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Source: http://www.doksinet Fact sheet UNDER EMBARGO UNTIL 6 JULY 2004, 11.00 GMT AIDS epidemic in Asia Asia is now home to some of the fastest-growing AIDS epidemics in the world. In Asia, an estimated 7.4 million people (range: 50–105 million) are living with HIV Around half a million are believed to have died of AIDS in 2003, and about twice as many1.1 million became newly infected. • • • • • • Asia is faced with a narrow window of opportunity to prevent AIDS from having a more severe impact on the region. With 60% of the world’s population, Asia is now home to some of the fastest-growing AIDS epidemics in the world. This is primarily due to sharp increases in HIV infections in China, Indonesia and Viet Nam, which together make up close to 50% of Asia’s population. The region includes the world’s most populous countriesChina and Indiawith 2.25 billion people between them. In both countries, national HIV prevalence is low: 01% in China and between 0.4%

and 13% in India But a closer focus reveals that both have extremely serious epidemics in a number of provinces, territories and states. In China, 10 million people may be infected with HIV by 2010 unless effective action is urgently taken. The virus has spread to all 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities, yet each area has its own distinctive epidemic pattern. For example, in Xinjiang, HIV prevalence among injecting drug users is 35–80%. In areas such as Anhui, Henan and Shandong, HIV gained a foothold in the early 1990s among rural people who were selling contaminated blood. India has the largest number of people living with HIV outside South Africaestimated at 5.1 million in 2003 Most infections are acquired sexually, but injecting drug use dominates in the north-east of the country. In this area, infection levels of 60–75% have been found among injecting drug users using non-sterile injecting equipment. In India’s southern states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka,

Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu, HIV is transmitted through heterosexual sex, and is largely linked to sex work. According to selected surveys, more than half of sex workers are HIV-positive. In all four states, infection levels among pregnant women in sentinel antenatal clinics have remained roughly stable at more than 1%. This suggests sex workers’ clients may have passed HIV to their wives. In many parts of India, HIV transmission through sex between men is also a major concern. Research shows some men who have sex with men may also have sex with women. In 2002, behavioural surveillance in five cities among men who have sex with men found 27% reported being married, or living with a female sexual partner. HIV knowledge is still scant and incomplete in India. In a 2001 national behavioural study of nearly 85 000 people, only 75% of respondents had heard of AIDS, and rural women’s AIDS awareness was particularly low. Elsewhere in South Asia, increasingly there are warning signs of

serious HIV outbreaks. In some areas, injecting drug use and sex work are so pervasive that even lowprevalence countries could see epidemics surge suddenly. For example, Bangladesh’s national adult prevalence is less than 0.1%, but men continue to buy sex more frequently than elsewhere in the region. Moreover, most of these men do not use condoms in their Source: http://www.doksinet commercial sex encounters, and female sex workers report the lowest condom use in the region. • • • • • • • • In 2003, Pakistan had its first outbreak of HIV infection among its injecting drug users. In a small rice-growing town in Sindh province, 10% of 175 injecting drug users tested HIVpositive. A behavioural survey in Quetta found that a high proportion of respondents used non-sterile injecting equipment; and more than half said they visited sex workers. Few had heard of AIDS, and even fewer had ever used a condom. Pakistan currently has an estimated adult prevalence of

0.1% In South-East Asia, Cambodia, Myanmar and Thailand are experiencing particularly serious epidemics. Cambodia’s national HIV prevalence is around 3%the highest recorded in Asia. Data suggest this country’s epidemic has gone through dramatic changes though. For instance, infection among brothel-based sex workers fell from 43% in 1998 to 29% in 2002. However, the picture of Cambodia’s epidemic is incomplete: little has been done to monitor the epidemic among drug users, or men who have sex with men, even though HIV prevalence among male sex workers in the capital was above 15% when last measured in 2000. In Thailand, the number of new infections has fallen from 140 000 in 1991 to around 21 000 in 2003. This remarkable achievement came about because men used condoms more, and also reduced their brothel visits. But this drop in commercial sex patronage is accompanied by an increase in extra-marital and casual sex. Young Thai women also appear more likely to engage in premarital

sexual relations than earlier generations. Behavioural surveillance between 1996 and 2002 shows a clear rise in the proportion of sexually active, secondary school students. It also shows consistently low-level condom use. Evidence also suggests Thailand’s epidemic is now spreading among the partners and spouses of sex workers’ clients, as well as among marginalized sections of the population, such as injecting drug users and migrants. Infection rates among men who have sex with men and injecting drug users remain high, due to inadequate coverage of prevention activities. In Bangkok, more than 15% of men who have sex with men who were tested in a 2003 study were HIV-positive, and 21% had not used a condom with their last casual partner. Viet Nam has one of the region’s newest epidemics. National HIV prevalence is still well below 1%, but, in many provinces, sentinel surveillance has revealed HIV levels of 20% among injecting drug users. Unsafe sex is also a concern in this region

In major cities, in 2002, prevalence levels of 8 to 24% were reported among sex workers. Six of Indonesia’s 31 provinces are particularly badly affected by AIDS. The country’s epidemic is driven largely by drug injecting with contaminated needles and syringes. HIV prevalence among its 125 000–196 000 injecting drug users has increased threefold from 16% to 48% between 1999 and 2003. Indonesia’s drug users are also regularly arrested and sent to jail. In early 2003, 25% of inmates in Jakarta’s Cipinang prison were HIV-positive. In Indonesia, there is strong evidence that various injecting-drug-user and sexual networks overlap significantly, thus creating an ideal environment for HIV spread. Prevalence varies widely among the region’s 200 000 female sex workers. In the past two years, some areas have recorded sharp increases to levels as high as 8 to17%. In Jakarta, HIV prevalence among transgender sex workers also rose from 0.3% in 1995 to nearly 22% in 2002. The Asian

epidemic is fuelled by injecting drug use, sex work and sex between men – failure to target populations at higher risk of HIV exposure today means the region will face a full-fledged epidemic for years to come. For more information, please contact Dominique De Santis, UNAIDS, Geneva, tel. +41 22 791 4509 or mobile (+41 79) 254 6803, or Abby Spring, UNAIDS, Geneva, tel. +41 22 791 4577 or mobile (+41 79) 308 9861. For more information about UNAIDS, visit wwwunaidsorg Source: http://www.doksinet