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RESTORATION FOR SOCIO – ECOLOGICAL RESILIENCE BUILDING COMMUNITY RESILIENCE TO CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS THROUGH WATERSHED RESTORATION IN ALEBTONG DISTRICT, NORTHERN UGANDA Presented by Atalla - Joan Angom at the SER 2019 World Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa 1 Uganda is a landlocked country located in East Africa it lies across the equator and is bordered by S. Sudan, Kenya, Tanzania, DRC and Rwanda It has 138 district Alebtong is a district found in the Northern region with a population of 34.1 millionI according to the Uganda population and housing census of 2014. Presented by Atalla - Joan Angom at the SER 2019 World Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa 2 Official name: Republic of Uganda Continent: Africa Population: 33,398,682 people Area: 241.551Km2 Density: 141.5 people/Km2 Capital: Kampala Official Name: Alebtong District Region: Northern Sub region: Lango Population: 34.1 million Households: 7.3 million Average household size: 4.7 Presented by Atalla - Joan
Angom at the SER 2019 World Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa 3 In recent years Northern Uganda has increasingly experienced prolonged dry spells and erratic rainfall, as a result of climate change. In Alebtong district where 69% of the population is dependent upon rain fed agriculture this is a great challenge. The weather changes trigger a chain of events notably water stress which causes crop failure, high post harvest losses due to limited sunshine, increased incidence of pests and flash floods that destroy crops , all these contribute negatively towards food security. The socio –economic impacts are profound. According to the UBOS report of 2014, one out of every nine households in Alebtong district (11%) eat only one meal a day. This old woman’s cassava garden ha been damaged by flood waters and hailstones. This old man’s roof has completely been blown off by strong winds. Presented by Atalla - Joan Angom at the SER 2019 World Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa
4 Presented by Atalla - Joan Angom at the SER 2019 World Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa 5 So how do communities respond in regard to prolonged dry spells? They clamour to access and utilise wetlands which are a common property resource held in trust by the government; Here they indiscriminately cut down trees in order to produce charcoal and bricks for income generation. They employ poor agricultural practices such as bush burning and drainage of water logged areas for crop production, there is poor agrochemical usage ( as you see here a cow has died after water point contamination with herbicide) : Riparian wetlands are cultivated without observing a zone of intact natural vegetation as such soil is exposed to erosive forces of wind and rain which accelerate erosion, siltation and the sedimentation of river and stream beds. During heavy rainfall these open water bodies easily flood and during prolonged dry spell they easily dry up because there ability to store water
has been compromised. This community response to utilise wetlands contributes to wetland degradation and loss and you can see the trend of how wetland coverage has reduced from 1994 to 2015. It is therefore a maladaptation to climate change as it increases human vulnerability. Presented by Atalla - Joan Angom at the SER 2019 World Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa 6 Wetlands • Wetlands - Areas of marsh, fen, peatland or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine water the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six metres”. Year Wetland coverage % Comments 1994 15.6 Reduction rate of wetlands between 1994 to 2008 was 2.1% 2008 10.9 This was estimated to reduce by 3% between 2008 to 2014 2015 10.3 Due to conservation efforts and natural factors, wetland coverage reduced at a reducing rate of 0.6 compared to the projected reduction rate of 3% Presented
by Atalla - Joan Angom at the SER 2019 World Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa 7 Here you can see the drying up of river Moroto and bush burning taking place along its banks. You can even see the water quality its very turbid Presented by Atalla - Joan Angom at the SER 2019 World Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa 8 Presented by Atalla - Joan Angom at the SER 2019 World Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa 9 Presented by Atalla - Joan Angom at the SER 2019 World Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa 10 Why does wetland degradation and loss increase human vulnerability? • Community Wells and springs yield muddy water or dry up due to reduced purification and recharge capacity of drained wetlands if such water is contaminated with disease causing organisms that haven’t been filtered off it becomes a health hazard to the community • fish stocks of Clarias spp for example that augment the communities diet are reducing because when wetlands are drained the
mud where they thrive is oxidised and is rendered uninhabitable. • Wild meat, traditional craft materials and medicinal herbs are no longer easily available due to habitat and biodiversity loss. • With water velocity no longer being reduced by wetland vegetation damaged is easily caused to infrastructure like roads, bridges and culvert crossings rendering some areas inaccessible. • Reduced water storage capacity in wetlands, streams and rivers means fewer watering points are available for livestock • And ultimately wetlands help to moderate global climate conditions by storing carbon within their plant communities and soil instead of releasing it to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide; so when communities destroy wetlands they destroy an important carbon sink. Presented by Atalla - Joan Angom at the SER 2019 World Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa 11 Ground water recharge Climate modulation CARBON SINK Water Storage Water purification Craft materials Construction
materials Flood control Sediment retention WETLANDS Biodiversity hotspot Aquatic habitat Medicinal herbs Lowering of water velocity Nutrient retention Fish Water Wild Fruits Presented by Atalla - Joan Angom at the SER 2019 World Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa 12 Healthy wetlands are an integral component of healthy watersheds WATERSHEDS • Any surface area from which runoff resulting from rainfall is collected and drained through a common confluence point or outlet Presented by Atalla - Joan Angom at the SER 2019 World Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa 13 Alebtong district is building community resilience to climate change impacts through watershed restoration that involves project implementation in wetland areas. Projects are enshrined within the Northern Uganda Social Action Fund III that is coordinated by the Office of the Prime Minister and funded by Ugandan government and the World Bank. The fund is given directly to watershed community groups who are
guided by technical staff to identify interventions that address some of the challenges within their watersheds such as soil erosion, siltation, reduced water quality and levels, low soil productivity, flash floods and poor road network attributed to runoff from flood waters. Projects fall under two categories 1) LIPW and disaster risk financing whereby community groups receive an income for their participation in labor intensive public works such as the construction/rehabilitation of community access roads in flood prone areas, institutional greening, woodlot establishment, spring protection and the construction of market stalls within the watershed; They save 30% of the income they earn to invest in a development venture that builds their skills and assets in regard to climate shocks. 2) Secondly, IHISP which extends direct livelihood support to community groups by way of projects such as nursery bed establishment, fish farming and ox-traction and crop production from which
communities can generate income through selling their products i.e fish, tree seedlings and crops like rice, sunflower, maize etc The projects diversify their livelihoods making communities them less dependent upon income generating activities that lead to wetland degradation and loss. In essence, a tradeoff is seen where wetlands that were once degraded are now undergoing natural regeneration and are regaining their ecosystem functions for water security for all. Presented by Atalla - Joan Angom at the SER 2019 World Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa 14 LABOUR INTENSIVE PUBLIC WORKS AND DISASTER RISK FINANCING (LIPW) IMPROVED HOUSEHOLD INCOME SUPPORT PROGRAM (IHISP) Livelihood diversification makes communities in the watershed less dependent dependent upon income generating activities that lead to wetland degradation and loss. Improved Agriculture Productivity and Production RESILIENCE BUILDING Improved Livelihoods Improved Land Productivity Integrated Planning Presented
by Atalla - Joan Angom at the SER 2019 World Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa 15 Nursery beds are established to provide assorted seedlings (Grevillea, Gmelina, Maesopsis eminii, Mahogany, Pine, Teak, Eucalyptus, Avocado, Jackfruit, Grafted oranges etc. These seedlings are bought by the groups undertaking institutional greening and woodlot establishment. There is incooporation of traditional and local knowledge in the projects this Hibiscus spp. Locally known as malakwang is used by some groups as a biological pest control to rid tree seedlings of leaf pests. Agroforestry is now practiced by the communities to shelter crops from damage by strong winds, rain and hailstones as well as to provide crop shade during prolonged dry spells. The trees also improve soil water infiltration in the event of flash floods and their roots stabalise soil structure thereby minimising soil erosion. Presented by Atalla - Joan Angom at the SER 2019 World Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa 16
Presented by Atalla - Joan Angom at the SER 2019 World Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa 17 Institutional greening Presented by Atalla - Joan Angom at the SER 2019 World Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa 18 Presented by Atalla - Joan Angom at the SER 2019 World Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa 19 The fish ponds yield fish that are a cheap source of animal protein for the community and a source of income for the fish farming group. Presented by Atalla - Joan Angom at the SER 2019 World Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa 20 Presented by Atalla - Joan Angom at the SER 2019 World Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa 21 In Owameri damn where cage fish farming is being practiced, a marked improvement has been realised in terms of water quality: This is because the surrounding community no longer cultivate up to the waters edge or practice bush burning on account of the project’s presence there – essentially a trade-off has been made;
natural vegetation has been left to regrow and acts as a buffer to minimise soil erosion and siltation of the damn. On proper feeding rate plus good feeds it takes 6-8 months for the fish to reach maturity, harvesting is once a year and a fish of 500grams goes for 7,000 Uganda shillings, approximately 2 US dollors multiply that by the total yield. . Presented by Atalla - Joan Angom at the SER 2019 World Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa 22 Presented by Atalla - Joan Angom at the SER 2019 World Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa 23 Spring protection ensures that clean water filtered through the wetland system is available for the community to fetch in a descent, clean environment and is not contaminated by runoff. Presented by Atalla - Joan Angom at the SER 2019 World Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa 24 Presented by Atalla - Joan Angom at the SER 2019 World Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa 25 Presented by Atalla - Joan Angom at the SER 2019 World
Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa 26 Community access roads damaged by flood waters are rehabilitated and fitted with culverts that allow safe passage of water. This fallen tree formerly served as the only bridge / point of crossing between Telela village in Omoro Subcounty and Obangangeo village in Amugu subcounty, but now a bridge has been constructed by the community and there is no longer loss of life when community members (particularly the vulnerable groups like the disabled, elderly and young children) cross from one village to the other, even when flash floods have occurred, befor the construction of the bridge it had taken many lives. Now children can cross safely to go to school and farmers can transport their crops safely for sale in the markets. Presented by Atalla - Joan Angom at the SER 2019 World Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa 27 Presented by Atalla - Joan Angom at the SER 2019 World Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa 28 The construction of
market sheds provides a place for the sale of agricultural produce to improve livelihood, Income is also generated as its a LIPW. Under the project for ox-traction and crop production, hybrid seedlings which are drought tolerant, fast maturing, and more resistant to pests and diseases are provided for planting. Presented by Atalla - Joan Angom at the SER 2019 World Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa 29 Presented by Atalla - Joan Angom at the SER 2019 World Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa 30 Environmental and social safeguards are observed through the development of Environmental and Social Management Plans for all the projects in order to prevent water pollution, poor water management, land degradation, the over-exploitation of natural resources, inequity and social exclusions, and as well to ensure gender equality and occupational health and safety. Presented by Atalla - Joan Angom at the SER 2019 World Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa 31 Over
exploitation Poor waste management Occupational health and safety ENVIRONMENTAL & Gender equality Water pollution Inequity Social exclusions SOCIAL Land degradation SAFEGUARDS Presented by Atalla - Joan Angom at the SER 2019 World Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa 32 A Vibrant watershed can can be the social and economic backbone of a community given that its exploitation doesn’t mar its ability to perform ecosystem functions and be self sustaining. Presented by Atalla - Joan Angom at the SER 2019 World Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa 33
Angom at the SER 2019 World Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa 3 In recent years Northern Uganda has increasingly experienced prolonged dry spells and erratic rainfall, as a result of climate change. In Alebtong district where 69% of the population is dependent upon rain fed agriculture this is a great challenge. The weather changes trigger a chain of events notably water stress which causes crop failure, high post harvest losses due to limited sunshine, increased incidence of pests and flash floods that destroy crops , all these contribute negatively towards food security. The socio –economic impacts are profound. According to the UBOS report of 2014, one out of every nine households in Alebtong district (11%) eat only one meal a day. This old woman’s cassava garden ha been damaged by flood waters and hailstones. This old man’s roof has completely been blown off by strong winds. Presented by Atalla - Joan Angom at the SER 2019 World Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa
4 Presented by Atalla - Joan Angom at the SER 2019 World Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa 5 So how do communities respond in regard to prolonged dry spells? They clamour to access and utilise wetlands which are a common property resource held in trust by the government; Here they indiscriminately cut down trees in order to produce charcoal and bricks for income generation. They employ poor agricultural practices such as bush burning and drainage of water logged areas for crop production, there is poor agrochemical usage ( as you see here a cow has died after water point contamination with herbicide) : Riparian wetlands are cultivated without observing a zone of intact natural vegetation as such soil is exposed to erosive forces of wind and rain which accelerate erosion, siltation and the sedimentation of river and stream beds. During heavy rainfall these open water bodies easily flood and during prolonged dry spell they easily dry up because there ability to store water
has been compromised. This community response to utilise wetlands contributes to wetland degradation and loss and you can see the trend of how wetland coverage has reduced from 1994 to 2015. It is therefore a maladaptation to climate change as it increases human vulnerability. Presented by Atalla - Joan Angom at the SER 2019 World Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa 6 Wetlands • Wetlands - Areas of marsh, fen, peatland or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine water the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six metres”. Year Wetland coverage % Comments 1994 15.6 Reduction rate of wetlands between 1994 to 2008 was 2.1% 2008 10.9 This was estimated to reduce by 3% between 2008 to 2014 2015 10.3 Due to conservation efforts and natural factors, wetland coverage reduced at a reducing rate of 0.6 compared to the projected reduction rate of 3% Presented
by Atalla - Joan Angom at the SER 2019 World Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa 7 Here you can see the drying up of river Moroto and bush burning taking place along its banks. You can even see the water quality its very turbid Presented by Atalla - Joan Angom at the SER 2019 World Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa 8 Presented by Atalla - Joan Angom at the SER 2019 World Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa 9 Presented by Atalla - Joan Angom at the SER 2019 World Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa 10 Why does wetland degradation and loss increase human vulnerability? • Community Wells and springs yield muddy water or dry up due to reduced purification and recharge capacity of drained wetlands if such water is contaminated with disease causing organisms that haven’t been filtered off it becomes a health hazard to the community • fish stocks of Clarias spp for example that augment the communities diet are reducing because when wetlands are drained the
mud where they thrive is oxidised and is rendered uninhabitable. • Wild meat, traditional craft materials and medicinal herbs are no longer easily available due to habitat and biodiversity loss. • With water velocity no longer being reduced by wetland vegetation damaged is easily caused to infrastructure like roads, bridges and culvert crossings rendering some areas inaccessible. • Reduced water storage capacity in wetlands, streams and rivers means fewer watering points are available for livestock • And ultimately wetlands help to moderate global climate conditions by storing carbon within their plant communities and soil instead of releasing it to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide; so when communities destroy wetlands they destroy an important carbon sink. Presented by Atalla - Joan Angom at the SER 2019 World Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa 11 Ground water recharge Climate modulation CARBON SINK Water Storage Water purification Craft materials Construction
materials Flood control Sediment retention WETLANDS Biodiversity hotspot Aquatic habitat Medicinal herbs Lowering of water velocity Nutrient retention Fish Water Wild Fruits Presented by Atalla - Joan Angom at the SER 2019 World Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa 12 Healthy wetlands are an integral component of healthy watersheds WATERSHEDS • Any surface area from which runoff resulting from rainfall is collected and drained through a common confluence point or outlet Presented by Atalla - Joan Angom at the SER 2019 World Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa 13 Alebtong district is building community resilience to climate change impacts through watershed restoration that involves project implementation in wetland areas. Projects are enshrined within the Northern Uganda Social Action Fund III that is coordinated by the Office of the Prime Minister and funded by Ugandan government and the World Bank. The fund is given directly to watershed community groups who are
guided by technical staff to identify interventions that address some of the challenges within their watersheds such as soil erosion, siltation, reduced water quality and levels, low soil productivity, flash floods and poor road network attributed to runoff from flood waters. Projects fall under two categories 1) LIPW and disaster risk financing whereby community groups receive an income for their participation in labor intensive public works such as the construction/rehabilitation of community access roads in flood prone areas, institutional greening, woodlot establishment, spring protection and the construction of market stalls within the watershed; They save 30% of the income they earn to invest in a development venture that builds their skills and assets in regard to climate shocks. 2) Secondly, IHISP which extends direct livelihood support to community groups by way of projects such as nursery bed establishment, fish farming and ox-traction and crop production from which
communities can generate income through selling their products i.e fish, tree seedlings and crops like rice, sunflower, maize etc The projects diversify their livelihoods making communities them less dependent upon income generating activities that lead to wetland degradation and loss. In essence, a tradeoff is seen where wetlands that were once degraded are now undergoing natural regeneration and are regaining their ecosystem functions for water security for all. Presented by Atalla - Joan Angom at the SER 2019 World Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa 14 LABOUR INTENSIVE PUBLIC WORKS AND DISASTER RISK FINANCING (LIPW) IMPROVED HOUSEHOLD INCOME SUPPORT PROGRAM (IHISP) Livelihood diversification makes communities in the watershed less dependent dependent upon income generating activities that lead to wetland degradation and loss. Improved Agriculture Productivity and Production RESILIENCE BUILDING Improved Livelihoods Improved Land Productivity Integrated Planning Presented
by Atalla - Joan Angom at the SER 2019 World Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa 15 Nursery beds are established to provide assorted seedlings (Grevillea, Gmelina, Maesopsis eminii, Mahogany, Pine, Teak, Eucalyptus, Avocado, Jackfruit, Grafted oranges etc. These seedlings are bought by the groups undertaking institutional greening and woodlot establishment. There is incooporation of traditional and local knowledge in the projects this Hibiscus spp. Locally known as malakwang is used by some groups as a biological pest control to rid tree seedlings of leaf pests. Agroforestry is now practiced by the communities to shelter crops from damage by strong winds, rain and hailstones as well as to provide crop shade during prolonged dry spells. The trees also improve soil water infiltration in the event of flash floods and their roots stabalise soil structure thereby minimising soil erosion. Presented by Atalla - Joan Angom at the SER 2019 World Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa 16
Presented by Atalla - Joan Angom at the SER 2019 World Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa 17 Institutional greening Presented by Atalla - Joan Angom at the SER 2019 World Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa 18 Presented by Atalla - Joan Angom at the SER 2019 World Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa 19 The fish ponds yield fish that are a cheap source of animal protein for the community and a source of income for the fish farming group. Presented by Atalla - Joan Angom at the SER 2019 World Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa 20 Presented by Atalla - Joan Angom at the SER 2019 World Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa 21 In Owameri damn where cage fish farming is being practiced, a marked improvement has been realised in terms of water quality: This is because the surrounding community no longer cultivate up to the waters edge or practice bush burning on account of the project’s presence there – essentially a trade-off has been made;
natural vegetation has been left to regrow and acts as a buffer to minimise soil erosion and siltation of the damn. On proper feeding rate plus good feeds it takes 6-8 months for the fish to reach maturity, harvesting is once a year and a fish of 500grams goes for 7,000 Uganda shillings, approximately 2 US dollors multiply that by the total yield. . Presented by Atalla - Joan Angom at the SER 2019 World Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa 22 Presented by Atalla - Joan Angom at the SER 2019 World Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa 23 Spring protection ensures that clean water filtered through the wetland system is available for the community to fetch in a descent, clean environment and is not contaminated by runoff. Presented by Atalla - Joan Angom at the SER 2019 World Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa 24 Presented by Atalla - Joan Angom at the SER 2019 World Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa 25 Presented by Atalla - Joan Angom at the SER 2019 World
Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa 26 Community access roads damaged by flood waters are rehabilitated and fitted with culverts that allow safe passage of water. This fallen tree formerly served as the only bridge / point of crossing between Telela village in Omoro Subcounty and Obangangeo village in Amugu subcounty, but now a bridge has been constructed by the community and there is no longer loss of life when community members (particularly the vulnerable groups like the disabled, elderly and young children) cross from one village to the other, even when flash floods have occurred, befor the construction of the bridge it had taken many lives. Now children can cross safely to go to school and farmers can transport their crops safely for sale in the markets. Presented by Atalla - Joan Angom at the SER 2019 World Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa 27 Presented by Atalla - Joan Angom at the SER 2019 World Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa 28 The construction of
market sheds provides a place for the sale of agricultural produce to improve livelihood, Income is also generated as its a LIPW. Under the project for ox-traction and crop production, hybrid seedlings which are drought tolerant, fast maturing, and more resistant to pests and diseases are provided for planting. Presented by Atalla - Joan Angom at the SER 2019 World Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa 29 Presented by Atalla - Joan Angom at the SER 2019 World Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa 30 Environmental and social safeguards are observed through the development of Environmental and Social Management Plans for all the projects in order to prevent water pollution, poor water management, land degradation, the over-exploitation of natural resources, inequity and social exclusions, and as well to ensure gender equality and occupational health and safety. Presented by Atalla - Joan Angom at the SER 2019 World Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa 31 Over
exploitation Poor waste management Occupational health and safety ENVIRONMENTAL & Gender equality Water pollution Inequity Social exclusions SOCIAL Land degradation SAFEGUARDS Presented by Atalla - Joan Angom at the SER 2019 World Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa 32 A Vibrant watershed can can be the social and economic backbone of a community given that its exploitation doesn’t mar its ability to perform ecosystem functions and be self sustaining. Presented by Atalla - Joan Angom at the SER 2019 World Conferance in Cape Town, South Africa 33
Just like you draw up a plan when you’re going to war, building a house, or even going on vacation, you need to draw up a plan for your business. This tutorial will help you to clearly see where you are and make it possible to understand where you’re going.
