Environmental protection | Air quality » Guidance on the Determination of Helicopter Emissions

Theo Rindlisbacher / Lucien Chabbey Guidance on the Determination of Helicopter Emissions Reference: COO.220711122015750 Edition 2 - December 2015 Guidance on the Determination of Helicopter Emissions, Edition 2, Dec 2015, FOCA, CH-3003 Bern Contact person: Theo Rindlisbacher Tel. +41 58 465 93 76, Fax +41 58 465 92 12, theorindlisbacher@bazladminch *COO.220711132270810* Contents Motivation and Summary 1. Classification of Helicopters by Engine Category 1.1 Piston Engine Powered Helicopters 1.2 Single Engine Turboshaft Powered Helicopters 1.3 Twin Engine Turboshaft Powered Helicopters 2. Operational Assumptions for Emissions Modelling 2.1 General Remarks about Helicopter Operations and their Modelling 2.2 Piston Engine Helicopter Operations 2.3 Single Turboshaft Engine Helicopter Operations 2.4 Twin Turboshaft Engine Helicopter Operations 3. Estimation of Fuel Flow and Emission Factors from Shaft Horsepower 3.1 Piston Engines 3.2 Turboshaft Engines 4. Final Calculations 4.1

LTO Emissions 4.2 Emissions for One Hour Operation 5. Helicopter Emissions Table References Appendix A: LTO data, cruise data and estimated emissions for a single engine turboshaft helicopter Appendix B: LTO data, measured fuel flow and estimated emissions for a small twin engine turboshaft helicopter Appendix C: LTO data, measured fuel flow and estimated emissions for a large twin engine turboshaft helicopter Appendix D: Estimated one hour operation emissions and indicated scale factors Appendix E: Graphical Representation of Approximation Functions for Piston Engines Appendix F: Graphical Representation of Approximation Functions for Turboshaft Engines *COO.220711132270810* Motivation and Summary The civil aviation emission inventory of Switzerland is a bottom-up emission calculation based on individual aircraft tail numbers, which includes the tail numbers of helicopters. Although helicopters may be considered a minor source of aviation emissions, it is interesting to see

that in a small country like Switzerland, more than 1000 individual helicopters have been flying in the last couple of years, some of them doing thousands of cycles or so called rotations. Switzerland therefore needs to include helicopters in the country’s aviation emission inventory. However helicopter emissions are extremely difficult to assess because their engine emissions data are usually not publicly available and there is no generally accepted methodology on how to calculate helicopter emissions known by FOCA. In the past, the helicopter emission estimations done by FOCA have been based on two engine data sets only. Assumptions for fuel flow and Nitrogen oxides (NOx) have been conservative and it has become evident that the share of helicopter emissions in the emission inventory of Switzerland has been significantly overestimated so far, at least for CO2 and NOx. FOCA therefore launched project HELEN (HELicopter ENgines) in January 2008 with the main goal to fill significant

gaps of knowledge concerning the determination of helicopter emissions and to further improve the quality of the Swiss civil aviation emission inventory. The FOCA activity for engine emission testing is based on Swiss aviation law1, which states that emissions from all engine powered aircraft have to be evaluated and tested. The legal requirement also incorporates aircraft engines that are currently unregulated and do not have an ICAO 2 emissions certification – like aircraft piston, helicopter, turboprop and small jet engines. Helicopter engine emissions have been measured at the engine test facility of RUAG AEROSPACE, Stans, Switzerland, where turboshaft engines are tested after overhaul. The measured turboshaft engines are owned by the Swiss Government As turboshaft engine emissions measurements during ordinary engine performance tests are not very costly, the measurements have been extended to incorporate particle emissions, smoke number, carbonyls and to study the influence of

different probe designs used for small engine exhaust diameters. These measurements have been performed by DLR INSTITUTE OF COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGY, Stuttgart, Germany. The results of the measurements as well as confidential helicopter engine manufacturer data are the basis for the suggested mathematical functions for helicopter engine emission factors and fuel flow approximations. In order to make the functions work, only the input of shaft horsepower (SHP) is necessary. The maximum SHP of the engine(s) of a certain helicopter must first be determined and can be found in spec sheets or in flight manuals. Percentages of maximum SHP for different operating modes and times in mode are listed and are differentiated between three categories of helicopters: piston engine powered, single and twin turboshaft powered helicopters. Calculated shaft horsepower for different modes is then entered into approximation formulas which provide fuel flow and emission factors. Power settings and times in

mode for the modelling have been established a first time in 2009 with inflight measurements, from helicopter flight manuals and with the help of experienced flight instructors. In 2015, the Working Group 3 of the ICAO Committee on Environmental Protection (CAEP) developed a guidance for generating aggregated cycle emissions data for small turbofan, turboprop, helicopter and APU engines. FOCA was interested to compare the guidance of the report with its own guidance (2009). Indeed, the Working Group 3 used the FOCA guidance of 2009 as a basis but adjusted it Some adaptations have been made and are re-used and implemented in the updated version of the FOCA guidance (2015). The main adaptations are listed below: 1 2 SR 748.0, LFG Art 58 International Civil Aviation Organisation *COO.220711132270810* - The GI departure (4 minutes) and the GI arrival (1 minute) have been merged into a single GI mode (5 minutes). Furthermore, the power setting of the GI mode has been adjusted to

20%, 13%, 7% and 6% for the piston engine, the single light engine, the twin light engine and the twin heavy engine respectively. - Concerning the Take-off and Approach mode, the power settings stay unchanged in comparison with the guidance of 2009. - A number of new helicopter models and engines have been added to the database. - Finally, a new variable has been added with the 2015 update: The number of PM non-volatile matter is now roughly estimated and taken into account. In consequence, the FOCA reviewed the 2009 helicopter emissions guidance and provides an update with edition 2. The edition 2 report presents the updated estimation of LTO3 and one hour emissions for individual helicopter types. It has to be noted that helicopters may fly many cycles (rotations) far away from an airport or heliport, especially for aerial work. To overcome problems with emissions estimation for helicopter rotations, estimations of per hour emissions are suggested to complement the LTO values.

In the case of Switzerland, helicopter companies transmit the annual flight-hours of their helicopters to FOCA, which allows applying a flight-hour based emissions calculation in most cases. This guidance suggests using the emission values per hour also for determination of helicopter cruise emissions. Finally, the guidance material offers a summary list of helicopters with estimated LTO and one hour emissions for direct application in emission inventories. 3 LTO = Landing and Take-off cycle *COO.220711132270810* 1. Classification of Helicopters by Engine Category 1.1 Piston Engine Powered Helicopters Piston engine powered helicopters are the smallest helicopter category. Most of them are two-seaters used for pilot education and training. Their operation includes a lot of hover exercises. Generally, they are operated at low level and at low altitudes because of their limited high altitude performance. Typical engines have four or six horizontally opposed cylinders and are air

cooled. The engine technology goes back to the 1950s. The engines run on gasoline (AVGAS or MOGAS). For operational studies, the Schweizer 269C and the Robinson R22 have been selected as the representative helicopter in this category. 1.2 Single Engine Turboshaft Powered Helicopters The majority of civil helicopters are powered by a single gas turbine with a shaft for power extraction (“turboshaft engines”). The shaft drives a reduction gear for the main rotor and the tail rotor. Maximum shaft power for this helicopter category is normally in the range of 300 to 1000 kW. Most of the turboshaft engine compressors are single stage and the driving shaft is a free turbine, which means that it is not mechanically connected to the compressor shaft. The engines run on jet fuel For operational studies, the Eurocopter AS350B2 Ecureuil has been selected as the representative helicopter in this category. 1.3 Twin Engine Turboshaft Powered Helicopters The basic engine design is normally

identical to that of the single engine turboshaft helicopters. The reason for making a distinction is the fact that the engines run at significantly lower power during normal operation compared to a single engine powered helicopter. If one engine should fail, the remaining engine is capable of restoring nearly the performance of the helicopter at twin engine operation. This has to be taken into account when doing emissions calculations, as e.g a doubling of the fuel flow of the single engine for a twin engine helicopter would result in an excessive overestimation of the fuel consumption. For operational studies, the Agusta A109E (MTOM 2850 kg) and the Eurocopter AS332 Super Puma (MTOM 8600 kg) have been chosen as the representative helicopters in this category. *COO.220711132270810* 2. Operational Assumptions for Emissions Modelling 2.1 General Remarks about Helicopter Operations and their Modelling In contrast to fixed wing aircraft, helicopters usually need a high percentage of

the maximum engine power during most of the flight segments. They often fly cycles (or so called rotations) away from an airport or heliport, especially for aerial work. This poses special problems to emissions estimation of helicopters. Airport or heliport movements are usually not consistent with the actual number of rotations flown. This guidance material suggests two ways of how to deal with helicopter emissions: A practitioner may use one of the three suggested standard LTO cycles below, corresponding to the respective helicopter category and multiply the resulting LTO emissions (see section 3) with the number of LTO ( = number of movements divided by 2). This is suggested for airport LTO emissions calculation. For a country’s emission inventory, the practitioner may use the emissions calculation given per flighthour, if the helicopter operating hours are known. In this case, helicopter rotations and cruise are considered to be included and the final emission calculation is

given simply by multiplying the emissions per hour by the number of operating hours. If helicopter cruise emissions have to be calculated for a given flight distance, it is suggested to start again with the emissions per hour data and divide them by an assumed mean cruising speed for the respective helicopter type. Example: Estimated fuel consumption for helicopter type XYZ (see section 3) = 133 kg fuel / hour Mean cruising speed (from spec sheet, flight manual etc.) 4 = 120 kts  133 kg fuel / hour divided by 120 Nautical Miles / hour = 1.11 kg fuel / Nautical Mile The value of 1.11 kg fuel / Nautical Mile is multiplied by the number of Nautical Miles flown in order to get the number of kg fuel. 2.2 Piston Engine Helicopter Operations Engine running time on ground shows a great seasonal variability, with a long engine warm up sequence in winter and a long cool down sequence at the end of the flight in summer (air cooled engines). Total engine ground running time has been

determined to be approximately 5 minutes Climb rate has been assumed 750ft/min based on performance tables of the reference helicopter manuals, resulting in more time needed to climb 3000ft (LTO) with piston engine than with turboshaft powered helicopters. However, approach time is considered similar to the other helicopter categories Engine percentage power for ground running is higher than for piston engine aircraft. From RPM and Manifold Pressure indications, it is assumed 20% of max. SHP For hover and climb, nearly full SHP is used. According to information from experienced flight instructors, cruise power is usually set near the maximum continuous power. Therefore, 95% of max SHP is the suggested cruise value Approach shows a large variation in power settings, but it is generally relatively high (60% of max. SHP), either for maintaining a comfortable sink rate or for gaining speed in order to reduce flight time. 4 Aircraft or helicopter speeds are often given in kts (knots). 1

knot = 1 Nautical Mile per hour *COO.220711132270810* Table 1: Suggested times in mode and % of max. SHP for piston engine helicopters GI = Ground Idle before departure and after landing, TO = Hover and Climb, AP = Approach. “Mean operating % power per engine” = power setting for determination of emissions per flight-hour. GI Time (Min.) TO Time (Min.) 5 AP Time (Min.) 4 5.5 GI %Power per engine 20 TO %Power per engine 95 AP %Power per engine 60 Mean operating %Power per engine 90 2.3 Single Engine Turboshaft Helicopter Operations The values of table 2 have been generated from flight testing. An example of detailed recording and calculation of weighted averages is given in Appendix A. Table 2: Suggested times in mode and % of max. SHP for single engine turboshaft helicopters GI Time (Min.) TO Time (Min.) 5 AP Time (Min.) 3 5.5 GI %Power per engine 13 TO %Power per engine 87 AP %Power per engine 46 Mean operating % power per engine 80 2.4 Twin Engine

Turboshaft Helicopter Operations For twin engine helicopters, the % power values per engine are normally lower than for single engine helicopters. At 100% rotor torque, the two engines are running at less than their 100% power rating 5 This has been taken into account in table 3 (see Appendix B). It is suggested to first calculate the emissions of one engine based on the % power and times in mode below, followed by a multiplication of the results by a factor of 2. Table 3: Suggested times in mode and % of max. SHP per engine for small twin engine turboshaft helicopters (below 3.4 tons MTOM) GI Time (Min.) TO Time (Min.) 5 AP Time (Min.) 3 5.5 GI %Power per engine 7 TO %Power per engine 78 AP %Power per engine 38 Mean operating % power per engine 65 For large twin engine turboshaft helicopters it is suggested to further reduce the %power values (see Appendix C) Table 4: Suggested times in mode and % of max. SHP per engine for large twin engine turboshaft 5 Generally, if an

engine should fail, the remaining engine can restore nearly the twin engine performance (depending on the helicopter model). *COO.220711132270810* helicopters (above 3.4 tons MTOM) GI Time (Min.) TO Time (Min.) 5 AP Time (Min.) 3 5.5 GI %Power per engine 6 TO %Power per engine 66 AP %Power per engine 32 Mean operating % power per engine 62 3. Estimation of Fuel Flow and Emission Factors from Shaft Horsepower The functions suggested in this section are based on the fitting of FOCA’s own engine test data and on confidential engine manufacturer data. Manufacturer data are confidential and can not be published together with a corresponding engine name. The main concept consists of entering a SHP value into the formulas and getting fuel flow (kg/s) and the emission factors for the standard pollutants (EI NO x (g/kg), EI HC (g/kg), EI CO (g/kg), EI PM non 6 volatile (g/kg), and EI PM number) . The following steps are recommended:     Firstly, the practitioner

need to determine the maximum SHP of the engine(s) of the selected helicopter. The information can be found in publicly available helicopter or engine spec sheets or in helicopter operating manuals. Secondly, the helicopter category (piston, single turboshaft, twin turboshaft) has to be determined. With the corresponding table in section 2, the estimated SHP for the different operating modes of that helicopter engine are calculated. Next, the mode related SHPs are entered into the corresponding approximation functions, suggested in this section. The results are fuel flow and emission factors estimations for all modes of that particular helicopter. Finally, fuel flow and emission factors are combined with time in mode (from the appropriate table in section 2) to generate kg of fuel and grams emissions for LTO and one hour operation (see next section 4). Due to a substantial variability of real measured emissions data between different engine types, the suggested general approximation

functions for emissions may still lead to an error of a factor of two or more for a specific engine (see Appendix F). For PM emissions, these are very rough estimations and the error may be one order of magnitude. For fuel flow, the error is assumed +- 15% The suggested formulas are representing the current state of knowledge. With additional data, a further refinement and improvement of the approximations would be possible. 6 NOx = Nitrogen oxides, HC = unburned hydrocarbons (unburned fuel), CO = Carbon monoxide, PM non volatile = Non volatile ultra fine particles, generally soot *COO.220711132270810* 3.1 Piston Engines  Fuel flow (kg/s) ���� ���� ≈ 19 ∗ 10−12 ∗ ���4 − 10−9 ∗ ���3 + 2.6 ∗ 10−7 ∗ ���2 + 4 ∗ 10−5 ∗ ��� + 0006  Emission factors for NOx Table 5 Mode % max. SHP EI Nox (g/kg)  GI TO 20% 1 AP 95% 1 CRUISE 60% 4 90% 2 Emission factors for HC: � �� �� ( ) ≈ 80 ∗

(��� −0.35 ) ��  Emission factors for CO: � �� �� ( ) ≈ 1000 (��� ��� ���) ��  Emission factors for PM (non volatile particles, soot) Table 6 Mode % max. SHP EI PM (g/kg) GI TO 20% 0.05 AP 95% 0.1 CRUISE 60% 0.04 90% 0.07 All data for approximations of fuel flow and emission factors are taken from FOCA project ECERT. A graphical representation of approximation functions can be found in Appendix E.  PM number: � �� �� ( ) �� �� ������ ≈ � 2 ∗ ���� �������� ���� 3 (��3 ) ∗ � (4.5∗18 ) 6 EI PM (g/kg) and the mean particle size depends on the power settings and are approximated in table 6 and 7 respectively. *COO.220711132270810* Table 7 Estimation of the Mean Particle Size depending on the Power settings. Piston Engine Idle/Taxi Approach Takeoff Mean Power setting 20% 60% 95% 90% Mean Particle Size nm 18.9 29.2 40.3 39.3

3.2 Turboshaft Engines  Fuel flow (kg/s) for engines above 1000 SHP ���� ���� ≈ 4.0539 ∗ 10−18 ∗ ���5 − 316298 ∗ 10−14 ∗ ���4 + 92087 ∗ 10−11 ∗ ���3 − 1.2156 ∗ 10−7 ∗ ���2 + 11476 ∗ 10−4 ∗ ��� + 001256  Fuel flow (kg/s) for engines above 600 SHP and maximum 1000 SHP  ���� ���� ≈ 3.3158 ∗ 10−16 ∗ ���5 − 10175 ∗ 10−12 ∗ ���4 + 11627 ∗ 10−9 ∗ ���3 − 5.9528 ∗ 10−7 ∗ ���2 + 18168 ∗ 10−4 ∗ ��� + 00062945  Fuel flow (kg/s) for engines up to 600 SHP ���� ���� ≈ 2.197 ∗ 10−15 ∗ ���5 − 44441 ∗ 10−12 ∗ ���4 + 34208 ∗ 10−9 ∗ ���3 − 12138 ∗ 10−6 ∗ ���2 + 2.414 ∗ 10−4 ∗ ��� + 0004583  Emission factors for NOx � �� ��� ( ) ≈ 0.2113 ∗ (���05677 ) ��  Emission factors for HC � �� �� ( ) ≈ 3819

∗ (���−1.0801) ��  Emission factors for CO � �� �� ( ) ≈ 5660 ∗ (���−1.11 ) �� *COO.220711132270810*  Emission factors for PM (non volatile particles, soot) �� �� ��� �������� (  � ) ≈ −4.8 ∗ 10−8 ∗ ���2 + 23664 ∗ 10−4 ∗ ��� + 01056 �� PM number: �� �� ( � ) �� �� ������ ≅ � 2 ∗ ���� �������� ���� 3 (��3 ) ∗ � (4.5∗18 ) 6 EI PM (g/kg) can be obtained by applying the aforementioned equation. An estimation of the mean particle size in function of SHP is found in the table 8. Table 8 Estimation of the Mean Particle Size depending on the Power settings and on the engine type. Twin Engine (light) Power setting Mean Particle nm Idle/Taxi Single Engine Power setting Mean Particle nm Idle/Taxi Twin Engine (heavy) Power setting Mean Particle nm Idle/Taxi Approach Takeoff Mean 38% 78%

21.8 35.8 65% 31.1 Approach Takeoff Mean 13% 46% 87% 19.1 24.2 38.5 80% 36.5 Approach Takeoff Mean 6% 32% 66% 20.2 20.4 31.5 62% 30 7% 20 A graphical representation of approximation functions can be found in Appendix F. *COO.220711132270810* 4. Final Calculations 4.1 LTO Emissions LTO Fuel = 60 ∗ (GITime ∗ GIFuelflow + TOTime ∗ TOFuelflow + APTime ∗ APFuelflow ) ∗ number of engines Remark: The factor of 60 converts minutes to seconds, as the times in the tables of section 2 are given in minutes but the estimated fuel flow values are in kg per second (see sections 2 and 3 of this guidance material) LTO NOx = 60 ∗ (GITime ∗ GIFuelflow ∗ GIEINOx + TOTime ∗ TOFuelflow ∗ TOEINOx + APTime ∗ APFuelflow ∗ APEINOx ) ∗ number of engines LTO HC, CO and PM are calculated accordingly by replacement of EI NO x by EI HC, EI CO or EI PM. 4.2 Emissions for One Hour Operation Fuel for one hour operation = 3600 * (fuel flow for mean operating power per engine)

number of engines NOx emissions for one hour operation = 3600 * (fuel flow for mean operating power per engine) (EI NO x for mean operating power per engine) * number of engines HC, CO and PM emissions for one hour operation are calculated accordingly. 5. Helicopter Emissions Table Based on this guidance material, estimated LTO emissions and emissions for one hour operation have been calculated for a variety of helicopters. The table is offered for direct application in emission inventories, for example by matching helicopter tail numbers with the emission results for the corresponding helicopter types contained in the table. The original excel file, containing all input data and calculation formulas can be downloaded from the FOCA Web As far as fuel consumption and emissions for one hour operation (respectively cruise) are concerned, the results have been scaled in a range of about +-15% for some of the helicopters according to information from operators. This procedure allows to

more accurately reflecting differences between different helicopter models. With more information expected from operators in the future, the scaling factors will be updated. For details about current one hour operation scaling factors, see Appendix D. *COO.220711132270810* Table 9: Estimated LTO emissions and one hour operation emissions for different helicopter models. *COO.220711132270810* Table 9: (Continued) *COO.220711132270810* Table 9: (Continued). Green shaded lines are piston engine powered helicopters *COO.220711132270810* Table 10: Comparison between the 2009 and 2015 FOCA guidance *COO.220711132270810* References 1) Rotorcraft Flight Manuals: Robinson R22, Schweizer 300C Helicopter Model 269C, Hughes 500D, Bell 206B, Eurocopter EC120B, EC145 (645), Agusta A109E, Agusta A119, Aerospatiale AS350 B2 Ecureuil, AS532 Cougar 2) FOCA engine database (not publicly available) 3) FOI (Swedish Defence Research Agency) engine database for turboprop and

turboshaft engines (not publicly available) 4) Aircraft piston engine emissions , FOCA, 2007 5) Emission indices for gaseous pollutants and non-volatile particles of flight turboshaft engines, FOCA/DLR turboshaft engine measurements, FOCA/DLR, 2009 (not publicly available yet) 6) Helicopter performance test results, written communication to FOCA, Swiss Air Force Operations and Aircraft Evaluation, 2009 7) Helicopter performance test results, FOCA test flights, FOCA, 2009 8) Civil and military turboshaft specifications, www.jet-enginenet 9) Turboshaft specifications Turbomeca 10) Turboshaft specifications Pratt & Whitney Canada 11) Turboshaft specifications Honeywell 12) Turboshaft specifications Rolls-Royce 13) Engine specifications GE Aviation 14) Control of air pollution from aircraft and aircraft engines, US Environmental Protection Agency, US federal register, Volume 38, Number 136, July 17, 1973 15) Helicopter Pictures by B. Baur, FOCA, Switzerland *COO.220711132270810*

*COO.220711132270810* 732 SHP 688 SHP 2020 kg 1820 kg 94%T (MCP) TOM OM test end 3.7 3 TO 5 NM TO 3000ft 7.7 7 2 4 4.3 6.8 15 23 65 90 7 23 65 90 70 80.2 90.3 95.8 0 0 0 1000 GI TO Total 1 51 168 476 659 2.5 1 0.7 0.3 0.7 0.3 1 4.5 5.5 DCT DCT AP FINAL FINAL HOVER IGE GI L 5NM L 3000ft 5.5 6.5 2.5 3.5 4.2 4.5 5.2 5.5 6.5 60 45 30 15 20 60 15 60 45 30 15 20 60 7 78 80 89 69 700 500 500 250 250 0 0 1.974 54.375 71.639 0.118 3.879 15.045 19.129 0.144 6.996 4.899 6.038 0.207 8.416 3.447 4.207 0.241 Est NOx (g) Est. HC (g) Est CO (g) Est PM (g) 14.9 137.3 178.9 0.6 67.5 29.1 35.5 1.9 82.4 166.4 214.4 2.6 24.4 GI AP Total 2 TOTAL LTO 146.9 299.4 384.2 4.6 6.686 5.341 6.599 0.200 5.678 7.287 9.081 0.178 4.511 11.292 14.243 0.155 3.043 23.872 30.743 0.131 3.583 17.496 22.339 0.139 6.686 5.341 6.599 0.200 1.974 54.375 71.639 0.118 Est NOx (g) Est. HC (g) Est CO (g) Est PM (g) 1.7 46.3 61.0 0.1 62.8 86.7 108.8 2.0 64.5 133.0 169.8 2.1 Est. FF Est. EI Est EI HC Est

EI CO Est EI PM (kg/s) NOx (g/kg) (g/kg) (g/kg) (g/kg) 0.014 0.025 0.039 0.050 Est. Fuel (kg) 4.7 8.1 12.8 Est. FF Est. EI Est EI HC Est EI CO Est EI PM (kg/s) NOx (g/kg) (g/kg) (g(kg) (g/kg) 0.037 0.032 0.028 0.020 0.023 0.037 0.014 Est. Fuel (kg) 0.9 10.7 11.6 439 329 220 110 146 439 51 RoC Time Incr. Time sum Rotortorque Engine N1 RoD (Min) (Min.) % SHP % % (ft/min) Est. SHP 2 2 0.3 2.5 GI GR (full rotor RPM) HOVER IGE CL LTO MODE (= 90% MTOM) RoC Time Incr. Time sum Rotortorque Engine N1 RoD (Min) (Min.) % % SHP % (ft/min) Est. SHP AS350B2 Arriel 1D1 Type Engine Ref. Power: 100%T LTO MODE 19.022009 HBXVA SINGLE ENGINE TURBINE HELICOPTER LTO AND CRUISE DATA Cruise 75% 80% 85% 90% 15 87 AP GI 46 7 LTO Mean SHP % GI TO LTO Mean SHP % CR CR CR CR CR Est. Mean NOx (g) 1178 1281 1389 1501 Est. Mean HC Est Mean CO Est Mean PM (g) (g) (g) 651 799 34 637 781 37 625 765 40 615 751 43 GI TO Total 1 110 639 3.043 8.273 Est. Mean NOx (g) 14.9 67.2 82.2 0.020 0.048

Est. Mean Fuel (kg) 4.9 8.1 13.0 30.743 4.351 0.131 0.237 Est. Mean HC Est Mean CO Est Mean PM (g) (g) (g) 117.2 151.0 0.6 28.9 35.4 1.9 146.2 186.3 2.6 23.872 3.561 5.5 1 TOTAL LTO AP GI Total 2 336 51 24.7 Est. Mean Fuel (kg) 10.8 0.9 11.6 0.033 0.014 145.8 Est. Mean NOx (g) 62.0 1.7 63.6 5.743 1.974 8.882 71.639 0.180 0.118 269.4 343.2 4.6 Est. Mean HC Est Mean CO Est Mean PM (g) (g) (k) 76.9 95.8 1.9 46.3 61.0 0.1 123.2 156.8 2.0 7.131 54.375 Mean Time Est. Mean FF Est Mean EI Est Mean EI Est Mean EI Est Mean EI (Min.) Est. SHP (kg/s) NOx (g/kg) HC (g/kg) CO (g/kg) PM (g/kg) 4 2.8 Mean Time Est. Mean FF Est Mean EI Est Mean EI Est Mean EI Est Mean EI (Min.) (kg/s) NOx (g/kg) HC (g/kg) CO (g/kg) PM (g/kg) Est. SHP 75% 80% 85% 90% Est. Mean Fuel (kg) 155 163 171 178 Mean Time Est. Mean FF Est Mean EI Est Mean EI Est Mean EI Est Mean EI (Min.) Est. SHP (kg/s) NOx (g/kg) HC (g/kg) CO (g/kg) PM (g/kg) 60 549 0.043 7.588 4.197 5.151 0.221 60 586 0.045 7.872

3.914 4.795 0.228 60 622 0.047 8.147 3.666 4.483 0.234 60 659 0.050 8.416 3.447 4.207 0.241 CRUISE and LTO MEAN Appendix A: LTO data, cruise data and estimated emissions for a single engine turboshaft helicopter *COO.220711132270810* 550 SHP 900 SHP 450 SHP 100% Rotor-Torque MC per engine 2.5 1 0.7 0.3 0.7 0.3 1 4.5 5.5 DCT DCT AP FINAL FINAL HOVER IGE GI L 5NM L 3000ft LTO MODE 4 3 TO 5 NM TO 3000ft 8 7 3.3 4 4 7 6 21 95 9 21 95 90.4 61.5 75.5 91.4 60.3 74.7 GI TO Total 1 0.03333 0.01 0.01583 5.5 6.5 2.5 3.5 4.2 4.5 5.2 5.5 6.5 60 45 30 15 20 70 8 60 45 30 15 20 70 6 32.9 GI TO Total 1 TOTAL LTO 700 500 500 250 250 0 0 TOTAL LTO GI AP Total 2 270 203 135 68 90 315 27 171.4 Est NOx (g) 1.7 73.9 75.6 Est. Fuel (kg) 1.2 16.6 17.8 36.5 5.072 4.308 3.422 2.309 2.718 5.536 1.372 0.028 0.025 0.022 0.016 0.019 0.030 0.010 11.324 15.584 24.443 52.758 38.336 9.543 145.882 0.166 0.152 0.137 0.121 0.127 0.175 0.112 920.6 1210.6 6.0 Est. HC (g) Est

CO (g) Est PM (g) 134.0 180.0 0.1 227.7 289.9 2.6 361.7 469.9 2.7 9.033 12.325 19.097 40.376 29.592 7.648 108.626 Est. EI HC Est EI CO Est EI PM per engine per engine per engine (g/kg) (g/kg) (g/kg) 0.198 0.112 0.128 Est. EI NOx per engine (g/kg) 6.800 145.882 36.315 RoC Est. SHP Est FF per Engine 2 RoD per engine FF (kg/s) (ft/min) engine (kg/s) GI TO Total 1 5.499 108.626 28.073 Est. HC (g) Est CO (g) Est PM (g) 487.3 652.2 0.7 71.6 88.5 2.6 558.9 740.7 3.2 1.372 2.795 Est NOx (g) 10.1 85.7 95.8 0.010 0.019 Est. Fuel (kg) 5.7 13.0 18.7 27 95 0 428 Est. EI HC Est EI CO Est EI PM per engine per engine per engine (g/kg) (g/kg) (g/kg) 6.584 0 0 0 1000 Est. EI NOx per engine (g/kg) 0.036 0.03194 Meas. Total fuel (kg) 5.3 11.7 17.0 0.01 0.01583 RoC Est. SHP Est FF per Engine 2 RoD per engine FF (kg/s) (ft/min) engine (kg/s) 0.0257 0.0222 0.0167 0.0148 0.0158 0.0275 0.01 Meas. Total fuel (kg) 1.2 14.6 15.8 0.0257 0.0222 0.0167 0.0148 0.0158 0.0275 0.01 Time Incr.

Time sum Rotortorque Total Engine 1 Engine 2 Engine 1 (Min) (Min.) % SHP % N1 % N1 % FF (kg/s) 3.3 0.7 0 3 GI GR (full rotor RPM) HOVER IGE CL LTO MODE (= MTOM) Time Incr. Time sum Rotortorque Total Engine 1 Engine 2 Engine 1 (Min) (Min.) % SHP % N1 % N1 % FF (kg/s) 2850 kg 2650 kg A109 PW206C Type Engine Ref. Power: max. one engine TOM OM test end 12.022009 HBXQE TWIN ENGINE TURBINE HELICOPTER LTO DATA Appendix B: LTO data, measured fuel flow and estimated emissions for a small twin engine turboshaft helicopter (continued on next page) *COO.220711132270810* 4 3 Mean Time (Min.) Mean total SHP % 9 95 Mean total SHP % 46 6 LTO GI TO LTO AP GI 5.5 1 Mean Time (Min.) 200 Meas. Fuel (kg) Est. Total SHP 675 720 765 810 CR 75% 80% 85% 90% Est. Mean Fuel Est Mean (kg) NOx (g) 225 1296 233 1394 242 1497 251 1603 Est. Mean HC (g) 1598 1545 1501 1464 Est. Mean CO (g) 1990 1921 1863 1813 Est. Mean PM (g) 41 43 46 49 GI TO Total 1 39 428 1.686 6.584 Est.

Mean Fuel Est Mean (kg) NOx (g) 5.9 10.0 13.0 85.7 18.9 95.7 0.012 0.036 Est. Mean HC (g) 433.9 71.6 505.4 73.401 5.499 Est. Mean CO (g) 576.4 88.5 664.9 97.512 6.800 Est. Mean PM (g) 0.7 2.6 3.3 0.115 0.198 38 5 TOTAL LTO AP GI Total 2 209 27 4.386 1.372 37.1 171.6 Est. Mean Fuel Est Mean (kg) NOx (g) 16.9 74.2 1.2 1.7 18.2 75.9 0.026 0.010 841.0 Est. Mean HC (g) 201.5 134.0 335.6 11.909 108.626 1099.4 Est. Mean CO (g) 254.6 180.0 434.6 15.044 145.882 6.0 Est. Mean PM (g) 2.6 0.1 2.7 0.153 0.112 Mean est. Est. Mean SHP % Mean est. Est Mean FF EI NOx per Est Mean EI Est Mean EI Est Mean EI per SHP per per engine HC per engine CO per PM per engine engine (kg/s) (g/kg) engine (g/kg) engine (g/kg) (g/kg) engine 7 78 Mean est. Est. Mean SHP % Mean est. Est Mean FF EI NOx per Est Mean EI Est Mean EI Est Mean EI per SHP per per engine engine HC per engine CO per PM per engine (kg/s) (g/kg) (g/kg) engine (g/kg) engine (g/kg) engine 75% 80% 85% 90% Est. Mean Est.

SHP Est. Mean FF EI NOx per Est Mean EI Est Mean EI Est Mean EI % per Mean Time Est. SHP per engine engine HC per engine CO per PM per (Min.) (kg/s) (kg/s) (kg/s) engine (kg/s) engine (kg/s) engine per engine 60 61 338 0.031 5.757 7.098 8.840 0.180 60 65 360 0.032 5.972 6.620 8.228 0.185 60 70 383 0.034 6.181 6.201 7.693 0.189 60 74 405 0.035 6.385 5.830 7.220 0.194 AP GI LTO GI TO LTO CR 75% 80% 85% 90% 43 9 Mean total SHP % 9 92 Mean total SHP % Est. Total SHP 675 720 765 810 5.5 1 Mean Time (Min.) 4 3 Mean Time (Min.) 200 Meas. Fuel (kg) Mean Time (Min.) 60 60 60 60 35 7 Mean est. SHP % per engine 7 75 Mean est. SHP % per engine Est. Mean Fuel (kg) 225 233 242 251 Est. Mean NOx (g) 1296 1394 1497 1603 Est. Mean HC (g) 1598 1545 1501 1464 Est. Mean CO (g) 1990 1921 1863 1813 Est. Mean PM (g) 41 43 46 49 Est. Mean Fuel (kg) 5.9 12.7 18.6 0.012 0.035 Est. Mean NOx (g) 9.9 84.0 93.9 1.679 6.452 Est. Mean HC (g) 437.7 74.4 512.0 74.045 5.715 Est. Mean CO

(g) 581.6 92.1 673.6 98.391 7.075 Est. Mean PM (g) 0.7 2.5 3.2 0.115 0.195 TOTAL LTO AP GI Total 2 193 39 36.5 Est. Mean Fuel (kg) 16.5 1.5 17.9 0.025 0.012 166.8 Est. Mean NOx (g) 70.8 2.1 72.9 4.186 1.679 823.7 Est. Mean HC (g) 220.3 91.3 311.7 13.018 74.045 1074.0 Est. Mean CO (g) 279.0 121.4 400.4 16.485 98.391 5.9 Est. Mean PM (g) 2.5 0.1 2.7 0.149 0.115 Mean est. Est Mean FF Est Mean EI Est Mean EI Est Mean EI Est Mean EI SHP per per engine NOx per HC per CO per PM per engine (kg/s) engine (g/kg) engine (g/kg) engine (g/kg) engine (g/kg) GI TO Total 1 39 413 Mean est. Est Mean FF Est Mean EI Est Mean EI Est Mean EI Est Mean EI SHP per per engine NOx per HC per CO per PM per engine (kg/s) engine (g/kg) engine (g/kg) engine (g/kg) engine (g/kg) 75% 80% 85% 90% Est. Mean FF Est Mean EI Est Mean EI Est Mean EI Est Mean EI Est. SHP % Est SHP per per engine NOx per HC per CO per PM per (kg/s) engine (kg/s) engine (kg/s) engine (kg/s) engine (kg/s) per engine

engine 61 338 0.031 5.757 7.098 8.840 0.180 65 360 0.032 5.972 6.620 8.228 0.185 70 383 0.034 6.181 6.201 7.693 0.189 74 405 0.035 6.385 5.830 7.220 0.194 Appendix B: Weighted average LTO data, measured cruise fuel flow and estimated emissions for a small twin engine turboshaft helicopter *COO.220711132270810* 7600 kg kg TOM OM test end 4 3 TO 5 NM TO 3000ft 2.5 1 0.7 0.3 0.7 0.3 1 4.5 5.5 DCT DCT AP FINAL FINAL HOVER IGE GI L 5NM L 3000ft LTO MODE (= MTOM) 8 7 3.3 4 4.1 7.1 7 15 64 81 5.8 15 64 81 65 75 90 90.3 65 75 90 90.1 GI TO Total 1 0.0233 0.0375 0.0653 0.075 5.5 6.5 2.5 3.5 4.2 4.5 5.2 5.5 6.5 45 41 30 15 20 65 7 45 41 30 15 20 65 5.8 84.2 83.9 84.5 83.2 76.3 GI TO Total 1 TOTAL LTO TOTAL LTO GI AP Total 2 674 614 449 225 300 974 87 656.9 Est NOx (g) 6.9 273.9 280.8 Est. Fuel (kg) 2.6 34.4 37.0 77.0 8.526 8.088 6.773 4.570 5.381 10.506 2.665 0.057 0.054 0.047 0.033 0.038 0.069 0.022 Est. EI HC Est EI CO Est EI PM per engine per engine

per engine (g/kg) (g/kg) (g/kg) Est. EI NOx per engine (g/kg) RoC Est. SHP Est FF per Engine 2 RoD per engine FF (kg/s) (ft/min) engine (kg/s) 700 500 500 250 250 0 0 Est. HC (g) Est CO (g) Est PM (g) 294.5 380.8 0.4 51.0 61.1 8.6 345.5 441.9 9.0 GI TO Total 1 4.101 4.548 6.433 13.885 10.089 2.727 39.865 0.188 0.174 0.132 0.069 0.090 0.255 0.027 572.3 726.3 15.0 Est. HC (g) Est CO (g) Est PM (g) 79.9 103.7 0.1 146.9 180.8 5.9 226.8 284.4 5.9 3.362 3.718 5.210 11.015 8.073 2.260 30.740 0.300 Est NOx (g) 35.6 340.4 376.1 2.136 0.027 0.069 Est. Fuel (kg) 11.4 28.6 40.0 1.782 39.865 13.885 11.904 30.740 11.015 0.079 87 225 959 1213 Est. EI HC Est EI CO Est EI PM per engine per engine per engine (g/kg) (g/kg) (g/kg) 2.665 4.570 0 0 0 1000 Est. EI NOx per engine (g/kg) 0.022 0.033 0.0233 0.0375 0.0653 0.075 Meas. Total fuel (kg) 12.4 27.8 40.2 RoC Est. SHP Est FF per Engine 2 RoD per engine FF (kg/s) (ft/min) engine (kg/s) 0.0542 0.05 0.047 0.0375 0.04 0.066

0.0233 Meas. Total fuel (kg) 2.8 33.3 36.1 0.0542 0.05 0.047 0.0375 0.04 0.066 0.0233 Time Incr. Time sum Rotortorque Total Engine 1 Engine 2 Engine 1 (Min) (Min.) % SHP % N1 % N1 % FF (kg/s) 3.3 0.7 0.1 3 GI GR (full rotor RPM) HOVER IGE CL LTO MODE 2996 SHP 1589 SHP 100% Rotor-Torque MC per engine Time Incr. Time sum Rotortorque Total Engine 1 Engine 2 Engine 1 (Min) (Min.) % SHP % N1 % N1 % FF (kg/s) 1820 SHP AS32 MAKILA 1A1 12.012009 Type Engine Ref. Power: max. one engine HBXQE TWIN ENGINE TURBINE HELICOPTER LTO DATA Appendix C: LTO data, measured fuel flow and estimated emissions for a large twin engine turboshaft helicopter (continued on next page) *COO.220711132270810* 7 80 Mean total SHP % 39 5.8 LTO GI TO LTO AP GI Est. Mean Fuel Est Mean (kg) NOx (g) 544 6195 567 6705 591 7234 616 7784 Est. Mean HC (g) 1053 1024 1000 980 Est. Mean CO (g) 1265 1228 1197 1170 Est. Mean PM (g) 154 169 183 NOT 199 PRACTICAL 6 66 GI TO Total 1 111 1205 3.062

11.858 Est. Mean Fuel Est Mean (kg) NOx (g) 11.5 35.2 29.4 348.8 40.9 384.0 0.024 0.079 Est. Mean HC (g) 270.9 52.8 323.7 23.593 1.795 Est. Mean CO (g) 348.8 63.3 412.1 30.374 2.152 Est. Mean PM (g) 0.4 8.8 9.2 0.035 0.299 Mean est. Est. Mean SHP % Mean est. Est Mean FF EI NOx per Est Mean EI Est Mean EI Est Mean EI per SHP per per engine engine HC per engine CO per PM per engine (kg/s) (g/kg) (g/kg) engine (g/kg) engine (g/kg) engine 75% 80% 85% 90% Est. SHP % per Est. SHP engine per engine 62 1124 66 1198 70 1273 74 1348 Est. Mean Est. Mean FF EI NOx per Est Mean EI Est Mean EI Est Mean EI per engine engine HC per engine CO per PM per (kg/s) (g/kg) (g/kg) engine (g/kg) engine (g/kg) 0.076 11.395 1.937 2.326 0.284 0.079 11.820 1.806 2.166 0.297 0.082 12.234 1.692 2.025 0.310 NOT 0.086 12.637 1.590 1.900 0.322 PRACTICAL 5.5 1 32 5 TOTAL LTO AP GI Total 2 579 87 7.819 2.665 78.4 663.6 Est. Mean Fuel Est Mean (kg) NOx (g) 34.9 272.6 2.6 6.9 37.5 279.6 0.053 0.022

541.9 Est. Mean HC (g) 138.2 79.9 218.2 3.964 30.740 685.1 Est. Mean CO (g) 169.4 103.7 273.0 4.858 39.865 15.0 Est. Mean PM (g) 5.8 0.1 5.8 0.165 0.027 Mean est. Est. Mean SHP % Mean est. Est Mean FF EI NOx per Est Mean EI Est Mean EI Est Mean EI per Mean Time SHP per per engine engine HC per engine CO per PM per (Min.) engine (kg/s) (g/kg) (g/kg) engine (g/kg) engine (g/kg) engine 4 3.1 Mean Time (Min.) Mean total SHP % Meas. Fuel (kg) Mean Time (Min.) 60 60 60 60 480 Operating Mass (kg) Est. Total SHP 2247 2397 2547 2696 7600 (light) CR 75% 80% 85% 90% CRUISE and LTO MEAN AP GI LTO GI TO LTO CR 75% 80% 85% 90% 43 9 Mean total SHP % 9 91 Mean total SHP % 7600 (light) Operating Mass (kg) Est. Total SHP 2247 2397 2547 2696 CRUISE and LTO MODEL 5.5 1 Mean Time (Min.) 4 3 Mean Time (Min.) 480 Meas. Fuel (kg) Mean Time (Min.) 60 60 60 60 35 7 Mean est. SHP % per engine 7 75 Mean est. SHP % per engine TOTAL LTO AP GI Total 2 637 127 Mean est.

SHP per engine GI TO Total 1 127 1365 Mean est. SHP per engine 75% 80% 85% 90% Est. Mean NOx (g) 6195 6705 7234 7784 Est. Mean HC (g) 1053 1024 1000 980 Est. Mean CO (g) 1265 1228 1197 1170 Est. Mean PM (g) 154 169 183 199 Est. Mean NOx (g) 38.0 374.4 412.4 3.311 12.727 Est. Mean HC (g) 233.5 46.2 279.6 20.331 1.569 Est. Mean CO (g) 299.3 55.1 354.4 26.066 1.874 Est. Mean PM (g) 0.5 9.6 10.0 0.040 0.325 82.8 Est. Mean Fuel (kg) 36.5 3.0 39.6 0.055 0.025 708.9 Est. Mean NOx (g) 287.9 8.6 296.5 8.257 3.311 457.1 Est. Mean HC (g) 124.6 52.9 177.5 3.574 20.331 574.5 Est. Mean CO (g) 152.3 67.8 220.1 4.367 26.066 16.4 Est. Mean PM (g) 6.3 0.1 6.4 0.179 0.040 Est. Mean FF Est Mean EI Est Mean EI Est Mean EI Est Mean EI per engine NOx per HC per CO per PM per (kg/s) engine (g/kg) engine (g/kg) engine (g/kg) engine (g/kg) Est. Mean Fuel (kg) 12.2 31.1 43.3 0.025 0.086 Est. Mean FF Est Mean EI Est Mean EI Est Mean EI Est Mean EI per engine NOx per HC per CO

per PM per (kg/s) engine (g/kg) engine (g/kg) engine (g/kg) engine (g/kg) Est. Mean Fuel (kg) 544 567 591 616 Est. Mean FF Est Mean EI Est Mean EI Est Mean EI Est Mean EI Est. SHP % Est SHP per per engine NOx per HC per CO per PM per (kg/s) engine (g/kg) engine (g/kg) engine (g/kg) engine (g/kg) per engine engine 62 1124 0.076 11.395 1.937 2.326 0.284 66 1198 0.079 11.820 1.806 2.166 0.297 70 1273 0.082 12.234 1.692 2.025 0.310 74 1348 0.086 12.637 1.590 1.900 0.322 Appendix C: Weighted average LTO data, measured cruise fuel flow and estimated emissions for a large twin engine turboshaft helicopter Appendix D: Estimated one hour operation emissions and indicated scale factors (status March 2009). Example: Scale factor 09 means that the estimated one hour fuel and emissions have been multiplied by a factor of 0.9 *COO.220711132270810* *COO.220711132270810* Appendix E: Graphical Representation of Approximation Functions for Piston Engines Conventional Aircraft Piston

Engine Full Rich Fuel Flow (from Project ECERT/Piston Engines) FF = 1.9 * 10-12 SHP4 - 10-9SHP3 + 2.6*10-7SHP2 +410-5SHP + 0.006 0.035 0.03 FF (kg/s) 0.025 0.02 0.015 0.01 0.005 0 0 100 200 300 Shaft Horse Power (SHP) 400 Conventional Aircraft Piston EI NOx measured (Full Rich) (Project ECERT) 8 EI NOx (g/kg) 7 6 100% 5 85% 4 45% 3 Taxi 2 1 0 0 100 200 300 400 Shaft Horse Power (SHP) Conventional Aircraft Piston Full Rich EI NOx Approximation 4.5 4 EI NOx (g/kg) 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 % Shaft Horse Power Conventional Aircraft Piston EI HC (Full Rich) (Project ECERT) *COO.220711132270810* 60 Conventional Aircraft Piston EI CO measured (Full Rich) (Project ECERT) 1600 EI CO (g/kg) 1400 1200 1000 100% 85% 800 45% 600 Taxi 400 200 Approximation 0 0 100 200 300 Shaft Horse Power (SHP) *COO.220711132270810* 400 Appendix F: Graphical Representation of Approximation Functions for Turboshaft Engines Helicopter

turboshaft engines: Fuel Flow up to 600 SHP 0.0500 0.0450 0.0400 Fuel flow [kg/s] 0.0350 0.0300 0.0250 0.0200 Turboshaft engine data up to 600 SHP Turboprop data 100% 0.0150 Turboprop data 85% Turboprop data 30% 0.0100 Fuel Flow Approx. 0.0050 0.0000 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 SHP Helicopter turboshaft engines: Fuel Flow up to 1000 SHP 0.0800 0.0700 0.0600 Fuel flow [kg/s] 0.0500 0.0400 0.0300 Turboshaft engine data up to 1000 SHP Fuel Flow Approx. 1000 SHP 0.0200 0.0100 0.0000 0 100 200 300 400 500 SHP *COO.220711132270810* 600 700 800 900 1000 Helicopter turboshaft engines: Fuel Flow up to 2000 SHP 0.1200 0.1000 Fuel flow [kg/s] 0.0800 0.0600 Turboshaft engine data up to 2000 SHP Fuel Flow Approx. 2000 SHP 0.0400 0.0200 0.0000 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 SHP Helicopter Turboshaft Engines: Fuel Flow Approximation curves for the three power ranges 0.12 0.1 Fuel flow [kg/s] 0.08 0.06 FF Approx. 600 SHP

FF Approx. 1000 SHP 0.04 FF Approx. 2000 SHP FF (SHP) Example: 980 SHP engine --> yellow fuel flow approximation curve. At 720 SHP the estimated fuel flow is 0.0532 kg/s 0.02 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 SHP *COO.220711132270810* 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 Helicopter turboshaft engines: EI NOx Approximation vs SHP 18 16 EI NOx FOCA measurement Family 1 EI NOx FOCA measurement Family 2 14 EI NOx turboshaft data 3 EI NOx [g/kg] EI NOx turboshaft data 4 12 EI NOx Approx. 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 SHP Helicopter turboshaft engines: EI HC Approximation vs SHP 90 80 70 EI HC [g/kg] 60 EI HC FOCA measurement Family 1 50 EI HC FOCA measurement Family 2 EI HC turboshaft data 3 EI HC turboshaft data 4 40 EI HC Approximation 30 20 10 0 0 500 1000 SHP *COO.220711132270810* 1500 2000 Helicopter turboshaft engines: EI CO Approximation vs SHP 60 50 EI CO FOCA measurement Family 1 EI CO FOCA measurement Family 2 EI CO turboshaft data 3 EI CO

turboshaft data 4 EI CO Approx. EI CO [g/kg] 40 30 20 10 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 SHP Helicopter turboshaft engines: EI PM non vol mass vs SHP (EI for non volatile particle mass respectively soot) 400 350 EI PM non vol mass (mg/kg) 300 250 200 EI PM non vol DLR/FOCA measurement Family 1, Probe K EI PM non vol DLR/FOCA measurement Family 1, Probe E 150 EI PM non vol DLR/FOCA measurement Family 2, Probe 1 EI PM non vol DLR/FOCA measurement Family 2, Probe 3L 100 EI PM non vol Approx. 600 SHP EI PM non vol Approx. Family 1 50 EI PM non vol General Approximation 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 SHP *COO.220711132270810* 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 Helicopter turboshaft engines: EI approximations (all functions) 1000 EI NOx EI HC EI CO EI PM 100 = 0.2113 *SHP 0.5677 = 3819 * SHP -1.0801 = 5660 * SHP -1.11 = - 4.8 * 10 -8 SHP 2 + 2.3664 * 10-4 SHP + 0.1056 EI NOx Approx. EI HC Approx. EI CO Approx. EI (g/kg) or SN EI PM

Approx 10 1 0.1 0 500 1000 SHP *COO.220711132270810* 1500 2000