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Source: http://www.doksinet Journal WEIGHTS, HEMATOLOGY, SPECIES OF FREE-RANGING Thierry M. Work National Honolulu, Biological Hawaii ABSTRACT: species iformes, of Service, National 96850, USA I established free-ranging Pelecaniformes, AND Wildlife reference of Wi1d1fr SERUM CHEMISTRY TROPICAL PELAGIC Health Center-Honolulu Field values for weight, hematology, Hawaiian tropical Charadniformes) total seabirds six families pp. 643-657 1996. OF SEVEN SEABIRDS P.O and Box 50167, serum comprising (Procellariidae, chemistry for seven orders (ProcellariPhaethontidae, Diomedeidae, Sulidae, Fregatidae, and Laridae). Species examined included 84 Hawaiian darkrumped petrels (Pterodoma phaeopygia), 90 wedge-tailed shearwaters (Puffinus pacificus), 151 Laysan albatrosses (Diomedea immutabilis), 69 red-footed boobies (Sula sula), 154 red-tailed tropicbirds (Phaeton rubricauda), 90 great frigatebirds (Fregata minor), and 72 sooty terns (Sterna fuscata).
Hematoent, calcium, phosphorus, pelagic and Station, 32(4), Diseases, three plasma solids, total and differential white cell counts, serum glucose, acid, total protein, albumin, globulin, aspartate aminotransferase and were analyzed. Among and within species, hematology and chemistry uric creatinine phosphokinase values varied with age, sex, season, and island of collection. Despite this variation, order-wide trends were observed. Key words: Hawaiian dark-rumped petrel, Pierodoma phaeopygia, wedge-tailed shearwater, Puffinus pacificus, Laysan albatross, Diomedea immutabilis, red-footed booby, Sula sula, red-tailed tropicbird, Phaeton rubricauda, great frigatebird, Fregata minor, sooty tern, Sterna fuscata, he- matology, serum chemistry, body weight. INTRODUCTiON Clinical chemistry hematology the diagnosis valuable adjuncts in ease in leithner, animals 1994). (Campbell, Reference matology able and for erence values are clinical a variety hematology are
most managed clinical cines, 1994; are less free-ranging Most tic and blood for literature dis- gregarious are avail- birds, ref- et al., limited studies either smail information. on arctic and Kostelecka-Myrcha, Myrcha, 1987); present blood There pelagic however, comprehensive chemistry values. (Harrison, are susceptible to of disease. These useful in the clinical seabirds such during values may management also of anthropogenic as oil reference spills. clinical cachemistry and hematology for seven species of freeranging pelagic seabirds in Hawaii comprising three orders (Procellariiformes, Pe- val- hematology and lecaniformes. families covers antarc- Phaethontidae, Su!idae, Fregatidae, and Laridae). Where were compared suitable, by season reference or site values of collec- 1989; (<10) habits seabirds of of their In such cases, reference values a valuable aid in elucidating tastrophes I present Rosa et al., 1993) or
temperate coastal seabirds (Balasch et al., 1974; Wolf et a!, 1985; Melrose and Nicol, 1992), and some of these involve chemistry Because breeding captive for many captive or outside these groups. on and seabirds. pelagic cause prove (Campbell, Reference hematology epizootics. would be chemistry groups that and on pelagic 1990), Hochfor he- psitta- of seabirds (Hawkey tropical include poultry data are in production 1994). numerous species chemistry birds In and numerous Hochleithner, ues blood chemistry Examples raptors, of 1994; values of species. intensively settings. of and sample sizes are seabirds metabolic (Myrcha 1980; Kosteleckaof these few tion, age, Charadriiformes) (Procellariidae, and six sex. MATERIALS or and Diomedeidae, AND METHODS All seabirds were sampled from healthy colonies monitored continuously by biologists from the U. S National Park Service, U. S Fish and Defense, hematology and There is a dearth
Fish served 643 and Wildlife Service, or of State Wildlife. catastrophic These U. S Department Hawaii biologists reproductive of Department had failure of not ob- at the Source: http://www.doksinet 644 JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES, VOL. 32, NO 4, OCTOBER of sampling or during the two previous breeding seasons. I sampled three species of procellariiforms including Hawaiian darkrumped petrels (Pterodoma phaeopygia), wedge-tailed shearwaters (Puffinus pacificus), and Laysan albatross (Diomedea immutabilis); three species of pelecaniforms including redfooted boobies (Sula sula), red-tailed tropicbirds (Phaeton rubricauda), great frigatebirds (Fregata minor); and one charadriiform, sooty terns (Sterna fuscata). time Twenty-one and petrels chicks National Park 35 were on Hawaiian sampled Maui (20#{176}43’N, Haleakala 156#{176}15’W) in adult frigatebirds as male al., morphism precluded tropicbirds, boobies, waters, and petrels. chicks or
adults based Lack of sexual diclassification by sex of terns, albatrosses, shearPetrels were classified as on date of collection and presence of (Pratt or et absence or female based on 1987). juvenile plumage (Si- mons, 1985). All birds were captured manually or with large hand-held hoop nets. Petrels were captured with double-door wire box traps (Simons, 1985). Petrels and tropicbirds were weighed to the nearest 10 g with a 1 kg spring scale, frigatebirds and albatrosses to the nearest 100 g with a 5 kg spring scale, boobies to the nearest a 2.5 kg spring scale, to the nearest 1 g and tems with a and 500 g spring scale. I assessed all birds visually and chose only healthy animals, defined as those individuals that were in good flesh, bright, alert, resistive to restraint, and with no detectable morphologic or behavioral abnormalities. Five ml of blood was taneous ulnar vein in boobies, and tropicbirds and 20 gauge 26 mm rels, October 1993 and
October 1994, respectively, and 28 adults were sampled from the same site in July 1994. Forty-five wedge-tailed shearwater chicks and 45 adults were sampled on August and October 1994, respectively, from offshore islets along southeastern Oahu including west and east Makoluas and Popoia (21#{176}23’N, 157#{176}43’W). Twenty and 16 Laysan albatross adults were sampled in October 1993 from Laysan Island (25#{176}46’N, 171#{176}44’W) and Tern Island-French Frigate Shoals (23#{176}45’N, 166#{176}10’W), respectively, and 43 adults were sampled from Midway atoll (28#{176}13’N, 177#{176}22’W) in June 1994. I sampled 41 Laysan albatross chicks from Midway in June 1993, and 15 and 16 Laysan albatross chicks from Midway and Kilauea Point, Kauai (22#{176}13’N, 159#{176}26’W) respectively, in June 1994. I sampled 35 and 34 red-footed booby adults and chicks, respectively, from Kanehoe Marine Corps Air Station on Oahu (21#{176}27’N, 157#{176}44’W) in August 1994. Fifty-three
redtailed tropicbirds adults were sampled from Tern Island in March 1994, and 36 adults and 65 chicks from Johnston Atoll (16#{176}45’N, 169#{176}31’W) in April 1995. I sampled 60 and 30 great frigatebirds from Laysan Island and Tern Island, respectively, in March 1994. Thirty-five sooty tern chicks and 37 adults were sampled from Johnston Atoll in July 1995. Birds were classified as adults or chicks and plumage g with shearwaters blood dark-rumped from 50 1996 were terns, obtained and procured from the cufrigatebirds, albatross, using 5 ml syringes needles. Three ml of from shearwaters similar sites using 3 ml in petsyringes and 22 gauge 26 mm needles. One half ml of blood was placed in 500 i.l ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) tubes and the remainder in 5-ml clotting tubes. Whole blood in EDTA was stored cessing was at for 4 C for up hematology. allowed to to 8 hr The clot for 12 prior to remaining hr at problood 27 C, centri- fuged,
serum decanted into 1.5 ml cryovials (Corning, Corning, New York, USA), and frozen at -20 C. For albatrosses from Midway, an extra 1 ml of blood was stored in EDTA and analyzed for lead (Fernandez and Hilligoss, 1982) at the National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin (USA). Only healthy birds with blood lead levels at or below the limit of detection (0.02 p.g/ml) were Combined were done included heterophil in the ocytometer, field eosinophil (Becton Dickinson, USA) and a microscope. (103/pJ) were then 1994). I obtained in the study. and eosinophil with a Neubauer unopettes counts hemno. 5877 Rutherford, New Jersey, Total white cell counts calculated (Campbell, hematocrit values by spinning whole blood in heparinized capillary pipettes in a microhematocrit centrifuge for 5 mm (Campbell, 1994). Plasma total solids were estimated using a temperature-adjusted refractometer (Schuco, American Caduceus Industries, Carle Place, New York) (Campbell, 1994).
Blood smears from EDTA blood were made in duplicate, allowed to air dry, stored in slide boxes and returned to the laboratory for staining and microscopic examination. Prior to conducting differentials, blood smears for each species were pooled, randomized, and read blind. For differential counts, I stained smears using Difquick (Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA) and counted 200 white cells under oil immersion (1,000x). Cells were classified as heterophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, or basophils based on morphology and staining characteristics (Campbell, 1994). Percentages were calculated and multiplied by the total white count to obtain absolute counts of each white cell type Source: http://www.doksinet WORK-WEIGHTS, HEMATOLOGY, AND (Campbell, 1994). I recorded presence or absence of hemoparasites. Serum chemistry values including total protein (g/dl), albumin (g/dl), uric acid (mg/dl), calcium (mg/dl), phosphorus (mg/dl), SERUM
chicks Island (AST) (lUlL), creatinine phos(lU/L), and glucose (mg/dl), were determined at the University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine in Madison, Wisconsin, using a Kodak Ektachem 500 analyzer (Eastman Kodak, Rochester, New York). This system is a dry analyzer that uses slides on which the sample is placed. The slides consist (CPK) of a dry ester each multilayer support analyte. tracting analytic containing Globulin albumin element on a poly- specific reagents was calculated by from total protein. for sub- Serum chemistries were analyzed blind. Hematology and blood chemistry values were summarized using means, standard deviations, medians, and ranges. Chemistry values from hemolyzed serum or analytes which were below the limit of detection were excluded from analysis. I compared summarized hematology and serum chemistry parameters using one way analyses of variance (ANOVA) for groups of three or more, or t-tests for pairs. To adjust for test-wise error
and maintain an penment-wise quential for a; error rate of 0.05, I used a se- adjustment (Rice, 1989) for n = 18, the total number of parameters compared including weight, hematology and chemistry. In cases where assumption of normality or equal variance were violated, a Kruskall-Wallis ANOVA or the 0.003 Mann-Whitney U comparisons, test for multiple respectively, were of significant differences ple pair-wise comparisons dent-Newman-Keuls and metric and non-parametric To chicks determine versus age adults used. In tests were Software, differences, for or pair-wise petrels, compared separately Laysan Island. between Tern were larger all species, than In red cells, dark, blue-purple a clear brick-red obscured cases than mented, with heterophils toplasm round with granules. ably sized with coarsely a textured homogenous fined white blue borders. cell with nucleus ground-glass blue purple-blue surrounded cytoplasm with were the
largest finely granular by cytoplasm occasional Eosinophils erophils ever, morphology varied Eosinophil cytoplasm of shearwa- contained densely orange, round, plump granules. contained loosely while round bright granules of booby and were somewhat larger ange. tained Great loosely frigatebird packed, granules sized red-orange brighter vacuoles. of spersed with numerous small, and males, Johnston females, Atoll in and vacuoles. 75% as large a uniformly dense to among Tropicbird numbers dull-orange in 1993 a clear or- eosinophils conplump, elliptical, distributed clear graneosinophils sparse large, frigatebird howamong petrels tiny defined about to het- and eosinophils packed ably in size granule terns, ules similar nucleus; species. ters, were a segmented had Island ill- variably- with taining round, Great a pale with vacuoles. ophils Tern by well-de- surrounded and cy- fine purple were van- round
Johnston in 1995, and albatrosses collected from Midway in 1994. Group-wise comparisons for great frigatebird males, females and chicks were done separately for Tern Island and Laysan Island. I also compared individuals from the following groups to see if they could be pooled: petrel chicks collected in 1993 and 1994; albatross chicks from Midway in 1993, 1994 and from Kauai in 1994; albatross adults from Midway in 1994, Laysan Island, and Tern Island in 1993; red-tailed tropicbird adults 1995. clear nucleus wispy borders sized unseg- to Monocytes an ameboid, blue-purple defined eosinophils, and coarse Lymphocytes of partially were homogenous, nucleus, many and masses or dense, purple-blue orange I compared shearwaters, nucleus, packed terns, boobies, and tropicbirds collected from from 645 homogenous, segmented a round, Albatross done San a dense fusiform granules that the nucleus. Basophils smaller had heterophils had cytoplasm packed, with
ANOVA, multiwere done using StuDunn’s test for paraprocedures, respec- tively (Daniel, 1987). Statistical using Sigmastat (Jandel Scientific Rafael, California, USA). SEABIRDS RESULTS Bonferroni a were and OF TROPICAL aspartate aminotransferase phokinase CHEMISTRY blue varieosin- cytoplasm con- amorphous granules inter- to clear, well Thrombocytes as red cells, ovoid, were with purple-blue nucleus and a clear to light blue cytoplasm. In all species, red cell morphology was uniform and polychromasia variable. The only hemoparasite seen was an intracellular organism in frigatebird red cells with Source: http://www.doksinet 646 JOURNAL TABLE adults 1. from OF WILDLIFE Reference Maui. DISEASES, weights, VOL. 32, NO. 4, OCTOBER hematology and serum Mean SD 1996 chemistry of Hawaiian dark rumped (g) 4955 62 49 chicks and Adults Chicks Weight petrels Range n Mean SD Range ri 390-640 53 432 32 380-500 28 49
Hematology Hematocrit Total solids Lymphocyte (%) (gIdl) (1&31p.l) Heterophil (1&3/il) 2.31 1.26 0.21-602 55 3.39 1.50 1.00-698 27 Monocyte (10/p.l) 0.09 0.16 0.00-077 55 0.10 0.11 0.00-046 27 Eosinophil (1034d) 0.68 0.58 0.09-273 55 1.99 1.24 0.50-545 27 1.16 0.68 0.18-326 55 1.11 0.53 0.22-206 27 18.14k’ 11.09 5.16-6512 55 10.94 3.46 5.03-1913 27 43 Basophil 34-58 56 4 42-59 28 0.4 2.8-46 56 4.1 0.6 3.1-54 28 13.90#{176} 10.64 1.28-5861 55 4.36 2.59 1.12-1194 27 (104iJ) Total white Serum chemistry Glucose Calcium cells (1&3/d) (mg/dl) (mg/dl) Phosphorus Uric 5 3.6a 316 35 222-375 28 256-405 21 10.1 0.8 8.5-122 28 7.0 1.6 3.1-94 21 3.6a 1.3 1.8-83 28 0.8 0.3 0.5-13 14 22’ 0.6 1.2-35 28 7.3 4.4 1.9-141 21 (mg/dl) acid (mg/dl) 329 Protein (g/dl) 2.7a 0.9 1.7-65 28 3.1 0.5 2.4-45 21 Albumin (g/dl) 1.3 0.4 1.0-33 28 1.5 0.2 1.2-18 21
Globulin (g/dl) 1.3k’ 0.5 0.7-32 28 1.7 0.4 1.1-27 21 Aspartate amino- transferase 106 28 71-169 28 212 116 104-667 21 114 90 23-344 23 46 16 23-72 10 ts (P < O.(X)3) (LU/L) Creatinine (lULL) phosphokinase a Value significantly different morphology value compatible moproteus for to sar ise that between no petrel chicks so significant collected were Compared to chicks, adult petrels nificantly lower weight, cell count, total white rus, and creatinine concentrations, but solids, acid, albumin, and (AST) concentrations lymphocyte count, calcium, CPK concentrations, cyte and AST significantly and eosinophil globulin, total glucose, heterophil and uric concentrations acid, than albatrosses from Midway significantly and eosinophil On chicks Tern significantly and but significantly total and (Table and calcium solids 5). total white phosphorus con- greater (Table and Laysan
Island, males and females chicks. On significantly Tern he- 6). adult weighed AST tropicbirds lower lym- Island greater but hematocrit, counts, eosinophil, frigatebird counts, weight, than and lower cell to chicks, adult had significantly and and Mid- significantly white greater matocrits 1994 total acid, from 4). had Compared from Johnston centrations, (Table 3, uric chicks concentrations counts, mono- in and and 2). Adult lymphocyte phocyte, globulin, chicks boobies cell significantly concentrations, glucose, (Tables 1994 lym- calcium, hematocrits, than Adult lowwhite globulin and solids, counts, greater counts, heterophil albumin, but and in 1). total white significantly way amino-transferase and but and to- significantly total concentrations greater protein, had lower and AST (CPK) phosphorus, hematocnt, count, significantly sinophil phosphokinase (Table weight, greater had
sig- phospho- aspartate adults had lymphocyte total Shearwater pooled. calcium, heterophil uric adul phosphorus, 1993 in values er Hae- differences their counts, of among phocyte were 1994, tal parameter spp. There and that great had hematocrits Island more only, than than females chicks or Source: http://www.doksinet WORK-WEIGHTS, TABIE 2. from Oaliu. Reference weights, HEMATOLOGY, AND hematology and chemistry of wedge tailed shearwater Mean SD Range n Mean SD 467a 50 365-590 45 39() 375 3 30-43 45 48 3.7 0.3 3.0-44 45 3.9 26.04 13.49 7.61-7005 45 2.49#{176} 0.95 0.91-505 0.15’ 0.19 0.74 serum SERUM CHEMISTRY OF TROPICAL Chicks Weight (g) SEABIRDS chicks 647 and adults Adults Range n 315-450 45 3 39-.53 45 0.4 3.()-48 45 12.93 6.21 3.49-2742 45 45 4.00 2.09 0.57-1047 45 0.00-077 45 0.45 0.48 0.00-205 45 2.21 0.00-1481 45 0.48 0.51 0.00-195 45 0.34 0.44
0.00-268 45 0.31 0.31 0.00-105 45 29.75 13.93 9.45-7656 45 18. 18 7. 17 5.03-3432 45 23 35 Hematology Ilematocrit (%) Total sOli(l5 (g/dl) Lymphocyte (1034d) Ileterophil (10/jil) Monocyte (1&3/p.l) Eosinophil (1&3/p.l) Basophil (1&/pJ) Total white cells Seniiii (l0/d) chemistry (;hicose (mgidl) Calcium (mg/dl) Phosphorus Uric 145-255 45 202-328 42 11.8k’ 1.2 7.8-138 45 8.8 1.4 3.8-105 42 8.8a 2.0 5.2-139 44 1.6 0.9 0.5-36 .35 6.2k’ 4,3 1.2-158 45 10.2 5.1 2.7-245 42 3.2 0.4 2.6-42 45 3.4 0.4 2.7-42 42 1.7 0.2 1.4-22 45 1.5 0.1 1.2-18 42 1.5 0.2 1.2-20 45 1.8 0.3 1.4-25 42 (mg/dl) acid Protein 202 (mg/dI) (g/dl) Albumin (g/dl) (g/dl) amino(lUlL) Globulin Aspartate transferase 248 28 153 41 95-274 45 258 93 121-544 42 89tP 899 147-4,473 45 86 69 2.5-306 35 Creatinine (lUlL) phosphokinase a Value different significantly than for same males. Females calcium in
turn, concentrations had significantly than males greater than On trations only, had value significantly total protein, and globulin concentrations, uric Female tal acid adults solids, had concentrations, than chicks. Male adults had total solids and phosphorus than chicks (Tables Sooty tern adults weights, counts, concentrations, greater hematocrits tions than chicks Great frigatebirds ly greater from Laysan glucose on adult males Island concentrations Laysan and phosphorus chicks. greater to- phosphorus either males or Island. Great and chicks from significantly lower phosphorus than corresponding on Tern (Tables adults from Laysan than and 7, lower those from chicks from Kauai Island concentrations age had and than than 3). Albatross lower total than protein, those and from Midway in 1994 (Table 4). Prenesting Laysan albatross adults from Tern and Laysan in 1993 solids, had significantly albumin and
significantly lower sex than post-incubation collected in 1994 cor- chicks pooled significant- and signifi- significantly white and concentra- significantly glucose but (Table had and total phosphorus, AST albatross concentrations Island lower 9). of all had CPK Tern significantly and Island concentrations, cantly groups Laysan counts, total solids, phosphorus, globulin concentrations significantly Tern 8). lymphocyte significantly lower concentrations but (Table had greater 8). had lymphocyte and calcium, CPK groups 7, groups frigatebird significantly significantly calcium (P < 0.(X)3) responding albumin but adults which, concengreater concentrations and among greater Laysan had weights, lower significantly chicks. adults parameter from with collected October greater weight, concentrations, uric acid adults (Table Midway in 1993 those collected total but concentrations from Midway 3). Albatross could from
not be Midway Source: http://www.doksinet 648 JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES, VOL. 32, NO. 4, OCTOBER C) be C? a C’) It) I( C) ;t’-.ci 1t. a 1996 QcCCC4 1tc1 cN C) C) C) > a C) C’1 L’-c’)If) C’) C LI) IoN C,’ a a C a a - - It)CC) - C) ()CC) C, C, C)Ct’-C N C’) “. - o4 C,’ Nit) - a C’) a C’) ‘ C Ci CC) CC’1 N C.c#5 be tC) dC’) C N C,’ C,’C’) C,’ a E n’ 04 C,’ C’) CC’) C’JNCC a C’) ‘C C a C a a C’) CLC C,’ arN)C) a C) a C It) C,llt)C C’) LI) C’)It)CCC)C’)It) C,’ - -(C) C)CC,’CIt) - C’) C,’ 04 It) as C’) “C- N n’lf) ‘ -C a C CCCCCCCC C,’ C N N N as n’ 0) 0104 I N N N ‘- NC,’ N N N 04d a C) INC’) C - a be a C NcC-( C’) a ‘C j C ‘)C,It),Q - C’) N C C.C) -Old,’ CC It) CC N it) 01 I C’) I C’) (C N It) C’) -Cl I N CC) C’)C, a
C)C’) C C’) as01 01 C V a C, C)ascCC) C E C C’)CC’)C01C a a a C a a a a C C)I0)C’)CC’C) C’) - C’) C a ‘C > O(C’lCC)C1 N01CCI() 1tC)3),as C,101C’)C)N (C- I a C’)C -(C) CC C be a C C a a a a a a a a a ‘C C . a C C Ca a C a be ci . CC C C beE <C’) a Ca a >.‘C’C Q C aZ a a C C C a a L) C a a a C Source: http://www.doksinet WORK-WEIGHTS, C HEMATOLOGY, as C as as as AND as as be C’) C) C) C a CHEMISTRY - C’) C’)N01 (C I I CIt)it)C’1 asciCC).’ OF TROPICAL NNNNNNNN(C as C’) 0110) 0101(CCit) a SERUM C’) C’) C’) as C, C (C C C’) C’) (C it) c.i ci N C as as I OICCCN C .< C) C) ‘C C (I) CC C) it) it)CC)Casas01 C C C) it) C (C 01 01 it) C’) Clas C’) C’) C C’) as C’)(O it) N ‘C C a .C,C C a C) C) (Cit)C’ICNC) .C a 0lC) 01 Cit)C)it)CasQO C’) - 01 It)C’) N a C’) C,
C’) C .C as a a a aC’)(CN CCCC’)’’as01it)it) -as C C C C) C)asCC’)(C a CC be C a ‘C C ‘C C a C) . C N - as CCCCC as LI) - - N ‘-4 01 N 01 C C C’) N 01 ‘-4 C C (C 01 as C as ClC)01Cas C) C a C’)as C (C 0 C’) C’) (C OIC’)I0)Cit)I0)C’) (Cas0lOlCasC0l as it) as as N 01 C’) >‘ a ‘C C a a a C) .C 01 Cit)CCC i-t)Qasas’ aC Nit)it)CN(C C) ,C .C as (C C’) C’) as it)it)it)it)it)it) as as as C’) C’) as as it) .C as C’) N as as as as as C) C it) as as as C) ‘ as as as a C) it) a C (C 10)10) 01 a C a be as as as (C N C C) it) as it) ‘- C C) C) . E a C a C LI) (C C C’) - C I”- it’) NNCC01i0) C C C as 01 as C ‘‘ NNNC’)1() it)OC)OICasCC C’) C cias C 0 Cl as C as 01 01 C) E E a C a a a a CC’’NC) as04(CC01N Cl’’It)(CCasCC’) 01 ‘C C C’) 01 (C dC C’)asas as
C’) a C C a a CC a a C) C a CC . Cl) C C CC CC I- a C.4)C C C a’ a ‘C C) a a a ci) C’) C’) as C) it) SEABIRDS 649 Source: http://www.doksinet 650 JOURNAL TABLE Oahu. 5. OF WILDLIFE DISEASES, VOL. weight, hematology and Meami SD Range n Mean SI) llangc it 1.oa 0.1 0.9-12 34 1.1 0.1 0.9-14 35 Referent 32, NO. 4, OCTOBER serum 1996 chemistry of reel bo()l)y fcoted Chicks Weight (kg) chicks coal a(lultS from Adults Hematology Hematocrit (%) 3 37-48 34 3 4I-54 35 Total 3.5 0.4 2.8-44 34 3.8 0.5 3.()-46 35 Lymphocyte (gldl) (1&3/p,l) 11.40a 8.21 2.32-4435 34 3.26 1.41 1.11-826 35 Heterophil (1&/pi) 3.3W’ 1.66 0.26-685 34 5.73 2.18 2.52-1197 35 Monocyte (1034d) 0.10 0.12 0.()0-05() 34 0.19 0.23 0(30-0.79 35 Eosinophil (1&3/p.l) 0.28k’ 0.29 0.0(3-097 34 0.57 0.40 0.03-179 35 0.14 0.14 0(30-0.59 34 0.16 0.12 0.()0-047 35 15.32a 8.44
4.40-4928 34 9.91 2.69 5.27-1522 35 solids Basophil (10/el) Total white Serum chemistry Glucose Calcium cells (104el) (mg/dl) (mg/dl) Phosphorus Uric 44 179 35 94-237 32 1 13-293 32 8.2 2.8 3.4-132 32 8.5 1.9 4.5-109 32 7.1 4.5 2.1-209 32 5.9 3.5 2.1-129 32 16.2 8.8 3.0-327 32 13.8 7.1 3.3-278 32 2.7 0.3 2.1-34 32 3.0 0.4 2.3-45 32 (mg/dl) acid Protein (mgldl) 48 (g/dl) 196 43 Albumin (g/dl) 1.2 0.1 1.0-15 31 1.3 0.2 1.()-2() 32 Globulin (g/dl) 1.6 0.2 1.2-19 31 1.7 0.3 1.3-25 32 Aspartate an)ino279-831 32 (lU/L) transferase 302 150 134-922 32 502 163 341 210 22-937 32 256 220 Creatinine phosphokinase a Value (lUlL) significantly in 1994 than different (Table 4). value for same Similarly, paranie.ter among tropicbird adults from Tern collected in 1993 not be pooled with those collected Johnston in 1995 (Table 6). were weights of within by (Frings and Frings,
Nelson, 1975, 1978; al., 1984; Pettit et staining There counts was white cell types; ogy of heterophils, phocytes was species (Campbell, morphology in of other Often, bleached and (Hodges, 1974). site identified observed by others oratory by 1961; all the eliminate differential human reference values 1974; Nagy, 1984; 1985). The for differential to allow distinction Simons, all species, monocytes that 1994). has (Hawkey avian been and basophil like those Haemoproteus of was in Hence, and ing sexual the variability Had were roni (10 dimorphism I not adjustment used the more significant to many been noted. its that there was to these encompas5 several history was not. pathologic (Rehder a!., et in species could observed labI read attempts However, differences have , in variation. history para- spp. counts and individual the chemissame technician, population of chickens even
serum Although sex hema- location, at the things like inapparent diurnal variation processes, Dennett, same . in sex, All analyzed the known, 1982), noted granules Description as other Variation eosinophils looked of age, collection. were confounders morpholand lym- of of for time described parameters controlled samples to species 1989). variability try Fleet, similar marked chemistry and and for I are (1996). study used adequate was and prevalence Rameyer this in Flint method and and tology 28 O.(X)3) < Work when seabirds ranges (P parasitemia, could from DISCUSSION Body a(hllts 40-1,067 lack- contnbute to here. sequential Bonferanalyze these data, differences vould Rice (1989) pointed a 95% chance of finding out a Source: http://www.doksinet WORK-WEIGHTS, C ci HEMATOLOGY, AND SERUM 0101010101010101 C’) it) C’) asas be C C) C) C it)(C ‘C C as a as cc ‘a C’) C’)
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C a ‘C C) a ‘C CCEa ‘ a C C a a a LI) L) LI a a C 653 Source: http://www.doksinet 654 JOURNAL TABLE 9. OF WILDLIFE Reference DISEASES, weights, VOL. 32, NO. 4, OCTOBER hematology and Mean SD 14 serum 1996 chemistry of soot’ tern adults and chicks from Johnston Range it Mean SD Range it 170-245 35 199 12 170-225 37 47 Atoll. Chicks Weight (g) 212a Adults Hematology Hematocrit (%) 40 3 .35-50 35 3 41-55 36 Total (g/dl) 4.1 0.8 2.8-74 35 3.9 0.5 2.8-50 36 (1o:3,.d) 23.12a 12.08 5.80-5810 35 14.29 8.13 4.34-4140 34 solids Lymphocyte Heterophil (103/p.l) 7.54 4.32 0.97-2164 35 5.25 2.65 2.20-1471 34 Monocyte (1034m,l) 0.40 0.56 0.00-242 35 0. 17 0.17 0.00-072 34 Eosinophil (104i.l) 1.67 1.36 0.05-650 35 1.23 0.93 0.10-394 34 0.26 0.23 0.00-080 35 0.27 0.21 0.00-079 34 32.99a 15.58 7.48-8082 35 21.22 8.99 6.78-4928 34 224 44 267 54 201-387 11
7.7-111 12 Basophil Total (103/.el) white cells (1&3/p.l) Chemistry Glucose (mgldl) Calcium (mg/dl) Phosphorus Uric (mg/dl) acid (mg/dl) Protein 114-292 24 12.P 1.5 7.1-142 24 15.6a 4.5 9.3-252 24 3.9 1.7 1.6-65 12 10.7 7.9 3.9-296 24 12.3 7.3 4.1-283 12 3.6 0.5 2.5-45 24 3.3 0.3 2.9-38 11 (g/dl) 9.4 1.1 Albumin (g/dl) 1.7 0.2 1.2-20 24 1.5 0.2 1.4-18 11 Globulin (gldl) 1.9 0.3 1.3-25 24 1.8 0.2 1.5-22 11 125-333 24 522 171 315-928 12 178-1,317 24 90 65 22-239 9 Aspartate aminotransferase (lU/L) 239a 55 487k’ 237 Creatinine phosphokinase a Value (lU/L) significantly different significant pairs difference of at than the (1989) when 0.05 of level concluded iment-wide error when of 0.05 Also, many investigators here), failed ic serum chemistry follow et variation, across rels, adults from great tended white cell seen in For appro- weights statistical adults
towards do not (Kirk- counts and biologic discerned for of all chicks not always uric appeared ocnts ilar to of Laysan those in this at it al., 1984). study were least 1 mo differences significant, heterophil and concentra- glucose increase with age decreased. albatross reported by were situ- Sileo and Fefer were lower (1987). wedge-tailed shearwater chicks than of shearwater Hematocrits in Manx while Hemat- chicks and those gain shearwaters spe- concen- time losing et while concentrations to than to chicks begin sampled Although acid, 1985; juvenile due (Pettit fledging were had Aside been and fledging were fledging. calcium have age not al., higher Procellariiforms they petrels to counts, consistently may and prior tions lymphocyte phosphorus this sampling. pet- here chicks. adults lower but are et birds, not near studied frigatebirds, were albatross Except than 1993).
al., Laysan be species et procellariiform sampled could all (Wolf before some of species shortly and orders. avian all as data concentrations differences of normality AST age weight analytic and greater Such Abelenda 1995). hematocrits cies Rice exper- distribution trends and chicks. (including for such trations O.(X)3) hematolog- of inherent species greater that a normal al., test (P < than of parametric or nontests accordingly. Yet, noted In spite of data their use statistical have wood to 12 adults each sequential more tables among of for was cited always a adjust many others one using to analyzing and adjust parametric parameter analyzing tests. or same significance. that adjustment for between parameters Bonferroni pnate value albatross and chicks Source: http://www.doksinet WORK-WEIGHTS, (Puffinus (Kirkwood pufjinus) Hematocrits of petrel et al., and adults were
similar to stormy petrel adults (Oceanites (Myrcha and Kostelecka-Myrcha, compared to Manx chicks (Kirkwood et a!., procellariiform chicks of 1995). than 1980). only form birds total protein, trend was an with found that age. in in increase in albumin, centrations brown Wolf et baso- adriiform protein albumin increased conce Compared ntration cormorant rho and Nicol, fuscescens) 1992), tropical pelecaniform had lower monocyte, white chicks count, and greater basophil fledglings protein phosphorus pelican fledglings pelecaniform glucose, acid concentrations. had bumin et albumin, concentrations, greater boo- protein, but and greater al- hemat- values compared to captive adult north Atlantic gannets (Sum bassana) (Bal- asch et a!. , 1974) Compared lecaniform adults (Balasch Wolf et bird adults For in the species. in from for was not at Tern handling of blood limit in
Island to Creatinine low encountered unable the the results and trace between phosphokinase of detection account (Larus female ( Phalacrocorax and evidenced ues from and glucose 2 wk apart from Midway The the in a similar concentrations. existed and to val- or Laysan albatrosses on Tern pool and Laysan chicks sam- and 2 wk apart interval be- Kauai sampling would variation We and sampled samples fashion on would location al., albumin birds were all presumably (Abelenda et during processed dayin Hence, di- islands. urnal variation (Rehder variation in sample storage 1994) et frigatebirds inability islands seasonal to albatross short two out in or in cormorants also my 1993, noted pelecaniform female lower frigatebirds in been (Balasch or by breed- Compared variation was sex. in adult great protein Geographic of fri- with 1985). male higher 1994. values carho) adult trations and
Mac- inaccormicki) has al., 1974), lower greater protein, adult other or ing had also a!., et al., and of et al., 1993) light hours any gnlls (Balasch frigatebirds females males tween rule either calcium (Wolf in protein than chemistry adult Johnston lower significantly birds pled had (Catharacta high female sampled trop- et albumin, than and notably, ing Rosa tents varied Most 1987; 1993). Hematology hemolysis chemistry I was sites. below frigate- of the accounting adults 1974; sooty et al., gatebirds 1974; 1980; black-headed or herring gulls skuas (Rosa Islands delayed serum This from two samples thus of group. difference values many underwent size other reasons, pe- al., and hematocrits. blood clotting, samples tropicbird 1995 sample et higher adult while this 1985), had unknown ichird atoll a!., to captive Cormick’s had ocrit hematocrits et al., concentrations breeding
uric red-footed glucose, concentrations, a!., had globulin, but Adult lower to chicks protein, bies cell (Wolf higher adults uric acid, concentrations AST gnlls, (Balasch concentrations Adult calcium, Compared . tropical AST 1974). but 1985), and phosphorus and brown lower (Len- and concentrations tern common calcium had char- and Kostelecka-Myrcha, Sooty ridibundus) to skuas auks and adult concentration, counts little age ( Melrose coca adults for and decreased. to black-faced tern as lit- argentatus) Compared terns, sooty albumin with in such (Larus 1985). except and globulin, concentration gnlls al., adult 1993). (1985) analyte chicks Kostelecka-Myrcha, (Pelecanus of this 655 (Kostelecka-Myrcha, alle) herring et Myrcha con- a!. pelicans and total hematocrit, globulin SEABIRDS chicks had lower hematocrit, and uric acid concentrations (Plautus 1987) pelecani- and hematocrit,
occk/entalis), but observed size charadriiform auks (Jeffrey higher samples other tle tropical and low OF TROPICAL species. Sooty tern glucose and counts. The the Wilson’s 1995), CHEMISTRY several shearwaters eosinophil, SERUM for oceanicus) had lymphocyte, phil AND shearwater those When white, HEMATOLOGY, et al., 1982) (Hochleithner, be a likely cause. Forag- or food sources were possible not or Source: http://www.doksinet 656 JOURNAL causes of islands OF WILDLIFE different blood Interestingly, . islands were birds and from Laysan and glucose from Tern In in island had for both that both case of albatrosses sex, interisland caused by sex. Also, lead been a problem and between uted, between In contrast, frigate- Tern and (Lumeij, from dergone the than those and may have toward one exposure has 1987) 1985). blood nated this ability in Midway the contami- values
in birds However, my including healthy bird with from detectable lead should contaminant hematology have elimi- as a source of van- chemistry values and Seasonal variation could of the differences nesting adult albatross Laysan I sland, versus Midway. Wolf on adult hematocnit, increased through physiology. on a serum full proventriculus acid and Tern. island two groups. count for to was a High of to and increased Laysan island Nishimoto for assistance on Midway, Scott Henderson for allowing me onto explained 1994) higher total by regurgiMidway Seasonal the on noted a 24% Midway weight tross adults from until in along start mid-May; could their lead ac- was Sue and Kaneo- Hodges at Haleato let me expeditions. analyzed Gallagher albatross who analyzed chemistries. Thanks also to Mike Samuel Tim Ragen for statistical consultation. Creekmore, Laurie Baetten, F. Josh David Phalen, Mark Pokras,
and anon>reviewers all kindly provided constructive comments on the manuscript. Finally, much of this work would not have been possible without the assistance of the Hawaii Department of Agriculture who graciously provided laboratory M., NAVA, M. AND 104A: of Comparative 49A: 137-145. some T. L. JIMENEZ. great 1994. by age and Physiol- Harrison, and L. Worth, R. 1987. analysis in the Sons, New health York, graphite the I. 1967. In Avian medicine: B. J. G. Wingers, 176-198. furnace method blood A foundation for John and Wiley 734 pp. York, HILLIGOSS. in Ritchie, V. (eds.) D. Cvov diving Physiology sciences. New of lead and photometry aquatic and Biostatistics: F. J, AND mination and pp. Mus- Hematological Harrison Florida, W. S. PALACIOS, Hematology. application, H. L. Blood and 1974. flying and FISHER, grus) Biochemistry Principles W. (Grus J. A 1993. Biochemistry M. birds. Lake PUERTA.
PALOMEQUE, AND values DANIEL, FERNANDEZ, MuN0Z-PuLID0, 575-578. J., J BALASCH, A. R. L. cranes Comparative cation in attrib- P. CITED ALONSO, of common season. (1967) alba- M. J. C BAUTISTA, proved incubation this Cathleen staff enough who Chris on Johnston help on Kauai, banding Smith and refuges, serum and Lynn Dein, mous FERNANDEZ, Laysan petrel Milt for albatross Fisher in of on to CAMPBELL, adults of 1994. loss Tern could also exin the former weight remote assistance for her tag QuERA, Midway variation lower the Marine Corps Air Station. the resource management National Park were kind ogy Laysan pre-laying and solids in kind Viernes and kala values It on versus chicks. Mike M. to adults on of incubation to Bob Dusek and Bob Ravalued assistance in the field. to Ken McDermond for per- his ALONSO, feed 1994). in adults un- LITERATURE moltlikely on not stress feed work ABELENDA, more
event had sea and on space. be rare re- for Kathleen through and just open to June foraging see albumin adults February phosphorus period apprehended and could be (Hochleithner, plain the and (Hochleithner, common this tora- to a combination would uric whereas noted acid, stage, Adults when and (1985) December this Midway fairly tate to reproductive chicks Island uric the attributed ing have et a!. calcium, of weather, for pre- albuminlglobulin from They Tern pelicans, November, May. account between had to Thanks post-incubating albumin, all was on brown tio, also seen October Depkin Atoll, blood many protein, foraging care. sampled mission he un- of albatrosses. tal the I am grateful meyer for their Thanks are due historically and in of parental adults ACKNOWLEDGMENTS bias at rigors prolonged undeter- albatross the Laysan turned with hematologic samples in to heavier solids
variation in affect that in part, species sample Fefer, can adults 1996 total greater concentrations 32, NO. 4, OCTOBER island. mined only values consistent been (Sileo VOL. differences albatrosses the nant DISEASES, 1982. for using platform. An the matrix Atomic im- determodifiSpectro- 3:130-131 Body weights in Laysan alba- Source: http://www.doksinet WORK-WEIGHTS, trosses, Diomedea HEMATOLOGY, The immutabilis. Ibis AND SERUM CHEMISTRY OF TROPICAL SEABIRDS cens. Comparative Biochemistry and 102A: 67-70 109: 373-382. FLEET, H. R. Kure 1974. atoll. American D.C, 64 getics red-tailed tropicbird Monographs Ornithologists Union, on MYRCHA, K. A. NAGY. free-living terns. Haematological indices in some Flight ener- lar 101: NELSON, The Auk H., AND M. Condor 63: 304-312. HARRISON, the FRINGS. on C. history S. Press, of Some of conservation. Hawaii, Cornell Ithaca, New York, 249 C.
AND T. DENNE’ET. M., Atoll. B. natural University shearwater M. HODGES, R. D. The London, JEFFREY, D. A., G. R. HERZBERG. D. changes in ative Biochemistry HOWLETT, B. PEAKALL, and of blood and the poisoning volume attic in tern Biochemistry func- the little (Sterna and auk paradiPhysiology in birds: A review. aspects Veterinary of lead Quarter- 133-138. S. C NICOL. 1992. Haema- tology, red cell metabolism and blood chemistry of the black-faced Len coca rho fusces- W D., AND cormorant Hawaiian Islands. BRUNER, guide Princeton M. The Auk D. G BERRETI’ AND Jersey, 454 M. BIRD, D. 1982. of P. C Variation LAGUE, AND C. hematologhawks. Jour- of statistical tests. red-tailed 18: 105-109. Analyzing tables 1989. and Prince- in selected of captive R. Hawaii Press, Diseases 43: 223-225. R. ROSA, E. RODRIGUES, AND M. BA1993 Blood constituents and electrophorelic patterns in antarctic birds:
Penguins and skuas. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C. SILEO, D., 117-123. L., AND soning S. I. FEFER of Laysan albatross nal of Wildlife T. R. dangered Condor S. 1987. Diseases Hawaiian poiJour- 23: 432-437. Biology 1985. chip atoll. Paint at Midway and behavior of the dark-rumped petrel. R. W SCHREIBER, L. KAHANA, J. TORRES 1985. Seasonal, sexual and ed variation in blood the brown pelican (Pelecanus ative Biochemistry and T enThe 87: 229-245. H., WORK, Clinicopathologic Press, CILA. Journal Respiratory University parameters WOLF, 1987. Oxford nal of Wildlife SIMONS, 31: 96-98. A. of frigaBird 14: B., W. ROSA, He- (Puffinus “puffinosis”. Po- Living N. Evolution HAWKEY, 1995. shearwaters without alle) 1985. PERRINS. manx a unit J. T M. biology New Pacific. 104A: C. C. Polish review. to the birds University pp. the ton, RICE, AND A. A CUNNINGHAM, the P. L field A ical chemistry
Compar- KOSTELECKA-MYRCHA, Comparative S. MILLER, Blood 91 1-913. Diseases 117-120. pp. 81A: with 86A: Ac- 646 gulls. pufflnns) saea). fowl. herring AND of Wildlife of the Kingdom, Physiology and of fledgling of D. 1985. matology (Plautus histology United food-deprived J. K, KIRKWOOD, MELR0sE, D., 1987. REHDER, 1994. 1974. Press, summer. breeding Sulidae. in H. PRATr, Principles ademic 1. of birds 101: 103-109. Color Biochemistries. Itt Avian and application, B. V Ritchie, G J Harrison, and L. R Harrison (eds.) Wingers, Lake Worth, Florida, pp. 223-245 ly 7: The MACKAY. medicine: LUMEIJ, The comparative 1978. . 495-502. HOCHLEITHNER, species Oxford, United Kingdom, 1,012 pp. PETTIT, T. N, G V BYRD, G C WHITTOW, AND P. SEKI 1984. Growth of the wedge-tailed pp. atlas of comparative veterinary hematology. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, 192 pp. , D. T HORSLEY, AND I. F KEYMER 1989. Haematology of the wild penguins
(Sphenisciformes) in the Falkland Islands. Avian Pathology 18: tion J. B 1975 The 1989. Australian birds. 113-155. biometric Midway Seabirds 1990. and HAWKEY, 1961. albatrosses the 1980. antarctic 1: 169-173. tebirds-A studies J. during Research Physiology KOSTELECKA-MYRCHA. Washington, 288-294. FRINGS, A. of 1984. sooty AND studies 16, studied AND of A., Haematological No. pp. E. N, FLINT, The Ornithological 657 M., AND R. A. composition occidental is). AND of the Compar- Physiology 82A: 837-846. RAMEYER. 1996. Haerno- frigatebirds (Fregata minor) from Hawaii: Parasite morphology and prevalence. The Journal of Parasitology 82: 489491. proteus Received iw’a for sp. n in great J. age-relat- publication 9 January 1996