà i mikroekonomicznà oraz przedstawienie ryzyka uprawiania turystyki paralotniowej przez osoby niepe∏nosprawne. Autor zaprezentowa∏ paralotniarstwo jako wspó∏czesnà form´ turystyki. Zosta∏y zdefiniowane poj´cia: ryzyko, paralotniarstwo, turystyka, sport inwalidów Przedstawiono sport i turystyk´, które sà nierozerwalnie z ryzykiem. W niniejszym artykule dokonano porównania ryzyka podczas uprawiania paralotniarstwa przez pilotów pe∏nosprawnych i osób niepe∏nosprawnych. S∏owa kluczowe: ryzyko, turystyka, paralotniarstwo, sport inwalidów Keywords: risk, tourism, paragliding, sports for the disabled

INTRODUCTION The beginning of the third millennium has brought about huge changes in the conditions of human life as well as in person’s behaviour. In the contemporary world, there is no longer sufficient rest-traditional form of tourism. The need for new or unusual sensations in the acting out of stress is the basic feature of human nature today. An example of such a form of relaxation is undoubtedly paragliding. It is due to the fact that the practice of paragliding can be described as an escape from the tensions of working life or as an escape from problems. What is more the flight time allows people to be away from normal everyday life. Paragliding similarly to tourism brings the people closer to nature. Doing this kind of means going out of your place of residence as you need proper conditions for example a cliff or a slope [Chmielewska, 2008]. Paragliding has become a way of spending free time not only by healthy, fit people but also by disabled ones. The purpose of this paper

is the presentation of the development of paragliding tourism practising by disabled people and the presentation of the risk connected directly with this type of activity. Tourism via sport According to ¸obo˝ewicz [¸obo˝ewicz, 1983], the aim of tourism is to improve efficiency, capacity, health and comprehensive knowledge of the country. Both sport and tourism are found in each geographical area. The PWN by D. Matyja [Matyja, 2000] says that sport is a conscious and voluntary activity carried out in order to meet the needs which include entertainment, competition (individual and team) and the improvement of own physical and mental features such as strong will, perseverance or discipline. Similarly, Krawczyk [Krawczyk, 1997] writes about the connection of sport with health, hygiene, physical fitness, education and the shaping of the younger generation. He mentions his affinity with religion, politics and art as well as entertainment and fun and the work of man. He stresses that

sport is mostly fun consisting of exercises, Journal of Health Policy, Insurance and Management – Polityka Zdrowotna 97 Source: http://www.doksinet Agnieszka Chmielewska which are characterised by rivalry and the desire to achieve a high result. According to Kowalczyk [Kowalczyk, 2002] sport is an active rest after work, educating entertainment, a source of pleasure, an experience of the community. There is also a moral-maker skill useful in the society. He also believes that sport can be an exhausting work for professional athletes and for some it brings enormous business benefits. In the contemporary world sport and tourism are rapidly expanding fields of life, which develop culture, health and fast growing business activity. What sport and tourism has in common is a concern for heath, leisure, travellers, fitness and physical performance of mass sports participants. Disabled paragliding Among various definitions of a disabled person which we can come across in different

publications and literature the best one is written by K. Kaganek [Kaganek, 2009] who believes that disability is the result of restrictions which these people have to face. These are individual prejudice, unsuitable means of transport, lack of integration in the system of employment and education. According to Kobos and O. Truszczyƒski [Kobos, Truszczyƒski, 2004] who define a disabled person as a man who experiences physical or mental defects of a permanent nature. They believe that the best way to reduce negative emotions and improve the mood of people with disabilities is their participation in various forms of physical activity which sets aims, improves the condition of the psychophysical and stimulate social activity. W. Lipoƒski [Lipoƒski, 2006] writes that the disabled sport is any sport practiced by a person with an incomplete physical or mental development. This disability is expressed by the amputation of limbs, paralysis, or other reasons, which in a visible way limit

full psychomotor performance such as blindness, multiple sclerosis. He provides two types of disabled sports. The first group includes disabled sports namely participants of incomplete physical and sensory development resulting from amputation, paralysis, blindness, and congenital underdevelopment of the body. 98 2014 • XIV/IV The second group is classified by mental retardness. Drza∏ [Drza∏, 2008] states that movement and sport have positive effect on fitness, well being, performance and human health. He argues that sports have special importance for the disabled people. Among the advantages, he lists the proper physical development. This type of sport reinforces the results of hospital treatment, prevents, eliminates or at least limits the disability of certain organs which shape or strengthen during exercising. The next beneficial feature of the disabled sport is breaking the psychological barriers. It gives self-esteem, affects the creation of resourcefulness, independence

and integration. In addition, sport stimulates wider interest in developing activities and provides positive experiences and emotions. Moreover, another advantage is the education of the disabled sport and the development of positive personality traits which include perseverance, courage, decisiveness, selfcontrol, self-discipline, ability to live with others and the ability to concentrate. An extremely important advantage of disabled sport is social rehabilitation. Integration with the people and going beyond their own environment are very important for the disabled. According to K. Chojnacki and E Bolach [Chojnacko, Bolach, 2008] the disabled sport is also associated with the financial costs due to mass sports events. It gives disabled people self-esteem, positive impact on integration in the family and on active part of society. Dromlewska [Dromlewska, 2004] argues that the most important aspect of practicing sport is the opportunity to succeed. It is believed that disability brings

certain limitations but does not take freedom. Disabled sport is also a rivalry, struggle, victory and defeat, and crossing their limits. Disabled sport not only improves the physical, psychological condition but also allows selfrealisation, brings satisfaction and it can become a way of life. A Tarnowski, O Truszczynski and T. Jasinski [Tarnowski, Truszczyƒski, Jasiƒski, 2004] state that disabled sport is not only a form of rehabilitation but also the activity that allows experiencing emotional victories. Regulation of the Minister of Transport dated on 27th April 2007 amending the Regulation on the classification of aircraft Source: http://www.doksinet The risk in paragliding tourism practiced by the disabled as determined paragliders flying device designed primarily for sporting, educational but – above all – for recreational purposes.59 Dàbrowska60 recognises paragliding as a sport for all, available for both healthy people and for the disabled, physically handicapped

pilots, and even for the visually impaired (blind flying in tandem, double harness has a place for the pilot and a passenger) [Dàbrowska, 2008]. The risk of practising paragliding Paraglider is a breakthrough achieve-ment in the field of human aviation. It anables, like any other machine, sailing in the air [Suchanowski, 2001]. Each year number of injuries and accidents grows but there are also fatal accidents among pilots / tourists. The definition of an air accident by WrzeÊniewskiej-Wal [WrzeÊniewska-Wal, 2003] considers an aviation accident or every event associated with the using of an aircraft which takes place between the time when a person enters the board with the intention of flight until he leaves it, during which the pilot suffers at least serious injuries or fatal ones or the means of transport or its consruction is damaged or destroyed or aircraft simply disappears and is not found. By examining the data of paragliding accidents. I come across a report of aviation

accidents of the Civil Aviation Office. After a deeper analysis of the data submitted by the CAO (Urzàd Lotnictwa Cywilnego) it can be concluded that paragliding has very serious consequences. Table 1. Number of issued individual certificates of qualifications by 2013 Certificate of Qualification 2013 Certificate of the pilot-operator model flying 5 Certificate of ultralight aircraft pilot to 495 kg 60 Certificate of parachutist 1324 Certificate of the hang glider 52 Certificate of motor- hang-glider 381 Certificate of ultralight autogyro pilot to 560 kg 44 Certificate of qualification for paraglider 5260 Source: Number of issued Certificates of Qualification paraglider pilot in relation to the number of remaining licences issued / Pilot Qualification Certificate is the highest. Source: R Makarowski, Ryzyko i stres w lotnictwie sportowym. Warsaw: Difin, 2010, s 210-211, Statystyka personelu lotniczego, http://ulcgovpl/ download/ personel lotniczy/lpl 2013/ilosc

waznych sw kwalif 31 12 2013r.pdf 6122014 59 Dz.U z 2007 r nr 89, poz 592 Based on interviews with people with disabilities found that paragliding is a form of relaxation. There is also a form of tourism that provides satisfaction, freedom, becomes a way of life. 60 Journal of Health Policy, Insurance and Management – Polityka Zdrowotna 99 Source: http://www.doksinet Agnieszka Chmielewska Table 2. Report Aviation PG and PPG in Poland submitted to the CAO in 2004-2008 Year of aviation events Air event PG, PPG Fatal injuries Serious personal injury 2004 Crush–10 4 7 2005 Crush –6 1 5 2006 Crush –9 2 7 2007 Crush –8 1 6 2008 – Crush 10 3 9 SP-aircraft, PG-Paraglide, PPG-Powered paraglide Source: CAO (Urzàd Lotnictwa Cywilnego), 2009 The number of accidents with serious injuries, including fatal ones is repetitive for paraglider pilots in Poland. Such events occur on average once a year. There are definitively unreported incidents. According to

Z. Gotkiewicz [Gotkiewicz, 2007] these are examples of unreported accidents. 1)14 April, Zar-Jaworzynka. Broken spine by the pilot on Jaworzynka, while hooking a tree on approach to landing, 2) May – the vicinity of Szczawnica pilot during take-off fell over because of irregularities on the ground and strong wind. Pain in the paraglider’s back, 3) June, two students got injured while landing. One of them had a serious spinal injury, 4) End of September – Bassano during approach to landing a student-pilot did not perform the command and hit the wall. Because of it, he broke his legs and spine. There are many different definitions of risk, and it is not easy to define it. I accepted definition of Holly [Holly, 2002], which defines the risk as the likelihood of the adverse events that may cause any damage or loss, which is the participation of whom this event applies to. 100 2014 • XIV/IV Makarowski [Makarowski, 2008] says that the human factor is the cause of most accidents in

the entire aviation. The sources of threats in the category of human factor are considered above all lack the qualifications expressed in erroneous operation resulting from the lack of knowledge or skill and due to lack of experience and training. Then point to intentional conduct, such as the deliberate departure from the procedures and regulations, operational errors, (and ultimately jeopardizing the safety of remote control operation), communication errors (for example, an instructor with the student-pilot by radio), procedural errors (eg. unintentional waiver of compliance), inability to perform certain actions by the pilot because of physical or mental incapacity (fatigue, stress). Moreover, these sources of threats can occur on technical factors, organizational and environmental factors. Talking into account various effects of risk, safe practising of paragliding is more and more important. Influence of tourism on macro-economic economy paragliding and microeconomic Tourism

becomes in Poland popular more and more paragliding. Firms emerge, clubs and associations practice occupying Source: http://www.doksinet The risk in paragliding tourism practiced by the disabled and promotion of this type activity. Demand grows on it favor continuously, market has emerged in whole country supple developing. So, tourism is three-dimensional phenomenon not only paragliding, and also social phenomenon, because pilot of /tourist enters to definite social rates in the course of journey and on touristic performance stay. Tourism is economic phenomenon also paragliding, as tourists of /pilots which travel form structure and largeness of demand, as consumers of miscellaneous goods and favor. There is one of many source of national income and influences of local budgets boost, they are developed in localities in which influence of housekeeping touristic. Macro-economics is concentrated as integrity on functioning economy [Nojszewska, 1999]. Relationships of tourism with

national economy paragliding as integrity – scale macro on – influence PKB, on balance of foreign trade through invisible export in tourism – influence, on balance of payments of state – influence, on budget of state influence, on rate of inflation influence, on labor market – influence (level (horizon) and structure of joblessness), on possessional transformations in national economy – influence. Microeconomy is concentrated on decisions taken by individual subjects farming, housekeeping are that, firms and government, as well as on functioning individual market, markets of factors are that manufacturing and products [Nojszewska, 1999]. Relationships of tourism with enterprises paragliding, regions – scale mikro on activation of touristic region – influence and touristic localities, on efficiency of functioning enterprise – influence, on economical status of housekeeping – influence (income). The characterisation of a risk in a paragliding tourism practised by the

disabled and the able-bodied pilots As it is stated by Dudek and W∏odarczyk [Dudek, 2006] the risk of paragliding practiced by the able-bodied pilots is recognized with an inadequacy of the equipment and skills for the weight of the 61 pilot. What is more, the autors [Dudek, 2006] enumarate the wide variety of flights’ operations done without neither the certificate of technical efficency nor the use of the service of the paragling mechanics who use the proper equipment that checks the status of fabrics, the suspension cables and tapes. As it is mentioned by Dudek and W∏odarczyk the lack of control by the pilots may undergo some changes in equipment such as harness, parachut and helmet. The paraglider that has no paraglider’s card which includes information about the type, the name of the equipment, the serial number, the date of production, the class, destiny, the minimum and maximum weight and the piece of information about the admission to the flight is considered to be a

serious threat. Therefore, the card is delieved on the basis of the positive test results of the CEN or the producer’s annoucements which are confirmed by the trails in the air, the quality control and the repetivness of production.61 Noteworthy is the fact of the lack of the safety equipment certificate by some pilots. The certificate attests to the fact that the wing has undergone the professional tests and behaves in accordance with the accepted standards in the class as its purpose is to protect the pilots with little skills [Dudek, 2006]. There are two-seater paragliders so-called ‘tandem‘ as it is worth mentioning that for the blind pilots a double harness has a place for both the pilot and the passenger. Nowdays, tests are performed according to the European standard EN, which defines the procedure for performing tests and how to interpret the results [Gotkiewicz, 2012]. Nonetheless, Dudek and W∏odarczyk [Dudek, W∏odarczyk, 2006] state that the basic threat for the

pilots is the mismatched harness size, mainly its width. One the one side, too broad seat makes flying to be tiresome. On the other side, the narrow seat makes it difficult to get on to the harness and the suspention tapes start to tickle. Too short back support also causes discomfort in flight. Flying in an uncomfortable, ill-fitting harness has a negative impact on the Dz. U z 2007 r, nr 89, poz 592 Journal of Health Policy, Insurance and Management – Polityka Zdrowotna 101 Source: http://www.doksinet Agnieszka Chmielewska paraglider’s psyche, especially for the begginers. Dudek and Wlodarczyk [Dudek, W∏odarczyk, 2006] mention the most common cause of the accidents as to be due to not right assessment of weather conditions at the place of flight. Contrary, the risk of paragliding by the disabled can be illustrated on the basis of the Polish regulations relating to the paragliding. The regulations of Section 2.3 of Annex 7 Requirements for liability insurance of people

operating aircrafts as referred in the article § 2 of the Regulation, and minimum amounts of insurance guarantee the Regulation of the Minister of Transport, Construction and Maritime Economy on the 26th of March 2013. In case of the exclusion of certain provisions of the Act – the Aviation law for certain types of aircrafts determines the conditions and requirements relating to the use of the aircrafts. The term paraglider is used to descride the parachutes without motor gliders, paragliders with a drive and the powered para-chutes that are possible to start by walking.62 Thus, for example, the pilot deprived of the lower limbs during a take-off provokes risk. On the basis of the review of the provisions of paragliding in the article § 41 paragraph 3 of the Regulation of the Minister of Transport, Construction and Maritime Economy the particular notice can be made he as the airline qualifications are obtained in the course of flight training from which it follows that a flight

crew member and a candidate for the flight crew member who undergoes a training is obliged to resign of the flight duty in cases where the physical conditions and the mental health fail. It happens under the influence of alcohol, drugs and other drugs.63 Jastrzebski, the paragliding instructor and the state examiner, states that the safety flying is connected with a good psycho-physical conditions of a pilot. It is believed that the assessment of the situation during the flight is constantly changing due to the pilots’ reactions and responses. What is more, every tiny disability of the pilot can affect the flight.64 Suchanowski considers 62 mental disability as a major sourse of the accidents [Suchanowski, 1995; Holly, Chmielewska, 2010, 2011]. The analysis the article § 1 1 of the Regulation of the Minister of Transport, Construction and Maritime Economy on the requirements for physical and mental fitness of applicants for a certificate of the flight crew member or with a

certificate of the flight crew member results in the statemnt that the loss of mental abilities is caused by the mental illness and the acquired disorders of the nervous system. The above-mentioned physical disorders are mainly the anomalies of body height, the length of upper and lower limbs, and muscle weakness, bone diseases, arthritis, congenital or acquired abnormalities of the cardiovascular, respiratory disorders, disorders of the eye, eye injuries, dysfunction ears, and even metabolic disorders, skin diseases, cancer, infectious diseases, sexually absorbed diseases, disorders, gynecological and obstetric diseases, urinary tract, blood diseases, disorders of the gastrointestinal tract.65 As it is cited on the basis of fatal accident to present special risks of paragliding by the disabled. “(.) on the field in Dobrydzia∏ area Wieruszowski found the corpse of a dead man dressed in a paragliding harness and plugged into a paraglider wing. On the spot it was found that almost a

flat terrain the paraglider was spread as to start but the pilot wasn’t equipped with a drive . During the inspection it was found that the death , which occurred as determined on the 10th of August around 5 o’clock, that is, one day before finding a corpse that wasn’t scattered, was due to the natural causes associated with the health of the deceased. According to the piece of information received, the pilot planned to make the ground-based exercises (.)“ [CAO, 2014] Dz.U 2013, poz 440 Dz.U2013, poz 664 64 J. Jastrz´bski, Bezpieczeƒstwo w paralotniarstwie, wwwalpipl (29062009) 65 Dz.U 2013, poz 372 63 102 2014 • XIV/IV Source: http://www.doksinet The risk in paragliding tourism practiced by the disabled The analysis of the literature describing the main causes of the paragliding accidents practiced by the non-disabled and the disabled leads to the emergence of important insights. CONCLUSIONS Modern sports organization and touristic functions in conditions of huge

variability of economic enclosing, social and technical. Tourism is related by incompetent persons with financial cost from the point of view of mass sports performance practice of paragliding, cost of equipment. Firms emerge permanently clubs and associations practice occupying and promotion of this type activity. Demand grows on it favor still, market has emerged in whole country soundly developing. It is possible to risk affirmation in accordance with it, that tourism is cultivated by incompetent persons touristic economy presenting some system paragliding, within natural system functioning, social and economic. This system adapts natural environment, development of tourism define presenting base, for requirements of touristic movements and it transmits features of economic categories it, to frames of economic systems inscribing him. Alleviating of definite requirement assures within the confines of social system and development of touristic movement. Sport and so, there is social

and economic phenomenon without doubting tourism, and also they define form of alleviating requirements of persons, for example, educational, sanitary , cultural. However, tourism is inherent element of risk from the point of view of specificity too paragliding. Particularly, problem of safety of practice by incompetent persons paragliding, from the point of view of its involve and it swindles social and economic results in individual dimension great meaning more not only result for persons – cultivating it sport, but in life also – economic whole country socially. Indispensable knowledge of danger of /driver of risk becomes for minimization of case in tourism paragliding and they result from they apprehension of threat. 1. It is a high treat to paraglide by the disabled 2. The disabled are most willing to take high risk as for the need for very dangerous behaviours. 3. The physical characteristic such as weight, height and general health ( the blood pressure, the respiratory,

circulatory, nervous systems, physical fitness ) are responsible for the ability such as: attention, perception, and above all, accurate decision-making by the pilot. 4. The lack of psychophysical condition has a great influence on the exercise of an adverse such as in case of the paragliding accident. 5. The practice of paragliding for the disabled is a specific risk. 6. The practice of paragliding for the disabled is an extreme sport. 7. The practice of paragliding for the disabled is an extreme tourism. LITERATURE 1. Chmielewska A, Czynniki psychiczne jako drivery ryzyka w uprawianiu paralotniarstwa, red. Muszkieta R, ˚ukow W, Napiera∏a M, Saks E, Stan i rozwój regionalnego sportu i rekreacji, Unia Akademicka, WSG w Bydgoszczy, Bydgoszcz 2010. 2. Chmielewska A, Czynniki ryzyka w uprawianiu turystyki paralotniowej. [in:] Stasiak A (red.), Turystyka i Hotelarstwo ¸ódê: Wydawnictwo Wy˝szej Szko∏y Turystyki i Hotelarstwa w ¸odzi, 2008, nr 14 3. Chmielewska A Collect

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