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Source: http://www.doksinet U.S Fish & Wildlife Service 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation Bait U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 1 Source: http://www.doksinet FHW/11-NAT (RV) Revised February 2014 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation Bait U.S Department of the Interior Sally Jewell, Secretary U.S Department of Commerce Penny Pritzker, Secretary U.S Fish and Wildlife Service Dan Ashe, Director Economics and Statistics Administration Mark Doms, Under Secretary for Economic Affairs U.S CENSUS BUREAU John H. Thompson, Director Source: http://www.doksinet Economics and Statistics Administration Mark Doms, Under Secretary for Economic Affairs U.S CENSUS BUREAU John H. Thompson, Director U.S Department of the Interior Sally Jewell, Secretary U.S Fish and Wildlife Service Dan Ashe, Director

Wildlife and Sport Fish Restoration Hannibal Bolton, Assistant Director The U.S Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nation’s natural resources and cultural heritage; provides scientific and other information about those resources; and honors its trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians, Alaska Natives, and affiliated Island Communities. The mission of the Department’s U.S Fish and Wildlife Service is working with others to conserve, protect, and enhance fish, wildlife, and their habitats for the continuing benefit of the American people. The Service is responsible for national programs of vital importance to our natural resources, including administration of the Wildlife and Sport Fish Restoration Programs. These two programs provide financial assistance to the States for projects to enhance and protect fish and wildlife resources and to assure their availability to the public for recreational purposes. Multistate grants from these programs

fund the National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation. Suggested Citation U.S Department of the Interior, US Fish and Wildlife Service, and US Department of Commerce, U.S Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation Source: http://www.doksinet Contents List of Tables. iv Foreword. vi Survey Background and Method . vii Highlights Introduction. 2 Summary. 4 Fishing. 7 Hunting.

21 Wildlife Watching. 35 Tables Guide to Statistical Tables. 56 Fishing and Hunting Tables . 57 Wildlife-Watching Tables. 85 State Tables. 94 Appendixes A. Definitions 116 B. 2010 Participation of 6- to 15-Year-Olds and Historical Participation of Sportspersons: Data From Screening Interviews. 120 C. Significant Methodological Changes From Previous Surveys and

Regional Trends 132 D. Sample Design and Statistical Accuracy 144 U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation iii Source: http://www.doksinet List of Tables Fishing and Hunting 1. Anglers and Hunters 16 Years Old and Older, Days of Participation, and Trips by Type of Fishing and Hunting: 2011 . 2. Anglers, Trips, and Days of Fishing by Type of Fishing: 2011 3. Freshwater Anglers and Days of Fishing by Type of Fish: 2011 4. Great Lakes Anglers and Days of Fishing by Type of Fish: 2011 5. Saltwater Anglers and Days of Fishing by Type of Fish: 2011 6. Hunters, Trips, and

Days of Hunting by Type of Hunting: 2011 7. Hunters and Days of Hunting by Type of Game: 2011 8. Selected Characteristics of Anglers and Hunters: 2011 9. Selected Characteristics of Anglers by Type of Fishing: 2011 10. Selected Characteristics of Hunters by Type of Hunting: 2011 11. Summary of Expenditures for Fishing and Hunting: 2011 12. Expenditures for Fishing: 2011 13. Trip and Equipment Expenditures for Freshwater Fishing: 2011 14. Trip and Equipment Expenditures for Freshwater Fishing, Except Great Lakes: 2011 15. Trip and Equipment Expenditures for Great Lakes Fishing: 2011

16. Trip and Equipment Expenditures for Saltwater Fishing: 2011 17. Expenditures for Hunting: 2011 18. Trip and Equipment Expenditures for Big Game Hunting: 2011 19. Trip and Equipment Expenditures for Small Game Hunting: 2011 20. Trip and Equipment Expenditures for Migratory Bird Hunting: 2011 21. Trip and Equipment Expenditures for Hunting Other Animals: 2011 22. Special Equipment Expenditures for Fishing and Hunting: 2011 23. Anglers and Hunters Who Purchased Licenses or Were Exempt: 2011 24. Selected Characteristics of Anglers and Hunters Who Purchased Licenses: 2011 25. Freshwater Anglers and

Days of Fishing by Type of Water: 2011 26. Great Lakes Anglers and Days of Fishing by Great Lake: 2011 27. Hunters and Days of Hunting on Public and Private Land by Type of Hunting: 2011 28. Hunters and Days of Hunting on Public Land by Selected Characteristic: 2011 29. Hunters and Days of Hunting on Private Land by Selected Characteristic: 2011 30. Anglers Fishing From Boats and Days of Participation by Type of Fishing: 2011 31. Participation in Ice Fishing and Fly-Fishing: 2011 32. Hunters Using Bows and Arrows, Muzzleloaders, or Other Firearms: 2011 33. Hunters Preparing for Hunting by Target Shooting: 2011 34. Land Owned or Leased for the Primary Purpose of Fishing

or Hunting: 2011 iv 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 57 57 58 58 59 59 60 61 63 65 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 78 79 80 80 80 81 82 83 83 83 84 84 U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet Wildlife Watching 35. Wildlife-Watching Participants by Type of Activity: 2011 36. Participants, Area Visited, Trips, and Days of Participation in Wildlife Watching Away From Home: 2011 37. Participation in Wildlife-Watching Activities Around the Home: 2011 38. Away-From-Home Wildlife Watchers by Wildlife Observed, Photographed, or Fed and Place: 2011 39. Wild Bird Observers and Days of Observation: 2011 40. Expenditures for Wildlife Watching: 2011 41. Selected

Characteristics of Participants in Wildlife-Watching Activities Away From Home: 2011 42. Selected Characteristics of Participants in Wildlife-Watching Activities Around the Home: 2011 43. Land Owned or Leased for the Primary Purpose of Wildlife Watching: 2011 44. Participation of Wildlife-Watching Participants in Fishing and Hunting: 2011 45. Participation of Sportspersons in Wildlife-Watching Activities: 2011 85 85 86 87 87 88 89 91 93 93 93 State Wildlife-Related Recreation 46. Participation in Wildlife-Related Recreation by State Residents Both Inside and Outside Their Resident State: 2011. 47. Participation in Wildlife-Related Recreation in Each State by Both Residents and Nonresidents of the State: 2011 . 48. Expenditures

for Wildlife-Related Recreation by State Where Spending Took Place: 2011 49. Expenditures for Wildlife-Related Recreation in the United States by State Residents Both Inside and Outside Their Resident State: 2011. 50. Anglers and Hunters by Sportsperson’s State of Residence: 2011 51. Anglers and Hunters by State Where Fishing or Hunting Took Place: 2011 52. Hunters by Type of Hunting and State Where Hunting Took Place: 2011 53. Days of Hunting by State Where Hunting Took Place and Hunter’s State of Residence: 2011 54. Days of Hunting by Type of Hunting and State Where Hunting Took Place: 2011 55. Expenditures for Hunting by State Where Spending Took Place: 2011 56. Freshwater (Except Great Lakes) Anglers

and Days of Fishing by State Where Fishing Took Place: 2011. 57. Great Lakes Anglers and Days of Great Lakes Fishing by State Where Fishing Took Place: 2011 58. Saltwater Anglers and Days of Saltwater Fishing by State Where Fishing Took Place: 2011 59. Days of Fishing by State Where Fishing Took Place and Angler’s State of Residence: 2011 60. Expenditures for Fishing by State Where Spending Took Place: 2011 61. Participation in Wildlife-Watching Activities by State Residents Both Inside and Outside Their Resident State: 2011. 62. Participation in Wildlife-Watching Activities by State Where Activity Took Place: 2011 63. Participation in Away-From-Home Wildlife Watching by State Where Activity Took Place: 2011 64. Days of

Wildlife Watching Away From Home by State Where Activity Took Place and Participant’s State of Residence: 2011. 65. Expenditures for Wildlife-Watching Activities by State Where Spending Took Place: 2011 U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 94 95 96 98 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation v Source: http://www.doksinet Foreword When I was growing up, it was taken as a matter of faith that kids belonged outside. I grew up with 4 brothers, and during those long, hot Atlanta summers, it was common for our mom to holler, “You boys get outside, and don’t come back ‘til it’s dark.” It never occurred to me or my brothers to do anything else in our spare time but explore the world around us. The truth is, we had little else to do. But those experiences – waking up on frosty

mornings and starting the campfire, scanning trees for a shot at a scampering gray squirrel in the dawn light, scouring creek beds for crawdads and other fishing bait, or simply of the fun we had tramping through the forest – shaped who I am, and drew me to a career in conservation. That’s why I’m excited by this 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation. This report, the 12th in a series that began in 1955, documents a significant resurgence in the number of people embracing America’s Great Outdoors. Hunting participation has increased by 9 percent, while angling participation grew by 11 percent. Nearly 38 percent of Americans participated in wildliferelated recreation, an increase of 2.6 million participants from the 2006 Survey. In addition, wildlife-related recreation is a major driver of the nation’s economy. The 2011 Survey estimates that Americans spent $145 billion on related gear, trips, licenses, land acquisition or leases, and

other purchases, representing about one percent of the nation’s gross domestic product. This spending creates thousands of jobs, supports countless local communities and provides vital funding for conservation. This year marks the 75th anniversary of the Wildlife and Sport Fish Restoration Program, a cornerstone of wildlife conservation in the United States. Through excise taxes on firearms, ammunition, archery and angling equipment, the U.S Fish and Wildlife Service has distributed over $14 billion for State and territorial wildlife conservation programs. This report would not have been possible without the combined efforts of state wildlife agencies – which provided financial support through the Multi-State Conservation Grant Programs – the Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies and a number of major national conservation organizations. We also owe our gratitude to the thousands of survey respondents from households across America. Because of you, this Survey is the

nation’s definitive wildlife-related recreation database and information source concerning participation and purchases associated with hunting, fishing and other forms of wildlife-associated recreation nationwide. The Fish and Wildlife Service is dedicated to connecting people and families with nature. We are proud to celebrate the good news in this report, and we look forward to continuing progress as we work with the States, and all our partners and the public to help keep recreational fishing, hunting, and wildlife watching growing and going strong. Dan Ashe Director, U.S Fish and Wildlife Service vi 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet Survey Background and Method The National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation (Survey) has been conducted since 1955 and is one of the oldest and most comprehensive continuing recreation surveys.

The Survey collects information on the number of anglers, hunters, and wildlife watchers, how often they participate, and how much they spend on their activities in the United States. Preparations for the 2011 Survey began in 2008 when the Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (AFWA) asked the Fish and Wildlife Service to coordinate the twelfth National Survey of wildlife-related recreation. Funding came from the Multistate Conservation Grant Programs, authorized by Wildlife and Sport Fish Restoration Acts, as amended. Four regional technical committees were set up under the auspices of AFWA to ensure that State fish and wildlife agencies had an opportunity to participate in all phases of survey planning and design. The committees were made up of agency representatives. We consulted with State and Federal agencies and nongovernmental organizations such as the American Sportfishing Association and National Shooting Sports Foundation to determine survey content. Other

sportspersons’ organizations and conservation groups, industry representatives, and researchers also provided valuable advice. Data collection for the Survey was carried out in two phases by the U.S Census Bureau The first phase was the screen which began in April 2011. During the screening phase, the Census Bureau interviewed a sample of 48,600 households nationwide, to determine who in the household had fished, hunted, or wildlife watched in 2010, and who had engaged or planned to engage in those activities in 2011. In most cases, one adult household member provided information for all members. The screen primarily covered 2010 activities while the next, more in-depth phase covered 2011 activities. For more information on the 2010 data, refer to Appendix B. The second phase of data collection consisted of three detailed interview waves. The first wave began in April 2011 concurrent with the screen, the second in September 2011, and the last in January 2012. Interviews were

conducted with samples of likely anglers, hunters, and wildlife watchers who were identified in the initial screening phase. Interviews were conducted primarily by telephone, with in-person interviews for respondents who could not be reached by phone. Respondents in the second survey phase were limited to those who were U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau at least 16 years old. Each respondent provided information pertaining only to his or her activities and expenditures. Sample sizes were designed to provide statistically reliable results at the state level. Altogether, interviews were completed for 11,330 anglers and hunters and 9,329 wildlife watchers. More detailed information on sampling procedures and response rates is found in Appendix D. Comparability With Previous Surveys The 2011 Survey’s questions and methodology were similar to those used in the 2006, 2001, 1996, and 1991 Surveys. Therefore, the estimates are comparable. The methodology for these Surveys

differs significantly from the 1955 to 1985 Surveys, so these estimates are not directly comparable to those of earlier surveys. Changes in methodology included reducing the recall period over which respondents had to report their activities and expenditures. Previous Surveys used a 12-month recall period which resulted in greater reporting bias. Research found that the amount of activity and expenditures reported in 12-month recall surveys was overestimated in comparison with that reported using shorter recall periods. 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation vii Source: http://www.doksinet Source: http://www.doksinet Highlights Source: http://www.doksinet Introduction The National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation reports results from interviews with U.S residents about their fishing, hunting, and wildlife watching. This report focuses on 2011 participation and expenditures of persons 16 years of age and

older. However, in addition to 2011 numbers, we also provide trend information in the Highlights sections and Appendix C of the report. The 2011 numbers reported can be compared with those in the 1991, 1996, 2001, and 2006 Survey reports because they used similar methodologies. However, the 2011 estimates should not be directly compared with results from Surveys conducted earlier than 1991 because of changes in methodology to improve accuracy. Fishing and Hunting Anglers This Survey reports information about residents of the United States who fished or hunted in 2011, regardless of whether they were licensed. The fishing and hunting sections report information for three groups: (1) sportspersons, (2) anglers, and (3) hunters. Anglers are sportspersons who only fished plus those who fished and hunted. Anglers include not only licensed hook and line anglers, but also those who have no license and those who use special methods such as fishing with spears. Three types of fishing are

reported: (1) freshwater, excluding the Great Lakes, (2) Great Lakes, and (3) saltwater. Since many anglers participated in more than one type of fishing, the total number of anglers is less than the sum of the three types of fishing. Sportspersons Sportspersons are those who fished or hunted. Individuals who fished or hunted commercially in 2011 are reported as sportspersons only if they also fished or hunted for recreation. The sportspersons group is composed of the three subgroups shown in the diagram below: (1) those that fished and hunted, (2) those that only fished, and (3) those that only hunted. The report also provides information on participation in wildlife-related recreation in 2010, particularly of persons 6 to 15 years of age. The 2010 information is provided in Appendix B. Information about the scope and coverage of the 2011 Survey can be found in Appendix D. The remainder of this section defines important terms used in the Survey. The total number of sportspersons is

equal to the sum of people who only fished, only hunted, and both hunted and fished. It is not the sum of all anglers and all hunters because those people who both fished and hunted are included in both the angler and hunter population and would be incorrectly counted twice. Wildlife-Related Recreation Sportspersons Wildlife-related recreation is fishing, hunting, and wildlife-watching activities. These categories are not mutually exclusive because many individuals participated in more than one activity. Wildlife-related recreation is reported in two major categories: (1) fishing and hunting, and (2) wildlife watching, which includes observing, photographing, and feeding fish or wildlife. Anglers Hunters Hunters Hunters are sportspersons who only hunted plus those who hunted and fished. Hunters include not only licensed hunters using rifles and shotguns, but also those who have no license and those who engage in hunting with archery equipment, muzzleloaders, other primitive

firearms, or pistols or handguns. Four types of hunting are reported: (1) big game, (2) small game, (3) migratory bird, and (4) other animals. Since many hunters participated in more than one type of hunting, the sum of hunters for big game, small game, migratory bird, and other animals exceeds the total number of hunters. Wildlife Watchers Fished only Fished and hunted 2 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation Hunted only Since 1980, the National Survey has included information on wildlifewatching activities in addition to fishing and hunting. However, unlike the 1980 and 1985 Surveys, the National Surveys since 1991 have collected data only for those activities where the primary purpose was wildlife U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet watching (observing, photographing, or feeding wildlife). The 2011 Survey uses a strict definition of wildlife watching. Participants must either take a “special

interest” in wildlife around their homes or take a trip for the “primary purpose” of wildlife watching. Secondary wildlife watching, such as incidentally observing wildlife while pleasure driving, is not included. Two types of wildlife-watching activity are reported: (1) away-from-home (formerly nonresidential) activities and (2) around-the-home (formerly residential) activities. Because some people participated in more than one type of wildlife watching, the sum of participants in each type will be greater than the total number of wildlife watchers. Only those engaged in activities whose primary purpose was wildlife watching are included in the Survey. The two types of wildlife-watching activity are defined below. Away-From-Home This group includes persons who took trips or outings of at least 1 mile from home for the primary purpose of observing, feeding, or photographing fish and wildlife. Trips to fish or hunt or scout and trips to zoos, circuses, aquariums, and museums are

not considered wildlife-watching activities. graphing wildlife; (3) feeding birds or other wildlife; (4) maintaining natural areas of at least 1/4 acre where benefit to wildlife is the primary concern; (5) maintaining plantings (shrubs, agricultural crops, etc.) where benefit to wildlife is the primary concern; or (6) visiting parks and natural areas within 1 mile of home for the primary purpose of observing, feeding, or photographing wildlife. Around-The-Home This group includes those who participated within 1 mile of home and involves one or more of the following: (1) closely observing or trying to identify birds or other wildlife; (2) photo- U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 3 Source: http://www.doksinet Summary The 2011 Survey revealed that over 90 million U.S residents 16 years old and older participated in wildliferelated recreation. During that year, 33.1 million people fished,

137 million hunted, and 71.8 million participated in at least one type of wildlife-watching activity including observing, feeding, or photographing fish and other wildlife in the United States. The focus of the National Survey is to estimate participation and expenditures of persons 16 years old and older in a single year. These estimates are based on data collected in the detailed phase of the 2011 Survey. They are comparable to the estimates of the 1991, 1996, 2001, and 2006 Surveys but not to earlier Surveys because of changes in methodology. A complete explanation is in Appendix C While the focus of the Survey is to estimate wildlife-related recreationists 16 years and older and their associated expenditures in a single year, information collected in the Survey screen can be used to estimate the number of anglers and hunters who were active over a five-year window of time. Because many do not participate every year, the following estimates may be more representative of the number

of individuals considered to be anglers and hunters in the United States: 49.5 million individuals fished and 19.7 million hunted over the five-year period from 2007 to 2011. The Survey screen also provides some information about 6- to 15-year olds’ participation which was calculated by using data from the Survey screen. Assuming their proportions of participation were the same in 2011 as in 2010, the following estimates were calculated: Of the 6- to 15-year-olds in the U.S, 18 million hunted, 85 million fished, and 11.7 million wildlife watched in 2011. More information about this age group is provided in Appendix B. For the rest of this report all information pertains to participants 16 years old and older, unless otherwise indicated. There was a considerable overlap in activities among anglers, hunters, and wildlife watchers. In 2011, 69 percent of hunters also fished, and 28 percent of anglers hunted. In addition, 51 percent of anglers and 57 percent of hunters wildlife watched,

while 29 percent of all wildlife watchers reported hunting and/or fishing during the year. Wildlife recreationists’ avidity also is reflected in the $144.7 billion they spent in 2011 on their activities, which equated to 1 percent of the Gross Domestic Product. Of the total amount spent, $49.5 billion was trip-related, $70.4 billion was spent on equipment, and $25.1 billion was spent on other items such as licenses and land leasing and ownership. Sportspersons spent a total of $89.8 billion in 2011$41.8 billion on fishing, $33.7 billion on hunting, and $14.3 billion on items used for both hunting and fishing. Wildlife watchers spent $54.9 billion on their activities around the home and on trips away from home. Total Wildlife-Related Recreation Participants. Expenditures . 90.1 million $144.7 billion Sportspersons Total participants* . Anglers. Hunters. 37.4 million 33.1

million 13.7 million Total days . Fishing . Hunting . 836 million 554 million 282 million Total expenditures . Fishing . Hunting . Unspecified . $89.8 billion 41.8 billion 33.7 billion 14.3 billion Wildlife-watchers Total participants* . Around the home . Away from home . 71.8 million 68.6 million 22.5 million Total expenditures . $54.9 billion * 9.4 million both fished and hunted * 19.3 million wildlife watched both around the home and away from home. 4 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet Expenditures for Wildlife-Related Recreation (Total expenditures: $144.7 billion) Fishing 29% $41.8 billion Unspecified 10% $14.3 billion Equipment

49% $70.4 billion Trip-related 34% $49.5 billion Wildlife watching 38% $54.9 billion Hunting 23% $33.7 billion Other 17% $24.8 billion Expenditures by Sportspersons Expenditures by Wildlife-Watching Participants (Total expenditures: $89.8 billion) (Total expenditures: $54.9 billion) Other 16% $14.3 billion Equipment 48% $43.2 billion Equipment 49% $27.2 billion Trip-related 36% $32.2 billion Other 19% $10.5 billion Trip-related 31% $17.3 billion Fishing and Hunting Wildlife-Watching Recreation 2006 and 2011 Comparison In 2011, 37.4 million US residents 16 years old and older went fishing and/or hunting. This includes 331 million who fished and 13.7 million who hunted 9.4 million both fished and hunted Observing, feeding, or photographing wildlife was enjoyed by 71.8 million people 16 years old and older in 2011. Of this group, 22.5 million people took trips away from home for the purpose of enjoying wildlife, while 68.6 million stayed within a mile of home to

participate in wildlife-watching activities. A five-year comparison of estimates from 2006 to 2011 shows a 3 percent increase in the total number of people, 16 years of age and older, participating in wildlife recreation activities in the United States. The increase was primarily among those who fished and hunted. In 2011, wildlife watchers spent $54.9 billion. Trip-related expenses, including food, lodging, and transportation, totaled $17.3 billion, 31 percent of all expenditures. A total of $272 billion was spent on equipment, 49 percent of all wildlife-watching expenses. The remaining $10.5 billion, 19 percent of the total, was spent on magazines, membership dues and contributions made to conservation or wildliferelated organizations, land leasing and owning, and plantings. Sportspersons rose from 33.9 million in 2006 to 37.4 million in 2011, and expenditures rose from $85.5 billion (in 2011 dollars) in 2006 to $89.8 billion in 2011. In 2011, expenditures by sportspersons

totaled $89.8 billion Trip-related expenditures, including those for food, lodging, and transportation, were $32.2 billion36 percent of all fishing and hunting expenditures. Total equipment expenditures amounted to $43.2 billion, 48 percent of the total. Other expendituresmagazines, membership dues, contributions, land leasing and ownership, and licenses, stamps, tags, and permitsaccounted for $14.3 billion, or 16 percent of all sportspersons’ expenditures. U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau In 2011, 33.1 million fished and 137 million hunted compared with 30.0 million who fished and 12.5 million who hunted in 2006. Although overall expenditures on fishing declined, expenditures for fishing equipment and trips were stable in 2011 compared to 2006. Expenditures for hunting 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 5 Source: http://www.doksinet equipment (firearms, ammunition, archery equipment, etc.) increased by 17 percent and

for trips by 40 percent. The increase in sportspersons’ expenditures was largely due to trip-related expenses, which went up 18 percent. Equipment expenditures went down 5 percent. From 2006 to 2011 the number of wildlife watchers and their expenditures did not change significantly. 2006–2011 Wildlife-Associated Recreation Comparison of Participants (Numbers in thousands) 2006 Number Percent 2011 Number Percent Total wildlife-related recreationists . 87,465 100 90,108 100 Total sportspersons . Anglers . Hunters. 33,916 29,952 12,510 39 34 14 37,397 33,112 13,674 42 37 15 Total wildlife-watching participants. Around the home . Away from home . 71,132 67,756 22,977 81 77 26 71,776 68,598 22,496 80 76 25 2006–2011 Wildlife-Associated Recreation Comparison of Expenditures (Numbers in billions of 2011

dollars) 2006 Number Percent 2011 Number Percent Total, wildlife-related recreation expenditures . 136.4 100 144.7 100 Total, fishing and hunting expenditures. 85.5 100 89.8 100 Fishing expenditures, total . Trip-related. Equipment, total. Fishing equipment . Auxiliary equipment. Special equipment . Other . 47.0 19.9 20.9 5.9 0.9 14.1 6.2 100 42 45 13 2 30 13 41.8 21.8 15.5 6.1 1.1 8.3 4.5 100 52 37 15 3 20 11 Hunting expenditures, total. Trip-related. Equipment, total. Hunting equipment . Auxiliary equipment . Special equipment. Other . 25.5 7.5 12.0 6.0 1.5 4.5 6.1 100 29 47 24 6 17 24 33.7 10.4 14.0 7.7 1.8 4.4 9.3

100 31 41 23 5 13 28 Wildlife-watching expenditures, total . Trip-related. Equipment, total. Wildlife-watching equipment . Auxiliary equipment . Special equipment. Other . 50.9 14.4 25.9 11.0 1.2 13.7 10.7 100 28 51 22 2 27 21 54.9 17.3 27.2 11.3 1.6 14.3 10.5 100 31 49 21 3 26 19 6 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet Fishing Source: http://www.doksinet Fishing Highlights In 2011, 33.1 million US residents 16 years old and older enjoyed a variety of fishing opportunities throughout the United States. Anglers fished 554 million days and took 455 million fishing trips. They spent $418 billion in fishing-related expenses during the year. Freshwater anglers numbered 275 million. They fished 456 million

days and took 369 million trips to freshwater in 2011. Freshwater anglers spent $257 billion on freshwater fishing trips and Fishing 554 million 35 Anglers Freshwater Saltwater Million 455 million 30 25 456 20 15 369 Total Fishing Anglers . Freshwater . Saltwater . 5 Total Freshwater Saltwater Anglers 99 86 Days Trips Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. 8 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 33.1 million 27.5 million 8.9 million Days . 5538 million Freshwater . 4559 million Saltwater . 99.5 million Trips. 4550 million Freshwater . 3688 million Saltwater . 86.2 million Expenditures. Freshwater* . Saltwater* . Nonspecific . 10 0 equipment. Saltwater fishing attracted 8.9 million anglers who enjoyed 86 million trips on 99 million days. They spent $10.3 billion on their trips and equipment. $41.8 billion 25.7

billion 10.3 billion 5.8 billion * Only includes trip-related and equipment expenditures. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. Source: Tables 1, 12, 13, and 16. U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet Fishing Expenditures Anglers spent $41.8 billion in 2011 including $21.8 billion on travel-related items52 percent of all fishing expenditures. Food and lodging accounted for $7.7 billion, 35 percent of all triprelated costs Spending on transportation totaled $63 billion, 29 percent of trip-related expenditures. Other trip expenditures such as land use fees, guide fees, equipment rental, boating expenses, and bait cost anglers $7.8 billion36 percent of all trip expenses. Fishing equipment expenditures totaled $15.5 billion, 37 percent of all fishing expenditures. Anglers spent $6.1 billion on fishing equipment such as rods, reels, tackle boxes, depth finders, and artificial lures and flies. This

amounted to 40 percent of all equipment expenditures. Auxiliary equipment expenditures, which include camping equipment, binoculars, and special fishing clothing, totaled $1.1 billion7 percent of equipment costs. Expenditures for special equipment such as boats, vans, and cabins were $8.3 billion53 percent of all equipment costs Anglers also spent a considerable amount on other fishing-related items, such as land leasing and ownership, membership dues, contributions, licenses, stamps, and permits. Land leasing and ownership spending totaled $3.4 billion, which is 8 percent of all expenditures. Expenditures on magazines, books, DVDs, membership dues and contributions, licenses, stamps, tags, and permits were $1.1 billion Total Fishing Expenditures Total fishing expenditures . $41.8 billion Total trip-related expenditures . Food and lodging . Transportation . Other trip costs

. $21.8 billion 7.7 billion 6.3 billion 7.8 billion Total equipment expenditures . Fishing equipment. Auxiliary equipment . Special equipment . $15.5 billion 6.1 billion 1.1 billion 8.3 billion Total other fishing expenditures . Magazines, books, DVDs . Membership dues and contributions . Land leasing and ownership . Licenses, stamps, tags, and permits . $4.5 billion 0.1 billion 0.3 billion 3.4 billion 0.6 billion Source: Table 12. Fishing Expenditures by Type of Fishing (Total expenditures: $41.8 billion) Nonspecific 14% $5.8 billion Freshwater* 61% $25.7 billion Saltwater* 25% $10.3 billion * Only includes trip-related and equipment expenditures. Percent of Total Fishing Expenditures (Total expenditures: $41.8 billion) Other 11%

Trip-related 52% Equipment 37% U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 9 Source: http://www.doksinet Freshwater Fishing Highlights Freshwater Fishing Anglers . Freshwater except Great Lakes . Great Lakes . 27.5 million 27.1 million 1.7 million Days . Freshwater except Great Lakes . Great Lakes . 455.9 million 443.2 million 19.7 million Trips. Freshwater except Great Lakes . Great Lakes . 368.8 million 353.6 million 15.2 million Trip and equipment expenditures . Freshwater except Great Lakes . Great Lakes .

$25.7 billion 23.8 billion 1.9 billion Freshwater fishing was the most popular type of fishing. In 2011, 275 million Americans fished 456 million days and took 369 million trips. Their expenditures for trips and equipment totaled $25.7 billion for the year Freshwater fishing can be separated into Great Lakes and freshwater other than the Great Lakes. There were 27.1 million anglers who fished for 443 million days on 354 million trips to freshwater other than the Great Lakes. Trip and equipment expenditures for non-Great Lakes freshwater fishing totaled $23.8 billion for an average of $879 per angler for the year. Food and lodging comprised $5.0 billion, 37 percent of total expenditures Transportation costs were $45 billion or 33 percent of trip costs. Other trip expenses, which include guide fees, equipment rental, and bait were $4.0 billion for 30 percent. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple response and nonresponse. Source: Tables 1, 13, 14, and 15. Freshwater

Fishing Trip and Equipment Expenditures (Total expenditures: $25.7 billion) Great Lakes 7% $1.9 billion Freshwater except Great Lakes 93% $23.8 billion Days Freshwater Fishing 30 (Total: 455.9 million) Million Both 7.0 million Great Lakes 19.7 million 25 20 Freshwater except Great Lakes 443.2 million 15 10 Trips (Total: 368.8 million) Great Lakes 15.2 million 5 0 Total Freshwater except Great Lakes Great Lakes Freshwater except Great Lakes 353.6 million Freshwater anglers Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. 10 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet Freshwater Fishing Expenditures Anglers spent over $10.4 billion on equipment for non-Great Lakes freshwater fishing. Expenditures for fishing equipment, such as rods and reels, tackle boxes, depth finders, and artificial lures and flies, totaled $4.0 billion

Expenditures for auxiliary equipment such as binoculars and camping equipment were $560 million. Expenditures for special equipment such as boats, vans, and cabins accounted for $5.9 billion. There were 1.7 million people who fished almost 20 million days on 15 million trips to the Great Lakes in 2011. Their Great Lakes-related expenditures totaled $1.9 billion for an average of $1,121 per angler for the year. Trip- related expenditures totaled $1.1 billion. Of these expenditures, $374 million was spent on food and lodging, 34 percent of trip costs; $252 million was spent on transportation, 23 percent of trip costs; and $465 million, or 43 percent, was spent on other items such as guide fees, equipment rental, and bait. Equipment expenditures totaled $777 million. Of this $777 million, $223 million was for fishing equipment (rods, reels, etc.), $83 million was for auxiliary equipment (camping equipment, binoculars, etc.) and $471 million was for special equipment (boats, vans, etc.)

Saltwater Fishing Highlights In 2011, 8.9 million anglers enjoyed saltwater fishing on 86 million trips Saltwater Fishing Anglers. 8.9 million Days . 995 million Trips . 862 million Trips and equipment expenditures . $103 billion totaling 99 million days. Overall, they spent $10.3 billion during the year on trips and equipment. Of their expenditures, trip-related costs garnered the largest portion, $7.3 billion Food and lodging cost $2.4 billion, 32 percent of trip expenditures; transportation costs totaled $1.5 billion, 21 percent of trip costs; and other trip costs such as equipment rental, bait, and guide fees were $3.4 billion Anglers spent a total of $2.9 billion on equipment for saltwater fishing. Of the $2.9 million, $14 billion was for fishing equipment (rods, reels, etc.), $217 million for auxiliary equipment (camping equipment, binoculars, etc.), and $1.3 billion for special equipment (boats, vans, etc.) Comparative Trip and Equipment

Expenditures Total expenses Trip-related Equipment $23.8 billion Source: Tables 1 and 16. 58% 71% 56% $10.3 billion 42% 29% 44% $1.9 billion Great Lakes U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Saltwater Freshwater except Great Lakes Great Lakes Saltwater Freshwater except Great Lakes 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 11 Source: http://www.doksinet Comparative Fishing Highlights Comparative Fishing by Type of Fishing 17 16 Days per angler In 2011, anglers spent an average of 17 days fishing and took an average of 14 fishing trips. Freshwater, non-Great Lakes anglers averaged 16 days fishing and 13 trips while Great Lakes anglers averaged 12 days fishing and 9 trips. Saltwater anglers fished fewer days on average, 11, and averaged 10 trips. All fishing Freshwater except Great Lakes Great Lakes Saltwater 12 11 14 13 Trips per angler 9 10 $658 $494 Trip expenditures per angler $655 $824 $39 Trip

expenditures per day Fishing for Selected Fish $30 $55 $74 Selected Fish by Type of Fishing (In millions) Type of fishing Overall, anglers spent an average of $1,262 on fishing-related expenses in 2011. They averaged $658 per angler for their trip-related costs, a daily average of $39. Freshwater anglers, excluding the Great Lakes, averaged $494 per participant for their trips in 2011, equaling $30 per day. Great Lakes anglers spent an average of $655 on trip-related expenses, $55 per day. Saltwater anglers experienced the highest average expenditure amount at $824, an average of $74 per day. Anglers Days Freshwater except Great Lakes, total . Black bass . Panfish . Trout. Catfish/bullhead . Crappie. White bass, striped bass, and striped bass hybrids. 27.1

10.6 7.3 7.2 7.0 6.1 4.4 443 171 97 76 96 102 61 Great Lakes, total. Walleye, sauger . Black bass . Perch . Salmon . Northern pike, pickerel, muskie, muskie hybrids . Lake trout . 1.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.4 *0.2 *0.2 20 6 5 6 5 *2 *4 Saltwater, total . Striped bass . Flatfish (flounder, halibut) . Red drum (redfish). Sea trout (weakfish) . Bluefish . Salmon . 8.9 2.1 2.0 1.5 1.1 1.0 0.7 99 18 22 21 15 10 4 * Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29. Source: Tables 3, 4, and 5. 12 2011 National Survey of Fishing,

Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation The most popular fish species among the 27.1 million anglers who fished freshwater, other than the Great Lakes, was black bass. More than 106 million participants spent 171 million days fishing for black bass. Panfish were sought by 7.3 million anglers on 97 million days. Trout fishing attracted 7.2 million anglers on 76 million days Catfish and bullheads drew 7.0 million anglers on 96 million days. Over 61 million anglers fished for crappie on 102 million days. Nearly 44 million anglers fished for white bass and striped bass on 61 million days. Freshwater anglers also commonly fished for walleye, northern pike, sauger, salmon, and steelhead. In 2011, 1.7 million anglers fished the Great Lakes. Walleye and sauger, the most commonly sought fish for these waters, attracted 584 thousand anglers, fishing nearly 6 million days. Black bass attracted 559 thousand anglers who fished for them 5 million days. Perch, another popular fish, was fished

for by 497 thousand anglers for 6 million days. Salmon drew 379 thousand anglers for almost 3 million days of fishing. Great Lakes anglers also commonly fished for northern U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet pike, pickerel, and muskie, as well as steelhead and lake trout. Among the nearly 8.9 million saltwater anglers, 21 million fished for striped bass for 18 million days. Two million anglers fished for flatfish, which includes flounder and halibut, on 22 million days. Also popular were red drum (redfish) and sea trout (weakfish) with 1.5 million and 11 million anglers who fished for 21 million and 15 million days, respectively. Other prominent saltwater species sought were mackerel with 650 thousand anglers, tuna with 564 thousand anglers, and mahi mahi (dolphinfish) with 538 thousand anglers. Fishing Participation (National participation rate: 14 percent) AK Mountain 15% WA MT Pacific 9% East North Central 16% ND ID WY NV ME

UT CO MA NY MI IA PA IL WV VA KY CT NJ RI DE MD DC Middle Atlantic 11% NC TN OK NM OH IN MO KS AR SC MS GA AL South Atlantic 13% LA TX HI In 2011, 239 million people 16 years old and older lived in the United States and 1 in 7 of these U.S residents went fishing. While the national participation rate was 14 percent, the regional rates ranged from 9 percent in the Pacific to 23 percent in the West North Central Region. The West North Central, East North Central, East South Central, West South Central, and Mountain Regions all reported participation rates above the national rate. The Middle Atlantic, South Atlantic, New England, and Pacific Regions fell below the national rate. NH VT WI SD NE AZ Participation by Geographic Region New England 12% MN OR CA West North Central 23% FL West South Central 16% East South Central 17% Percent of All Fishing in State of Residence and in Other States (Total: 33.1 million participants) In state of residence

and other states 12% In other states only 9% In state of residence only 79% Fishing in State of Residence and in Other States A large majority of the 33.1 million anglers who fished in 2011 did so within their home state. Approximately 30.0 million participants, 91 percent of all anglers, fished in their resident state. Nearly 7.0 million, 21 percent, fished out-of-state. Percentages do not add to 100 because those anglers who fished both in-state and out-of-state were included in both categories. Of the 27.1 million non-Great Lakes anglers, 92 percent, 24.9 million, fished within their resident state. Over 45 million, 17 percent, of these freshwater anglers fished out-of-state. Ninety-two percent, 1.5 million, of all Great Lakes anglers enjoyed fishing within their home state in 2011. Thirteen percent, 224 thousand, of all Great Lakes anglers fished out-of-state. Of the three different types of fishing, saltwater fishing had both the highest percentage of anglers fishing outside

their resident state, 31 percent, and the lowest percentage fishing within their resident state, 74 percent. Nonresident saltwater anglers numbered 2.8 million and resident anglers 6.6 million U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Fishing in State of Residence and in Other States (In millions) In state Total anglers . 300 Freshwater except Great Lakes . 249 Great Lakes . 15 Saltwater . 66 Out of state 7.0 4.5 0.2 2.8 Source: Table 2. 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 13 Source: http://www.doksinet Types of Freshwater Fished, Excluding Great Lakes Types of Freshwater Fished, Excluding Great Lakes (In millions) Excluding the Great Lakes, 84 percent or 22.8 million of all freshwater anglers fished in reservoirs, lakes, and ponds. 44 percent or 11.9 million fished in rivers and streams. They spent 336 million days fishing in lakes, reservoirs, and ponds and 148 million days fishing in rivers and streams.

Anglers Total freshwater excluding Great Lakes 27.1 Lakes, reservoirs, and ponds 22.8 Rivers and streams 11.9 Great Lakes Anglers Days Total freshwater excluding Great Lakes 443 Lakes, reservoirs, and ponds Rivers and streams 336 148 Great Lakes Fishing Total, all Great Lakes . Lake Erie . Lake Michigan . Lake Huron . Tributaries to the Great Lakes . Lake Superior. Lake Ontario . St. Lawrence Lake St. Clair Anglers (thousands) Percentage of all Great Lakes Anglers 1,665 639 413 *262 *159 *147 *143 100 38 25 *16 *10 *9 *9 Great Lakes fishing includes not only the Great Lakes, but also their tributariesbodies of water that connect the Great Lakes, and the St. Lawrence River south of the bridge at Cornwall. The most popular of the Lakes among anglers was Lake Erie, attracting 38 percent

of all Great Lakes anglers. They averaged 13 days of fishing in Lake Erie during 2011. Lake Michigan ranked second in popularity, hosting 25 percent of Great Lakes anglers with an average of 6 days per angler. Lake Huron attracted 16 percent of Great Lakes anglers for an average of 17 days per angler. Lake Superior drew 9 percent, as did Lake Ontario, of all Great Lakes fishing in 2011. Anglers fished an average of 15 days in Lake Ontario and 10 days in Lake Superior. The tributaries to the lakes drew 10 percent, 159 thousand anglers, who averaged 8 days of fishing there. * Estimate based on a sample of 10–29. Sample size too small to report data reliably. Source: Table 26. 14 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet Sex and Age of Anglers Although more men than women fished in 2011, a substantial number of women, 8.9 million, fished Approximately 21 percent of

all males 16 years old and older went fishing, while 7 percent of all females fished. Of the 33.1 million anglers who fished in the United States, 73 percent, 24.2 million, were male and 27 percent were female. Percent of Males and Females Who Fished in the United States Males Females 7% Percent of Anglers by Sex Of the age categories, 7.4 million anglers were 45 to 54 years old. They composed 22 percent of all anglers and had a participation rate of 16 percent. The 25- to 34-year-old age group accounted for 6.1 million anglers, 19 percent of all anglers. They had 15 percent participation. Six million anglers, 18 percent of all anglers, were 35 to 44 years old. Their participation rate was 15 percent of the US population in that age group. The 59 million 55- to 64-year-olds who fished comprised 18 percent of all anglers and had a participation rate of 15 percent. The 27 million anglers 18 to 24 years old made up 8 percent of the angler population, and had a participation rate of 10

percent. Anglers 75 and older numbered 1.0 million, 3 percent of all anglers, and had a participation rate of 7 percent. The 16- and 17-yearolds added 942 thousand individuals to the angler population. They made up 3 percent of all anglers, and had a 12 percent participation rate. Anglers by Sex and Age 21% Females 27% Males 73% Percent of Anglers by Age 16 and 17 3% 65 and older 12% 18 to 24 8% 55 to 64 18% 25 to 34 19% 45 to 54 22% 35 to 44 18% Percent of U.S Population Who Fished by Age 12% 16 and 17 Total, both sexes . 331 million Male . 242 million Female . 8.9 million 18 to 24 25 to 34 15% Total, all ages . 331 million 16 and 17 . 0.9 million 18 to 24 . 2.7 million 25 to 34 . 6.1 million 35 to 44 . 6.0 million 45 to 54 . 7.4 million 55 to 64 . 5.9 million 65 and older . 4.1 million 35 to 44 15% 10% 16% 45 to 54 55 to 64 65 and older 15% 11% Source: Table 9. U.S Fish and Wildlife Service

and US Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 15 Source: http://www.doksinet Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Anglers Percent of Anglers by Residence (Angler population: 33.1 million) While residents of metropolitan statistical areas (MSA)1 had lower participation rates in fishing than non-MSA residents, they still accounted for the majority of anglers. Thirteen percent of all MSA residents fished in 2011, but they composed 89 percent of all anglers. By comparison, non-MSA residents composed 11 percent of all anglers, but their participation rate was almost twice as high at 24 percent. Outside MSA 11% Large MSA 38% Small MSA 29% Medium MSA 21% Percent of U.S Population Who Fished by Residence (Total U.S population that fished: 14 percent) Large MSA (1,000,000 or more) Medium MSA (250,000 to 999,999) 10% 15% Small MSA (50,000 to 249,999) 20% 24% Outside MSA Percent of U.S Population Who Fished by Household Income Less

than $20,000 $20,000 to $24,999 12% 13% $30,000 to $34,999 13% $35,000 to $39,999 13% $40,000 to $49,999 Household Income of Anglers 11% $25,000 to $29,999 16% $50,000 to $74,999 17% 19% $75,000 to $99,999 $100,000 to $149,999 $150,000 or more Larger MSAs had lower participation rates in fishing than smaller MSAs but composed more of the angler population. Large MSAs with populations of 1,000,000 or more had the lowest participation rate at 10 percent, but they made up 38 percent of all anglers. Medium MSAs with a population of 250,000 to 999,999 had a 15 percent participation rate and made up 21 percent of all anglers. Those MSAs with a population from 50,000 to 249,999 had a participation rate of 20 percent and composed 29 percent of all anglers. 17% 16% The participation rate in fishing tended to increase as household income increased. The participation rate is the percent of each income group that fished. The rate of those who reported incomes of $75,000 to $99,999

was the highest at 19 percent. Those with incomes of $50,000 to $74,999 and $100,000 to $149,999 had a slightly lower rate of 17 percent. Generally, the participation rate declined as income decreased with exception of those with incomes of $150,000 or more which had the same participation rate, 16 percent, as those with incomes of $40,000 to $49,999. Those with incomes of $25,000 to $39,999 had a 13 percent participation rate. Those with incomes under $20,000 had the lowest participation rate at 11 percent. See Appendix A for definition of metropolitan statistical area. 1 16 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet The majority of anglers had household incomes of $50,000 or more. Among anglers who reported income, 60 percent were from households with incomes of $50,000 or more and 40 percent were from households with incomes less than $50,000. Percent of Anglers by

Education Education, Race and Ethnicity People of all educational backgrounds had similar participation rates. Those with 11 years of education or less had a participation rate of 12 percent. Those with 12 years of education had a participation rate of 13 percent. Those with 1 to 4 years of college had the highest participation rate at 15 percent. The second highest participation rate, 14 percent, was held by those with 5 years or more of college. 5 years or more of college 12% 11 years or less 11% 4 years of college 19% 12 years 32% 1 to 3 years of college 26% Percent of U.S Population Who Fished by Education 11 years or less 12% 13% 12 years 1 to 3 years of college 15% 4 years of college 15% While the highest participation rate is among those with 1 to 4 years of college, participants with 12 years of education made up the largest share of anglers. Thirty-two percent, 105 million anglers, had 12 years of education. 5 years or more of college 14% Percent of Anglers by

Race Other 5% Asian American 2% African American 7% White 86% Anglers by Education, Race, and Ethnicity (In millions) Total anglers . 33.1 Education 11 years or less. 12 years . 1 to 3 years of college . 4 years of college . 5 years or more of college . 3.7 10.5 8.5 6.3 4.1 Race White . African American. Asian American . Other . 28.6 2.3 0.7 1.5 Ethnicity Hispanic . Non-Hispanic . 1.7 31.4 Source: Table 9. U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Percent of U.S Population Who Fished by Race 16% White African American 10% 6% Asian American Other 7% Percent of U.S Population Who Fished by Ethnicity 15% Non-Hispanic Hispanic 5% 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 17 Source: http://www.doksinet Fishing was most popular among Whites and African Americans. Whites participated at a 16 percent rate and

African Americans participated at a 10 percent rate. Other races, which include Native Americans, Pacific Islanders, and those of mixed race, participated at a 7 percent rate. Asian Americans participated at a 6 percent rate. Of all anglers, 86 percent were White, 7 percent were African American, 5 percent were other races, and 2 percent were Asian Americans. 2001–2011 Comparison of Fishing Activity In 2011 the number of people fishing was 11 percent higher than in 2006. Specifically, participation in freshwater, except Great Lakes, and saltwater fishing were up significantly, 8 and 15 percent, respectively. The number of Great Lakes anglers did not undergo a significant change. Days fishing, however, did not have statistically significant changes for any type of fishing, which means average days per freshwater, except Great Lakes, and Great Lakes anglers were slightly down. Expenditures for trip-related items and equipment decreased 11 percent overall, primarily due to a 41

percent drop in big-ticket special equipment such as cabins and boats. ence in either the number of participants or days for any type of fishing. The drop in fishing from 2001 to 2006 was reversed across the board by the increase from 2006 to 2011. Total expenditures also did not change significantly, although when expenditures are broken down into its two components, trip-related and equipment items, there were differences. Anglers spent significantly more in 2011 for trip-related expenses and less for equipment purchases, particularly the big-ticket items. Comparing fishing in 2011 to that in 2001, there was no significant differ- Number of Anglers Days of Fishing Fishing Expenditures (Millions) (Millions) (Billions of 2011 dollars) $45.3 34.1 33.1 30.0 2001 2006 2011 557 2001 517 2006 18 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation $47.0 $41.8 554 2011 2001 2006 2011 U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source:

http://www.doksinet 2001–2011 Fishing Participants, Days, and Expenditures (U.S population 16 years old and older Numbers in thousands) Number 2001 Percent 2011 Number Percent 2001–2011 percent change Anglers, total . All freshwater . Freshwater, except Great Lakes . Great Lakes . Saltwater . 34,071 28,439 27,913 1,847 9,051 100 83 82 5 27 33,112 27,547 27,060 1,665 8,889 100 83 82 5 27 –3 –3 NS –3 NS –10 NS –2 Days, total . All freshwater . Freshwater, except Great Lakes . Great Lakes . Saltwater . 557,394 466,984 443,247 23,138 90,838 100 84 80 4 16 553,841 455,862 443,223 19,661 99,474 100 82 80 4 18 –1 –2 0 NS –15 NS 10 Fishing, total (2011 dollars). Trip-related . Equipment, total . Fishing equipment .

Auxiliary equipment. Special equipment. Other . $45,257,393 18,614,941 21,545,781 5,864,914 915,822 14,765,019 5,096,669 100 41 48 13 2 33 11 $41,788,936 21,789,465 15,506,433 6,141,895 1,106,865 8,257,673 4,493,037 100 52 37 15 3 20 11 –8 17 –28 NS 5 NS 21 –44 NS –12 2011 Number Percent 2006–2011 percent change NS NS NS NS NS NS Not different from zero at the 5 percent level of significance. 2006–2011 Fishing Participants, Days, and Expenditures (U.S population 16 years old and older Numbers in thousands) Number 2006 Percent Anglers, total . All freshwater . Freshwater, except Great Lakes . Great Lakes . Saltwater . 29,952 25,431 25,035 1,420 7,717 100 85 84 5 26 33,112 27,547 27,060 1,665 8,889 100 83 82 5 27 11 8 8 NS 17 15 Days, total . All freshwater .

Freshwater, except Great Lakes . Great Lakes . Saltwater . 516,781 433,337 419,942 18,016 85,663 100 84 81 3 17 553,841 455,862 443,223 19,661 99,474 100 82 80 4 18 7 5 NS 6 NS 9 NS 16 Fishing, total (2011 dollars). Trip-related . Equipment, total . Fishing equipment . Auxiliary equipment. Special equipment . Other . $47,036,454 19,948,340 20,928,889 5,949,727 868,894 14,110,268 6,159,225 100 29 47 23 6 18 24 $41,788,936 21,789,465 15,506,433 6,141,895 1,106,865 8,257,673 4,493,037 100 52 37 15 3 20 11 NS NS NS –11 NS 9 –26 NS 3 NS 27 –41 –27 NS Not different from zero at the 5 percent level of significance. U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 19 Source: http://www.doksinet Source: http://www.doksinet

Hunting U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 21 Source: http://www.doksinet Hunting Highlights In 2011, 13.7 million people 16 years old and older enjoyed hunting a variety of animals within the United States. They hunted 282 million days and took 257 million trips. Hunting expenditures totaled $33.7 billion Big game hunting was the most popular type of hunting. Almost 116 million hunters pursued big game such as deer and elk on 212 million days. Big game-related expenditures for trips and equipment totaled $16.9 billion There were 4.5 million hunters of small game including squirrels and rabbits. They hunted small game on 51 million days and spent $2.6 billion on small game hunting trips and equipment. Migratory bird hunters numbered 26 million They spent 23 million days hunting Hunting 14 Big game Small game Migratory bird Other animals 282 million Million 12 257 million 10 212 8

167 6 4 2 0 51 Total hunting Big game 43 Small Migratory Other game birds animals 23 Hunters 34 25 Days Trips Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. 22 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 21 birds such as waterfowl and doves. Migratory bird-related trip and equipment expenditures totaled $1.8 billion Nearly 2.2 million hunters sought other animals such as raccoons and feral pigs on 34 million days, and their expenditures for trips and equipment were $858 million. Total Hunting Hunters . Big game . Small game . Migratory birds . Other animals . 13.7 million 11.6 million 4.5 million 2.6 million 2.2 million Days . Big game . Small game . Migratory birds . Other animals . 282 million 212 million 51 million 23 million 34 million Trips. Big game . Small game . Migratory birds . Other animals . 257 million 167 million 43 million 21

million 25 million Expenditures. Big game . Small game . Migratory birds . Other animals . Nonspecific . $33.7 billion 16.9 billion 2.6 billion 1.8 billion 0.9 billion 11.9 billion Source: Tables 1 and 17–21. U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet Hunting Expenditures Of the $33.7 billion spent by hunters in 2011, 31 percent, $10.4 billion, was spent on trip-related expenses. Food and lodging totaled $3.9 billion, 37 percent of all trip-related expenses. Transportation spending was $4.8 billion, 46 percent of trip expenditures. Other trip expenses such as guide fees, land use fees, and equipment rental were $1.8 billion or 17 percent of all trip-related expenses. Total equipment expenditures for hunting were $14.0 billion in 2011, 41 percent of all hunting expenses. Hunting equipment, such as guns and rifles, telescopic sights, and ammunition, composed $7.7 billion, or 55 percent of all equipment costs. Expenditures for

auxiliary equipment, including camping equipment, binoculars, and special hunting clothing, accounted for $1.8 billion or 13 percent of all equipment expenses. Special equipment, such as campers or all-terrain vehicles, amounted to $4.4 billion or 31 percent of all equipment expenditures. Land leasing and ownership for hunting was a large expenditure category. Hunters spent $71 billion on land leasing and ownership, which was 21 percent of all hunting-related expenditures. Expenditures for magazines, books, DVDs, membership dues, contributions, licenses, tags, and permits totaled $1.5 billion or 4 percent. Expenditures for plantings, $703 million, was 2 percent of all hunting expenditures. Total Hunting Expenditures Total hunting expenditures. $33.7 billion Total trip-related expenditures . Food and lodging . Transportation . Other trip costs .

$10.4 billion 3.9 billion 4.8 billion 1.8 billion Total equipment expenditures . Hunting equipment . Auxiliary equipment . Special equipment . $14.0 billion 7.7 billion 1.8 billion 4.4 billion Total other hunting expenditures . Magazines, books, DVDs . Membership dues and contributions . Land leasing and ownership . Licenses, stamps, tags, and permits . Plantings . $9.3 billion 0.1 billion 0.4 billion 7.1 billion 1.0 billion 0.7 billion Source: Table 17. Hunting Expenditures by Type of Hunting (Total expenditures: $33.7 billion) Other animals $0.9 billion 3% Migratory birds $1.8 billion 5% Nonspecific $11.6 billion 34% Big game $16.9 billion 50% Small game $2.6 billion 8% Percent of Total Hunting Expenditures (Total

expenditures: $33.7 billion) Equipment $14.0 billion 41% Other $9.3 billion 28% Trip-related $10.4 billion 31% U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 23 Source: http://www.doksinet Big Game Hunting In 2011, a majority of hunters, 11.6 million, devoted 212 million days to hunting big game including deer, elk, bear, and wild turkey. They took 167 million trips and spent an average of 18 days hunting big game. Trip and equipment expenditures for big game hunting totaled $16.9 billion Trip-related expenses were $7.3 billion Of that amount, food and lodging accounted for $2.6 billion or 37 percent of all trip-related costs. Transportation costs were $3.4 billion, 46 percent of trip costs. Other trip-related expenses amounted to $1.2 billion or 17 percent of trip costs. Fifty-seven percent of big game-related expenditures were on equipment, which totaled $9.6 billion Hunting equipment, which

includes firearms, ammunition, bows, and arrows, accounted for $3.9 billion or 41 percent of all equipment Purchases of auxiliary equipment such as tents and binoculars totaled $1.5 billion (16 percent) Special equipment such as campers and all-terrain vehicles accounted for $4.1 billion (43 percent). million trips and averaged 11 days in the field hunting small game. These hunters spent $2.6 billion on trips and equipment for small game hunting. Trip expenditures totaled $16 billion. Spending on food and lodging was $658 million or 42 percent of trip expenditures. Transportation costs totaled $686 million or 43 percent of small game trip expenses. Other triprelated expenditures were $233 million or 15 percent of all trip costs. Small Game Hunting Equipment expenditures for small game hunting were $984 million. For the pursuit of small game, hunters spent $854 million on hunting equipment (firearms, ammunition, etc.) and $85 million on auxiliary equipment, 87 and 9 percent of

equipment expenditures, respectively. Small game such as rabbits, squirrels, pheasants, quail, and grouse was also popular with hunters. Just over 45 million hunters pursued small game for a total of 51 million days. They took 43 Big Game Hunters. 116 million Days . 212 million Trips . 167 million Trips and equipment expenditures . $169 billion Big Game Trip and Equipment Expenditures (Total expenditures: $16.9 billion) Equipment $9.6 billion Trip-related Source: Tables 1 and 18. $7.3 billion Small Game Trip and Equipment Expenditures (Total expenditures: $2.6 billion) Small Game Hunters. Days . Trips . Trips and equipment expenditures . 4.5 million 51 million 43 million $2.6 billion Equipment Trip-related $0.9 billion $1.6 billion Source: Tables 1 and 19. 24 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source:

http://www.doksinet Migratory Bird Hunting Hunting Other Animals Comparative Hunting Highlights In 2011, 2.6 million migratory bird hunters devoted 23 million days on 21 million trips for hunting birds such as doves, ducks, and geese. Hunters averaged 9 days pursuing migratory birds for the year. Nearly 2.2 million hunters reported spending 34 million days on 25 million trips pursuing other animals such as groundhogs, feral pigs, raccoons, foxes, and coyotes. They averaged 16 days of hunting. Migratory bird-related spending for trips and equipment was $1.8 billion in 2011. Of this amount, $942 million was spent on hunting trips. An estimated $316 million or 34 percent of all trip expenditures were on food and lodging, and $390 million (41 percent) were on transportation. Other trip expenses were $235 million (25 percent) of the total trip-related expenditures for migratory bird hunters. These hunters spent $858 million in 2011 on trips and equipment for the pursuit of other

animals. Trip-related costs totaled $653 million. Of that, food and lodging were $259 million or 40 percent of all trip costs; transportation was $324 million, 50 percent of trip expenses; and other trip expenses were $70 million, 11 percent of all trip costs. In 2011 big game hunters pursued big game an average of 18 days on 14 trips. Small game hunters pursued small game an average of 11 days on 10 trips. Migratory bird hunters hunted migratory birds an average of 9 days on 8 trips. Individuals hunting other animals did so an average of 16 days on 11 trips. Equipment purchases for migratory bird hunting totaled $866 million in 2011. Of this amount, $767 million was spent on hunting equipment (firearms, ammunition, etc.) and $59 million on auxiliary equipment, 89 and 7 percent of total equipment purchases, respectively. Equipment expenditures for hunting other animals totaled $205 million. For the pursuit of other animals, hunters spent $189 million on hunting equipment (firearms,

ammunition, etc.) and $6 million on auxiliary equipment, 92 and 3 percent of total equipment expenditures, respectively. During 2011 trip expenditures for all hunting averaged $762 per hunter, a daily average of $37. In pursuit of big game, hunters averaged trip expenditures of $627, which was $34 per day. Hunters spent an average of $350 while Migratory Bird Trip and Equipment Expenditures Migratory Birds Hunters. Days . Trips . Trips and equipment expenditures . Average spending on trips and equipment was about twice as high for big game hunting than for any other type of hunting. For hunting big game, participants spent an average of $1,457 for the year. By comparison, spending on small game hunting by participants averaged $568, spending on migratory bird hunting by participants averaged $700, and spending on other animal hunting averaged $396. (Total expenditures: $1.8 billion) 2.6 million 23 million 21 million $1.8 billion Equipment $0.9

billion Trip-related $0.9 billion Source: Tables 1 and 20. Trip and Equipment Expenditures for Hunting Other Animals (Total expenditures: $0.9 billion) Other Animals Hunters. Days . Trips . Trips and equipment expenditures . 2.2 million 34 million 25 million Equipment Trip-related $0.2 billion $0.7 billion $0.9 billion Source: Tables 1 and 21. U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 25 Source: http://www.doksinet seeking small game ($31 per day) and spent an average of $365 ($40 per day) while pursuing migratory birds. Hunters averaged $301 ($19 per day) while pursuing other animals. Comparative Hunting by Type of Hunting Total Big game Small game Migratory birds Other animals 21 18 11 Days per hunter Hunting for Selected Game 9 16 19 14 10 Trips per hunter 8 11 $762 $627 Trip expenditures per hunter Among small game species, squirrels

were the most popular quarry with 1.7 million small game hunters who hunted them 21 million days in 2011. Rabbits were hunted by 1.5 million participants for 17 million days, and pheasants attracted 1.5 million hunters for 10 million days. Quail was flushed by 841 thousand hunters on 9 million days, while grouse and prairie chicken were pursued by 812 thousand hunters on 8 million days. In addition, 299 thousand hunters spent 3 million days hunting other small game animals. $350 $365 $301 $37 Trip expenditures per day $34 $31 $40 $19 Selected Game by Type of Hunting (In millions) Type of hunting Among big game species, deer was the most popular animal pursued, attracting 10.9 million hunters for 168 million days. Wild turkey attracted 31 million hunters for 33 million days, while elk drew 867 thousand for 8 million days, and bear was hunted by 526 thousand for 5 million days. Moose was pursued by 106 thousand hunters for 1 million days. In addition, 305 thousand hunters spent 5

million days hunting other big game animals. Hunters Days Big game, total . 116 Deer . 109 Wild turkey . 31 Elk . 09 Bear . 05 212 168 33 8 5 Small game, total . Squirrel. Rabbit and hare . Pheasant . Quail. Grouse/prairie chicken . 4.5 1.7 1.5 1.5 0.8 0.8 51 21 17 10 9 8 Migratory birds, total . Ducks . Doves . Geese . 2.6 1.4 1.3 0.8 23 15 7 9 Among those hunting migratory birds, 1.4 million pursued ducks for 15 million days. There were 13 million hunters who pursued doves on 7

million days. On 9 million days, 781 thousand hunters hunted geese in 2011. Other migratory bird species attracted 227 thousand people who hunted for 2 million days. Source: Table 7. 26 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet Participation by Geographic Region Regionally, participation rates in hunting ranged from 3 percent in the Pacific Region to 11 percent in the East South Central Region. The East North Central, West North Central, and West South Central Regions also had participation rates above the national average of 6 percent. Regions with participation rates below the national rate were New England, Middle Atlantic, South Atlantic, and Pacific. The rate in the Mountain Region was equal to the average at 6 percent. Hunting in State of Residence and in Other States A large majority of participants, 94 percent or 12.9 million, hunted within their resident

state in 2011. Only 19 million, 14 percent, hunted in another state. Percentages do not add to 100 because those who hunted both in state and out of state were included in both categories. The overall resident/nonresident pattern is relatively constant across all types of hunting. Eleven million big game hunters, 95 percent of all big game hunters, hunted within their state of residence, while 11 percent, 1.3 million Hunting in State of Residence and in Other States (In millions) people, traveled to another state to hunt big game. Four million small game hunters, 90 percent of all small game hunters, pursued game in their resident state. An estimated 708 thousand small game hunters, 16 percent ventured across state lines to hunt small game. Over 24 million migratory bird hunters, 94 percent of all migratory bird hunters, hunted within their resident state. Eleven percent or 284 thousand hunted out of state. Among sportspersons who hunted other animals, 92 percent, 2 million, hunted

in state and 10 percent, 224 thousand participants, hunted out of state. Hunting Participation (National participation rate: 6 percent) AK Out of In state state All hunters . 129 Big game . 110 Small game . 40 Migratory birds . 24 Other animals . 20 1.9 1.3 0.7 0.3 0.2 Mountain 6% WA MT Pacific 3% ND ID WY NV CA East North Central 7% New England 4% NH VT WI SD IA NE UT CO AZ MA NY MI PA IL KS OH IN WV MO VA KY OK NM CT NJ DE MD DC RI Middle Atlantic 5% NC TN AR SC MS TX AL GA South Atlantic 4% LA HI FL West South Central 7% U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau ME MN OR Source: Table 6. West North Central 10% East South Central 11% 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 27 Source: http://www.doksinet Hunting on Public and Private Lands million hunters, 23 percent, hunted on both public and private lands. of all hunters pursued other animals on public land for

over 5 million days. In 2011, 13.7 million hunters 16 years old and older hunted on public land, private land, or both. Of this number, 4.9 million or 36 percent hunted on publicly owned lands compared to 11.5 million or 84 percent who hunted on privately owned land. Some hunters hunted exclusively on public land and others hunted exclusively on private land1.7 million, 13 percent of all hunters, used public lands only, and 8.4 million hunted only on private land, 61 percent of all hunters. Nearly 32 During 2011, 4.9 million hunters used public lands on 61 million days, which represents 22 percent of all hunting days. Thirty-three percent of big game hunters pursued big game on public land for 39 million days. Thirty-one percent of all small game hunters, 1.4 million, pursued small game on public land for 14 million days. An estimated 923 thousand migratory bird hunters, 36 percent, hunted migratory birds on public lands for 8 million days. Twenty-four percent, 523 thousand, The

percent of hunters on private land is similar among different types of hunting. Eighty-four percent of big game hunters hunted on private land, which compares to 83 percent seeking small game, 77 percent seeking migratory birds, and 87 percent seeking other animals. Percent of All Hunting in State of Residence and in Other States (Total: 13.7 million participants) In state of residence and other states 8% In other states only 6% In state of residence only 86% Of all days hunting, 78 percent or 219 million were on private land. The percent of hunting days on private land varied slightly more among types of hunting than the percent of hunters. Seventy-nine percent of big game hunting days, 73 percent of small game hunting days, 57 percent of migratory bird hunting days, and 79 percent of other animal days were on private land. Total hunting days pursuing these species on private land were as follows: big game 167 million, small game 37 million, migratory bird 13 million, and other

animals 27 million. Participation in Target Shooting People Hunting on Public and Private Lands Undetermined 0.4 million Public and private 3.2 million In preparation for hunting, 7.2 million hunters, 52 percent of all hunters, went target shooting. Twenty-two percent of all hunters, 2.9 million, used shooting ranges. The most commonly used firearms at a shooting range were shotguns and rifles (2.3 million hunters) and handguns (1.1 million) Private only 8.4 million Public only 1.7 million Number of Hunters Who Target Shoot and Use Shooting Ranges (Total hunters: 13.7 million) Target shooting in preparation for hunting Used shooting ranges 7.2 million 2.9 million 28 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet Sex and Age Of the U.S population 16 years old and older, 11 percent of the males and 1 percent of the females enjoyed hunting in 2011. Of the 137 million

participants who hunted, 89 percent (12.2 million) were male and 11 percent (1.5 million) were female Percent of Males and Females Who Hunted in the United States Males Females 11% 1% Percent of Hunters by Sex The participation rate in hunting tended to increase with age until individuals reached 65 years of age, and thereafter it declined. During 2011, 5 percent or 419 thousand 16- and 17-year-olds hunted. The participation rate was also 5 percent for 18- to 24-year olds and 25- to 34-year olds. The participation rate climbed to 6 percent for 35- to 44-year olds, and then to 7 percent for 45- to 54-year olds and 55- to 64-year olds. People 65 and older had a participation rate of 4 percent. However, of the 65 and older age group, those who were 65 to 74 years of age had a 5 percent hunting participation rate, while those who were 75 and older had a 2 percent rate. Females 11% Males 89% Percent of Hunters by Age 16 and 17 3% 65 and older 11% 18 to 24 9% 55 to 64 21% 25 to 34

15% The age group that contributed the most hunters was 45 to 54 years old. About 3.1 million hunters, which was 23 percent of all hunters, were 45 to 54. Individuals 55 to 64 years old were close in total number of hunters at 2.8 million. 35 to 44 18% 45 to 54 23% Percent of U.S Population Who Hunted by Age Hunters by Sex and Age Total, both sexes . Male . Female . 13.7 million 12.2 million 1.5 million 16 and 17 5% 18 to 24 5% Total, all ages . 16 and 17 . 18 to 24 . 25 to 34 . 35 to 44 . 45 to 54 . 55 to 64 . 65 and older . 13.7 million 0.4 million 1.3 million 2.1 million 2.4 million 3.1 million 2.8 million 1.5 million 25 to 34 5% 6% 35 to 44 45 to 54 7% 55 to 64 7% 65 and older 4% Source: Table 10. U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 29 Source: http://www.doksinet Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan

Hunters Percent of Hunters by Residence (Hunter population: 13.7 million) Outside MSA 20% Large MSA 25% Small MSA 38% Medium MSA 17% Percent of U.S Population Who Hunted by Residence (Total U.S population that hunted: 6 percent) Large MSA (1,000,000 or more) 3% Medium MSA (250,000 to 999,999) 5% Small MSA (50,000 to 249,999) 11% 18% Outside MSA As was the case for fishing, participation rates for hunting were the lowest among residents of the largest metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs)1 and were the highest among non-MSA residents. Residents of the MSAs with a population of 1 million or more hunted at a 3 percent rate, which compares to 18 percent of those who resided outside MSAs. Furthermore the smaller the MSA the higher the participation rate. The rate among residents of MSAs of 50,000 to 249,999 was 11 percent and among residents of MSAs with 250,000 to 999,999 inhabitants the rate was 5 percent. Despite the lower participation rates among MSA residents, they still

made up the majority of hunters. Over 109 million hunters were MSA residents, compared to 2.8 million who were non-metropolitan residents. Household Income of Hunters Percent of U.S Population Who Hunted by Household Income Less than $20,000 $20,000 to $24,999 3% 4% $25,000 to $29,999 5% $30,000 to $34,999 5% $35,000 to $39,999 5% 7% $40,000 to $49,999 8% $50,000 to $74,999 $75,000 to $99,999 9% $100,000 to $149,999 $150,000 or more 8% 5% The participation rate in hunting increased as household income increased until it reached incomes of $100,000 or more. The participation was highest among those with incomes of $75,000 to $99,999 at 9 percent. Participation rates for those who reported incomes of $50,000 to $74,999 and $100,000 to $149,999 was slightly lower at 8 percent. The participation rate in hunting for household incomes of $40,000 to $49,999 was 7 percent. A participation rate of 5 percent was reported for the following four income groups: $25,000 to $29,999;

$30,000 to $34,999; $35,000 to $39,999; and $150,000 or more. The lowest participation rate was 3 percent reported for household incomes of less than $20,000. The majority of hunters had household incomes of $50,000 or more. Among hunters who reported income, 64 percent had household incomes of $50,000 or more, and 36 percent had household incomes of less than 1 See Appendix A for definition of metropolitan statistical area. 30 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet $50,000. For the general population, 52 percent had incomes of $50,000 or more and 48 percent had incomes less than $50,000. While people of all races participate in hunting, the majority are White. Seven percent of the nation’s White population, 2 percent of the African American Education, Race, and Ethnicity of Hunters Percent of Hunters by Education Participation rates in hunting in 2011 varied

little among people with different levels of educational attainment. The highest participation rate was 6 percent for the following three levels of attainment: 12 years, 1 to 3 years of college, and 4 years of college. The next highest rate, 5 percent, was reached by people with 11 years of education. The lowest rate, 4 percent, was for those people with an educational attainment of 5 years of college or more. The two largest categories of education were 12 years and 1 to 3 years of college, composing 36 percent and 26 percent of all hunters, respectively. Those with 4 years of college composed 18 percent of all hunters, and those with 11 years or less composed 11 percent of all hunters. Individuals with 5 years or more of college made up 9 percent of all hunters. population, 2 percent of those identified as other races, and less than 0.5 percent of the Asian American population went hunting in 2011. 5 years or more of college 9% 11 years or less 11% 4 years of college 18% 12

years 36% 1 to 3 years of college 26% Percent of U.S Population Who Hunted by Education 11 years or less 5% 12 years 6% 1 to 3 years of college 6% 4 years of college 6% 5 years or more of college 4% Percent of Hunters by Race Other 3% Asian American <0.5% African American 3% Hunters by Education, Race, and Ethnicity White 94% (In millions) Total hunters . 13.7 Education 11 years or less . 12 years . 1 to 3 years of college . 4 years of college . 5 years or more of college . 1.5 5.0 3.5 2.4 1.3 Race White . 129 African American . 0.4 Asian American. *<0.1 Other . 0.4 Ethnicity Hispanic . Non-Hispanic . Percent of U.S Population Who Hunted by Race Asian American <0.5% Other 2% Percent of U.S Population Who Hunted by Ethnicity Non-Hispanic Hispanic U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 2% African American 0.3 13.4

Source: Table 10. * Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29. 7% White 6% 1% 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 31 Source: http://www.doksinet Hispanics, who represent a growing percentage of the U.S population, hunted at a much lower rate than nonHispanics. One percent of all Hispanics hunted in 2011 compared to 6 percent of non-Hispanics. The 271 thousand Hispanics who hunted in 2011 made up 2 percent of all hunters. hunting days also went up significantly. Trip-related, equipment, and other expenditures went up 29 percent. Trip-related expenditures increased 39 percent, equipment expenditures did not increase significantly, and other expenditures such as land leasing and owning went up 40 percent. 2001–2011 Comparison of Hunting Activity Comparing 2001 and 2011 estimates reveals no statistically significant change in the number of overall hunters, but does show increases in the number of days and expenditures. Small game

hunting participant numbers went down, while other animal participant numbers went up. Days of big game and other animal hunting went up significantly, while small game and migratory bird hunting The number of hunters increased 9 percent from 2006 to 2011. Other animal hunters increased 92 percent in number and the other types of hunting stayed level at the 95 percent level of significance. Total days of hunting went up 28 percent, primarily due to a 29 percent increase in big game hunting days. Other animal days did not have a significant change. Turning to expenditures, the comparison is similar to 2006–2011. Overall expenditures went up, with trip-related and other items undergoing an increase and equipment staying level. The across-the-board increases in 2011 hunting participation, day, and expenditure estimates run counter to the downward trends documented in the preceding three FHWAR National Surveys. From 1991 to 2006, hunting participation had dropped 11 percent and the

number of hunting days had not significantly changed. The 9 percent participant and 28 percent day increases puts the 2011 hunting status on par with that of 1991 hunting, the high point of hunting in the last twenty years. Number of Hunters Days of Hunting Hunting Expenditures (Millions) (Millions) (Billions of 2011 dollars) $33.0 $26.2 $25.5 2001 2006 282 13.0 12.5 13.7 228 220 2001 2006 2011 2001 2006 32 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 2011 2011 U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet 2001–2011 Hunting Participants, Days, and Expenditures (U.S population 16 years old and older Numbers in thousands) 2001 Number Percent 2011 Number Percent 2001-2011 percent change Hunters, total . Big game . Small game . Migratory birds . Other animals . 13,034 10,911 5,434 2,956

1,047 100 84 42 23 8 13,674 11,570 4,506 2,583 *2,168 100 85 33 19 16 5 6 –17 NS –13 107 Days, total . Big game . Small game . Migratory birds . Other animals . 228,368 153,191 60,142 29,310 19,207 100 67 26 13 8 281,884 212,116 50,884 23,263 *34,434 100 75 18 8 12 23 38 NS –15 NS –21 79 Hunting, total (2011 dollars) . Trip-related . Equipment, total . Hunting equipment . Auxiliary equipment . Special equipment. Other . $26,178,562 6,671,189 13,160,387 5,793,937 1,527,736 5,838,687 6,346,987 100 *$32,999,416 25 10,421,189 50 13,972,490 7,738,324 22 1,844,880 6 4,389,286 22 *8,605,739 24 100 32 42 23 6 13 26 26 56 NS 6 34 NS 21 NS –25 36 2011 Number Percent 2006-2011 percent change NS NS NS Not different from zero at the 5 percent

level of significance. * Other animals redefined to include feral pigs. * Plantings not included in 2011 expenditures for comparison purposes. 2011 was first year plantings were included 2006–2011 Hunting Participants, Days, and Expenditures (U.S population 16 years old and older Numbers in thousands) Number 2006 Percent Hunters, total . Big game . Small game . Migratory birds . Other animals . 12,510 10,682 4,797 2,293 1,128 100 85 38 18 9 13,674 11,570 4,506 2,583 *2,168 100 85 33 19 16 9 8 NS –6 NS 13 92 Days, total . Big game . Small game . Migratory birds . Other animals . 219,925 164,061 52,395 19,770 15,205 100 75 24 9 7 281,884 212,116 50,884 23,263 *34,434 100 75 18 8 12 28 29 NS –3 NS 18 126 Hunting, total (2011 dollars) .

Trip-related. Equipment, total. Hunting equipment. Auxiliary equipment. Special equipment . Other . $25,543,470 7,451,789 11,973,875 5,987,611 1,484,214 4,502,047 6,117,806 100 *$32,999,416 29 10,421,189 47 13,972,490 23 7,738,324 6 1,844,880 18 4,389,286 24 *8,605,739 100 32 42 23 6 13 26 29 40 NS 17 29 NS 24 NS –3 41 NS NS Not different from zero at the 5 percent level of significance. * Other animals redefined to include feral pigs. * Plantings not included in 2011 expenditures for comparison purposes. 2011 was first year plantings were included U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 33 Source: http://www.doksinet Source: http://www.doksinet Wildlife Watching U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and

Wildlife-Associated Recreation 35 Source: http://www.doksinet Wildlife Watching Highlights Nearly a third of the U.S population enjoyed wildlife watching in 2011. Wildlife watching is defined here as closely observing, feeding, and photographing wildlife, visiting public parks around the home because of wildlife, and maintaining plantings and natural areas around the home for the benefit of wildlife. These activities are categorized as around the home (within a mile of home) or away from home (at least one mile from home). The 2011 Survey counts wildlife watching as recreational activities, as defined above, in which the primary objective was to watch wildlife. Secondary or incidental participation, such as observing wildlife while doing something else, was not included in the Survey. During 2011, 71.8 million US residents, 30 percent of the US population 16 years old or older, participated in wildlife-watching activities. People who took an interest in wildlife around their

homes numbered 68.6 million, while those who took trips away from their homes to wildlife watch numbered 22.5 million people Wild Bird Observers Of all the wildlife in the United States, birds attracted the biggest following. Approximately 46.7 million people observed birds around the home and on trips in 2011. A large majority, 88 percent (41.3 million), observed wild birds around the home, while 38 percent, 17.8 million, took trips away from home to observe wild birds. Participants averaged a startling 110 days of birding in 2011, due to the 119 days by around-the-home birders. Away-from-home birders averaged 13 days. Wildlife-Watching Participants by Activity (In millions) Total wildlife-watching participants . 718 Away from home . 225 Observers . 198 Photographers . 124 Feeders . 5.4 Around the home . Feeders . Observers . Photographers . Maintainers of plantings or natural areas .

Visitors of parks or natural areas . 68.6 52.8 45.0 25.4 13.4 12.3 Source: Table 35. Wildlife-Watching Participants (In millions) Total 71.8 68.6 Around the home Away from home 22.5 Bird Watchers (In millions) Total 46.7 41.3 Around the home Away from home 17.8 36 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet Wildlife-Watching Expenditures Thirty-eight percent of all the dollars spent in 2011 for wildlife-related recreation was due to wildlife watching. Wildlife-watching participants 16 years old or older spent $54.9 billion, an average of $981 per spender. Seventyeight percent of all wildlife watchers spent money on their avocation. Wildlife watchers spent $17.3 billion on trips pursuing their activities. Food and lodging accounted for $9.3 billion (54 percent of all trip-related expenditures), transportation expenses totaled $6.0 billion (35 percent),

and other trip costs, such as land use fees and equipment rental, amounted to $1.9 billion (11 percent) for the year. These recreationists purchased $27.2 billion worth of equipment for wildlife watching. They spent $113 billion (42 percent of all equipment expenditures) on wildlife-watching equipment including binoculars, cameras, bird food, and special clothing. Expenditures for auxiliary equipment, such as tents and backpacking equipment, totaled $1.6 billion (6 percent) for the year. Participants spent $143 billion (53 percent) on special equipment, including off-road vehicles, campers, and boats. Also for the year, wildlife watchers spent $5.7 billion on land leasing and owning; $2.2 billion on plantings for the benefit of wildlife; $2.2 billion on membership dues and contributions; and $0.4 billion on magazines, books, and DVDs. Total Wildlife-Watching Expenditures Total wildlife-watching expenditures . $54.9 billion Total trip-related .

Food and lodging . Transportation . Other trip costs . $17.3 billion 9.3 billion 6.0 billion 1.9 billion Total equipment expenditures . Wildlife-watching equipment . Auxiliary equipment . Special equipment . $27.2 billion 11.3 billion 1.6 billion 14.3 billion Total other equipment. Land leasing and owning . Plantings . Membership dues and contributions . Magazines, books, DVDs . $10.5 billion 5.7 billion 2.2 billion 2.2 billion 0.4 billion Source: Table 40. Wildlife-Watching Expenditures (Total expenditures: $54.9 billion) Other $10.5 billion 19% Equipment $27.2 billion 49% Trip-related $17.3 billion 31% Trip-Related Expenditures (Total

expenditures: $17.3 billion) Other trip-related costs $1.9 billion 11% Lodging $3.9 billion 22% Transportation $6.0 billion 35% Food $5.5 billion 32% U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 37 Source: http://www.doksinet Around-The-Home WildlifeWatching Highlights Percent of Total Around-The-Home Participants by Activity In 2011, around-the-home participants 16 years old and older numbered 68.6 million96 percent of all wildlifewatching recreationists. The most popular activity, feeding birds and other wildlife, accounted for 52.8 million wildlife watchers77 percent of all around-the-home participants. About 45 million people observed wildlife, representing 66 percent of all aroundthe-home participants. Approximately 25.4 million recreationists (37 percent of all around-the-home wildlife watchers) photographed wildlife. About 134 million maintained plantings or natural areas for the benefit

of wildlife. They made up 19 percent of all around-the-home participants. Finally, 12.3 million people visited parks or natural areas within one mile of their homes for wildlife watching. They comprised 18 percent of all around-the-home participants. (Total: 68.6 million participants) 73% 66% 37% 22% Feed wild birds Observe Feed other wildlife 18% Photograph Visit parks or natural areas 12% 13% Maintain natural areas Maintain plantings Around-The-Home Participants (In millions) Total participants . Feed wildlife . Observe wildlife . Photograph wildlife. Visits parks or natural areas . Maintain plantings . Maintain natural areas . 68.6 52.8 45.0 25.4 12.3 9.2 8.0 Source: Table 37. 38 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet Wildlife Fed, Observed, or Photographed by Around-The-Home Participants

Percent of Around-The-Home Observers by Type of Wildlife Observed (Total wildlife observers: 45.0 million) Of the 52.8 million people feeding wildlife around their homes in 2011, 95 percent (50.2 million) fed wild birds, while 28 percent (14.8 million) fed other wildlife. 80% Mammals Insects or spiders Approximately 45.0 million participants closely observed wildlife around their homes, of which 41.3 million observed birds. Observing mammals was undertaken by 35.9 million participants Insects and spiders attracted the attention of 16.6 million people; 14.1 million observed amphibians or reptiles; and 8.4 million people observed fish and other wildlife. The median number of days for around-thehome observations for all animals was a little over 87 days in 2011. 37% Amphibians or reptiles 31% Fish or other wildlife 19% Percent of Around-The-Home Photographers by Days Spent Photographing Wildlife (Total wildlife photographers: 25.4 million) 21 days or more 15% 1 day 17% About

25.4 million people photographed wildlife around their homes The median number of days people took pictures of wildlife around their homes in 2011 was 4 days, although 3.7 million people (15 percent) photographed wildlife 21 days or more. 11 to 20 days 12% 2 to 3 days 23% 6 to 10 days 17% 4 to 5 days 15% Around-The-Home Wildlife Watchers by Geographic Region Around-The-Home Wildlife-Watching Participation In 2011, over 239 million people 16 years old or older lived in the United States. Of those, 29 percent wildlife watched around their homes. The participation rates of these around-thehome participants varied by region. The percentages of regional populations that wildlife watched around their homes ranged from 24 percent in the Pacific Region to 35 percent in the East North Central Region. The New England, East North Central, West North Central, and East South Central had participation rates above the national average of 29 percent. 92% Birds (National participation rate: 29

percent) AK Mountain 28% WA MT Pacific 24% The regions making up the largest number of around-the-home wildlife watchers in the United States were the South Atlantic (12.8 million participants) and the East North Central Region (12.5 million participants) U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau East North Central 35% ND New England 33% NH VT ME MN OR ID WY NV CA West North Central 33% WI SD IA NE UT AZ CO MA NY MI PA IL KS OK NM IN WV MO VA KY DE MD DC RI Middle Atlantic 27% NC TN AR SC MS TX OH CT NJ AL GA South Atlantic 28% LA HI FL West South Central 26% East South Central 31% 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 39 Source: http://www.doksinet Sex and Age of Around-The-Home Wildlife Watchers Percent of Males and Females Who Participated Around-The-Home Males Females and males had similar participation rates for around-the-home wildlife watching. In 2011, 30 percent of females and

27 percent of males enjoyed around-the-home activities. Of the 68.6 million around-the-home wildlife watchers, 54 percent (37.3 million) were females and 46 percent (31.3 million) were males 27% Females 30% Percent of Around-The-Home Wildlife Watchers by Sex (Total participants: 68.6 million) Females 54% People in the 65- to 74-year-old age group were most likely to participate at 53 percent (11.9 million) People in the 18- to 24-year-old age group were the least likely to participate, with 9 percent (2.4 million) The disparity in participation rates between people 16 to 34 years old (14 percent) and those 35 years old and older (35 percent) is striking. Males 46% Percent of Around-The-Home Wildlife Watchers by Age (Total participants: 68.6 million) 16 and 17 1% 18 to 24 3% Around-The-Home Participants by Sex and Age 65 and older 26% 25 to 34 11% (In millions) Total, both sexes. 686 million Male . 313 million Female . 373 million 35 to 44 13% Total,

all ages . 686 million 16 and 17 . 09 million 18 to 24 . 24 million 25 to 34 . 73 million 35 to 44 . 93 million 45 to 54 . 149 million 55 to 64 . 158 million 65 and older. 181 million 55 to 64 23% 45 to 54 22% Percent of U.S Population Who Participated Around-The-Home by Age 12% 16 and 17 18 to 24 25 to 34 35 to 44 45 to 54 Source: Table 42. 9% 18% 23% 32% 55 to 64 65 and older 40 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 41% 47% U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Around-The-Home Participants Approximately 91 percent of aroundthe-home wildlife watchers lived in metropolitan areas, as defined by the U.S Census Bureau Metropolitan statistical areas, or MSAs1, with populations of 1 million or more had a participation rate of 25 percent, lower than any smaller MSA or non-MSA. Nonetheless, recreationists from

the most populous MSAs comprised 46 percent of all around-the-home wildlife watchers. In MSAs of 250,000 to 999,999, the participation rate was 33 percent and they made up 23 percent of all around-the-home recreationists. About 22 percent of around-the-home wildlife watchers lived in MSAs with a population from 50,000 to 249,999. The population of these areas had a participation rate of 32 percent. The participation rate for nonmetropolitan populations was 38 percent, higher than for any MSA. Six percent of the total U.S population lived outside MSAs in 2011 and represented 9 percent of all around-the-home wildlife watchers. Percent of U.S Population Who Participated Around-The-Home by Residence Large MSA (1,000,000 or more) 25% Medium MSA (250,000 to 999,999) 33% Small MSA (50,000 to 249,999) 32% Outside MSA 38% Percent of Around-The-Home Wildlife Watchers by Residence (Total participants: 68.6 million) Large MSA 46% Outside MSA 9% Small MSA 22% Medium MSA 23% See Appendix

A for definition of Metropolitan Statistical Area. 1 U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 41 Source: http://www.doksinet Household Income of Around-TheHome Participants around-the-home wildlife watchers in 2011. Participation rates ranged from 22 percent among U.S residents living in households earning less than $20,000 per year and $25,000 to $29,999 per year to 36 percent of those living in households earning $150,000 or more annually. These participants made up 10 percent, 3 percent, and 9 percent, respectively, of the 68.6 million Participants in households earning $50,000 to $74,999 a year constituted the largest number, 11.7 million, and had a 35 percent participation rate. The next two income groups with the largest numbers of participants had household incomes of $75,000 to $99,999 and $100,000 to $149,999. The former contributed 8.6 million participants and had a 34 percent

participation rate, while the latter contributed 8.3 million and had a 35 percent participation rate. The number of around-the-home recreationists contributed by other income groups ranged from 2.2 million participants with $25,000 to $29,999 household incomes and 22 percent participation rates to 6.1 million participants with $150,000 or more incomes and 36 percent participation rates. Percent of U.S Population Who Participated Around-The-Home by Household Income Less than $20,000 22% $20,000 to $24,999 $25,000 to $29,999 27% 22% $30,000 to $34,999 35% $35,000 to $39,999 28% $40,000 to $49,999 29% $50,000 to $74,999 35% $75,000 to $99,999 34% $100,000 to $149,999 35% $150,000 or more 42 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 36% U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet Education, Race, and Ethnicity of Around-The-Home Participants Looking at the educational background of participants, it

was found that the rate of participation in around-thehome wildlife watching increased with the increase in educational attainment. The highest participation rate was among recreationists with 5 years or more of college, 43 percent. They made up 18 percent of all around-the-home wildlife watchers. The lowest participation rate, 17 percent, was among people with 11 years or less of education 8 percent of all participants. Recreationists with 12 years of education, 30 percent of all around-the-home participants, had a participation rate of 25 percent. Participants with 1 to 3 years of college, 22 percent of all participants, had a participation rate of 28 percent. Recreationists with 4 years of college, 23 percent of all participants, had a participation rate of 36 percent. A wide range of participation rates were found among the different races and ethnic groups. About 34 percent of the White population engaged in Percent of Around-The-Home Wildlife Watchers by Education (Total: 68.6

million participants) 11 years or less 8% 5 years or more of college 18% 12 years 30% 4 years of college 23% 1 to 3 years of college 22% Percent of U.S Population Who Participated Around-The-Home by Education 17% 11 years or less 25% 12 years 1 to 3 years of college 28% 4 years of college 36% 5 years or more of college 43% Percent of Around-The-Home Wildlife Watchers by Race (Total: 68.6 million participants) Other 4% Asian American 1% African American 4% Around-The-Home Participants by Education, Race, and Ethnicity (In millions) Total participants. 686 Education 11 years of less . 12 years . 1 to 3 years of college . 4 years of college . 5 years or more of college . White 91% 5.4 20.3 15.3 15.5 12.1 Race White . 625 African American . 26 Asian American. 10 Other . 26 Percent of U.S Population Who Participated Around-The-Home by Ethnicity Non-Hispanic Hispanic 32% 10% Ethnicity

Hispanic . 34 Non-Hispanic . 652 Source: Table 42. U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 43 Source: http://www.doksinet around-the-home wildlife watching, contrasted with 11 percent of the African American population, 8 percent of the Asian American population, and 12 percent of individuals comprising other races. Of the total number of around-the-home participants, 91 percent were White, 4 percent were African Americans, 1 percent was Asian American, and 4 percent were all other races. Ten percent of the U.S Hispanic population engaged in wildlife watching around their homes in comparison with 32 percent of the non-Hispanic population. The 652 million non-Hispanic participants comprised 95 percent of all around-the-home wildlife watchers and the 3.4 million Hispanic participants made up 5 percent. Approximately 5.4 million people fed wildlife an average of 11 days

and comprised 2 percent of the U.S population Away-From-Home WildlifeWatching Highlights In 2011, 22.5 million people 16 years old and older took trips away from home to feed, observe, or photograph wildlife. They comprised 31 percent of all wildlife watchers. Most popular with away-from-home participants was closely observing wildlife. About 198 million participants, 8 percent of the U.S population 16 years old and older, observed wildlife an average of 14 days in 2011. Photographing wildlife was enjoyed by 12.4 million people, 5 percent of the U.S population They averaged 9 days per photographer. Percent of U.S Population Who Participated Away-From-Home by Type of Activity (Total: 22.5 million participants) 88% Observe 55% Photograph Feed 24% About 82 percent of all away-fromhome participants took trips within their resident state to participate in wildlife watching. Approximately 70 percent took trips only in their resident state, 12 percent took trips both inside and outside

their resident state, and 18 percent took trips only to other states. Altogether, 30 percent of all awayfrom-home participants took at least some of their trips to other states. Away-From-Home Participants (In millions) Total participants . Observers . Photographers . Feeders . 22.5 19.8 12.4 5.4 Total days . Observers . Photographers . Feeders . 336 269 110 59 Source: Table 36. Percent of Away-From-Home Wildlife Watchers in State of Residence and Other States (Total participants: 22.5 million) In state of residence and in other states 12% In state of residence only 70% In other states only 18% 44 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet Away-From-Home Participants by Type of Wildlife Observed, Fed, or Photographed (In millions) Total participants . 225 Birds,

total . 189 Waterfowl. 133 Birds of prey . 129 Songbirds . 121 Other water birds . 106 Other birds . 69 Land mammals, total . 137 Large land mammals . 104 Small land mammals . 103 Fish . 6.4 Marine mammals . 4.0 Wildlife Observed, Fed, or Photographed by Away-From-Home Participants Wild birds attracted the most interest from wildlife watchers on their trips 18.9 million people or 84 percent of all away-from-home participants. The most-watched birds, waterfowl (ducks and geese, primarily), were watched by 13.3 million people Next on the list of most-watched were birds of prey which drew 12.9 million trip-takers, followed by songbirds with 12.1 million watchers. Herons, shore birds, and other water birds attracted 10.6 million recreationists. Lastly, other birds, such as road runners and turkeys, attracted 6.9 million wildlife watchers Other (turtles, butterflies, etc.)

101 Land mammals, such as deer, bears, and coyotes, were observed, fed, or photographed by 13.7 million people61 percent of all away-fromhome participants. Fish attracted the attention of 6.4 million people or 28 percent of all away-from-home recreationists. About 4.0 million people or 18 percent of all away-from-home participants observed, fed, or photographed marine mammals, such as whales, seals, and dolphins. Other wildlife, such as butterflies, snakes, and turtles, appealed to 10.1 million people or 45 percent of all away-from-home wildlife watchers. Percent of Away-From-Home Wildlife Watchers Who Observed, Fed, or Photographed Wildlife (Total: 22.5 million participants) Source: Table 38. 84% Birds 61% Land mammals Fish Marine mammals Other (turtles, butterflies, etc.) U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 28% 18% 45% 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 45 Source: http://www.doksinet Area Visited by Away-From-Home

Participants In 2011, the most visited areas for Americans to observe, feed, or photograph wildlife were publicly owned. Approximately 82 percent of all trip-taking wildlife watchers used public areas while just 34 percent used private areas. About 25 percent of all away-from-home participants, 5.5 million, visited both public and private areas. Approximately 128 million, 57 percent, visited only public areas to engage in their activities while 2.0 million, 9 percent, visited only private areas. Percent of Away-From-Home Wildlife Watchers by Public and Private Land (Total participants: 22.5 million) Not reported 9% Public and private 25% Public only 57% Private only 9% Away-From-Home Participants by Public and Private Land (In millions) Total participants . Public land only . Private land only . Public and private land . Not reported . 22.5 12.8 2.1 5.5 2.0 Source: Table 36. 46 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated

Recreation U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet Away-From-Home Wildlife Watchers by Geographic Region Away-From-Home Wildlife Watchers by Geographic Region (National participation rate: 9 percent) In 2011, 239 million people 16 years old and older lived in the United States9 percent of whom took trips to wildlife watch. Away-from-home participation rates ranged from 6 percent in the West South Central Region to 13 percent in the Mountain Region. The regions that had participation rates higher than the national average were New England, West North Central, East South Central, Mountain, and Pacific. AK Mountain 13% WA MT Pacific 10% East North Central 9% ND ID WY NV NH VT WI SD ME UT CO MA NY MI IA NE PA IL KS OH IN WV MO VA KY AZ OK NM CT NJ DE MD DC RI Middle Atlantic 8% NC TN AR SC MS TX AL GA South Atlantic 9% LA HI FL West South Central 6% U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau

New England 10% MN OR CA West North Central 11% East South Central 10% 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 47 Source: http://www.doksinet Percent of Males and Females Who Participated Away-From-Home Males 10% Females 9% Percent of Away-From-Home Wildlife Watchers by Sex Females 49% Males 51% Percent of Away-From-Home Wildlife Watchers by Age 16 and 17 2% 65 and older 15% 18 to 24 3% 25 to 34 14% 55 to 64 21% 45 to 54 26% 35 to 44 19% Percent of U.S Population Who Participated by Age 16 and 17 18 to 24 25 to 34 4% 3% A similar number of males and females participated in away-from-home wildlife watching in 2011. Fifty-one percent (11.5 million) of all participants were males and 49 percent (11.0 million) were females. Ten percent of males and 9 percent of females in the United States enjoyed observing, feeding, or photographing wildlife away from home. The 45- to 54-year-old age group had the most away-from-home

recreationists, 5.8 million This age group, the 55- to 64-year-olds, and the 65- to 74-year olds had the highest participation rate, 12 percent. Another age group that had a high participation rate was the 35- to 44-year-old age group, 11 percent. The 18- to 24-year-olds had the lowest participation rate, at 3 percent. Away-From-Home Participants by Sex and Age (In millions) Total, both sexes. 225 Male . 115 Female . 110 Total, all ages . 225 16 and 17 . 03 18 to 24 . 08 25 to 34 . 31 35 to 44 . 43 45 to 54 . 58 55 to 64 . 47 65 and older. 34 Source: Table 41. 7% 35 to 44 11% 45 to 54 12% 55 to 64 12% 65 and older Sex and Age of Away-From-Home Wildlife Watchers 9% 48 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet

Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Away-From-Home Participants In 2011, 9 percent of all people living in MSAs2 took trips primarily to enjoy wildlife. MSA residents comprised 92 percent of all away-from-home participants. In contrast, 12 percent of all people outside an MSA watched wildlife away from home. As was the case with around-the-home wildlife watching, the biggest MSA had both the lowest participation rate and the highest number of participants. Residents of non-MSAs made up 8 percent of away-from-home participants and 9 percent of around-the-home participants. Household Income of Away-FromHome Participants Participation rates ranged from 5 percent for those in households earning less than $20,000 per year to 15 percent for those in households earning $75,000 to $99,999. There was a strong correlation between income and the likelihood to wildlife watch away from home, with an increase in one matched by an increase in the other. The income group that had the most participants

was $50,000 to $74,999, with 4.8 million recreationists Median income was higher for awayfrom-home participants than for Americans as a whole, slightly under $68,000 for recreationists compared to about $52,000 for the U.S population See Appendix A for definition of Metropolitan Statistical Area. 2 Percent of Away-From-Home Wildlife Watchers by Residence (Total participants: 22.5 million) Outside MSA 8% Large MSA 47% Small MSA 24% Medium MSA 21% Percent of U.S Population Who Participated by Residence Large MSA (1,000,000 or more) 8% Medium MSA (250,000 to 999,999) 10% Small MSA (50,000 to 249,999) 11% Outside MSA 12% Percent of U.S Population Who Participated Away-From-Home by Household Income Less than $20,000 5% $20,000 to $24,999 $25,000 to $29,999 $30,000 to $34,999 $35,000 to $39,999 $40,000 to $49,999 7% 6% 7% 9% 10% $50,000 to $74,999 14% $75,000 to $99,999 U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 15% $100,000 to $149,999 12% $150,000 or more

12% 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 49 Source: http://www.doksinet Education, Race, and Ethnicity of Away-From-Home Participants As in the case of household income, educational achievement and participation in away-from-home wildlife watching have a direct correlation. About 4 percent of the U.S population with 11 years of education or less participated, compared to 19 percent of the population with 5 years or more of college. The educational cohort with the most participants was 4 years of college, with 5.4 million recreationists The educational cohort with the fewest recreationists was 11 years or less, with 1.2 million The participation rates by race varied greatly. Approximately 11 percent of Whites and 5 percent of other races except African Americans and Asian Americans took trips to wildlife watch. In contrast, 3 percent of African Americans and 2 percent of Asian Americans participated. Of the total 225 million away-from-home

participants, 92 percent were White, 3 percent were African Americans, 1 percent were Asian Americans, and 4 percent were other races. Away-From-Home Participants by Education, Race and Ethnicity About 1.4 million recreationists were Hispanic, 6 percent of all participants. Approximately 4 percent of the U.S Hispanic population took trips to engage in wildlife watching. Of the non-Hispanic population, 10 percent (21.1 million participants) took trips to wildlife watch. They were 94 percent of all away-from-home wildlife watchers. Percent of Away-From-Home Wildlife Watchers by Education (Total participants: 22.5 million) 11 years or less 5% 5 years or more of college 23% 12 years 23% 4 years of college 24% 1 to 3 years of college 24% Percent of U.S Population Who Participated Away-From-Home by Education 4% 11 years or less 6% 12 years 1 to 3 years of college 10% 4 years of college 13% 5 years or more of college 19% (In millions) Total participants . 225

Education 11 years or less. 12 years . 1 to 3 years of college . 4 years of college . 5 years or more of college . Percent of Away-From-Home Wildlife Watchers by Race 1.2 5.2 5.3 5.4 (Total participants: 22.5 million) Other 4% Asian American 1% African American 3% 5.3 Race White . 206 African American. 06 Asian American . 03 Other . 10 Ethnicity Hispanic . 14 Non-Hispanic . 211 Source: Table 41. White 92% Percent of U.S Population Who Participated Away-From-Home by Ethnicity Non-Hispanic Hispanic 50 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 10% 4% U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet 2001–2011 Comparison of WildlifeWatching Participation Comparing 2006 and 2011 wildlifewatching measures finds no statistically significant change in the number of total participants, days, or expenditures. The

increase in people photographing wildlife around the home was partially balanced by the decrease in people feeding wildlife. Away-fromhome observers and feeders decreased in number, but not enough to affect overall away-from-home wildlife watching. The number of days of away- from-home wildlife watching did not change for any category. Similarly, the amount spent for wildlife watching was stable for all categories in 2006 and 2011. From 2001 to 2011 the number of participants increased 9 percent. All categories of around-the-home wildlife watching increased or stayed level, led by the 82 percent increase in photographing wildlife. Overall awayfrom-home wildlife watching participant numbers stayed level, with the increase in photographers somewhat Number of Wildlife Watchers (Millions) Days of Away-From-Home Wildlife Watching countered by the decrease in feeding wildlife. Similarly, the overall number of away-from-home days did not significantly change, with the increase in

photographing days and decrease in feeding days roughly balancing each other. Trip-related expenditures increased significantly, but not enough to propel overall expenditures significantly higher. Equipment purchases, the largest component of wildlife-watching expenditures, did not increase or decrease significantly. Wildlife-Watching Expenditures (Billions of 2011 dollars) (Millions) 54.9 48.8 66.1 2001 71.1 71.8 372 2006 2011 2001 U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 352 2006 51.1 336 2011 2001 2006 2011 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 51 Source: http://www.doksinet 2001–2011 Wildlife-Watching Participants, Days, and Expenditures (U.S population 16 years old and older Numbers in thousands) 2001 Number Percent 2011 Number Percent Wildlife-watching participants, total . Around the home. Observers . Photographers . Feeders .

Visitors of parks or natural areas . Maintainers of plantings or natural areas 66,105 62,928 42,111 13,937 53,988 10,981 13,072 100 95 64 21 82 17 20 71,776 68,598 45,046 25,370 52,817 12,311 13,399 100 96 63 35 74 17 19 Away from home. Observers . Photographers . Feeders . 21,823 20,080 9,427 7,077 33 30 14 11 22,496 19,808 12,354 5,399 31 28 17 8 Days, away from home . Observing. Photographing . Feeding. 372,006 295,345 76,324 103,307 100 79 21 28 335,625 268,798 110,459 59,255 100 80 33 18 Wildlife-watching expenditures, total (2011 dollars). $48,791,172 100 $54,890,272 100 Trip-related . 10,367,312 21 17,274,675 31 67 Equipment, total . Wildlife-watching equipment. Auxiliary equipment.

Special equipment . 29,898,207 9,340,464 910,552 19,647,191 61 19 2 40 27,150,921 11,323,179 1,555,374 14,272,368 49 21 3 26 –9 21 71 NS –27 Other . 8,525,654 17 10,464,677 19 NS NS 2001-2011 percent change 9 9 7 82 NS –2 12 NS 3 3 –1 31 –24 NS NS NS –10 –9 45 –43 NS NS 13 NS 23 Not different from zero at the 5 percent level of significance. 52 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet 2006–2011 Wildlife-Watching Participants, Days, and Expenditures (U.S population 16 years old and older Numbers in thousands) 2006 2011 2006-2011 Number Percent Number Percent percent change Wildlife-watching participants, total . Around the home. Observers . Photographers . Feeders . Visitors of parks or

natural areas . Maintainers of plantings or natural areas 71,132 67,756 44,467 18,763 55,512 13,271 14,508 100 95 36 26 78 19 20 71,776 68,598 45,046 25,370 52,817 12,311 13,399 100 96 63 35 74 17 19 1 1 NS 1 35 –5 NS –7 NS –8 Away from home. Observers . Photographers . Feeders . 22,977 21,546 11,708 7,084 32 30 16 10 22,496 19,808 12,354 5,399 31 28 17 8 NS Days, away from home . Observers . Photographers . Feeders . 352,070 291,027 103,872 77,329 100 82 30 22 335,625 268,798 110,459 59,255 100 80 33 18 –5 –8 NS 6 NS –23 Wildlife-watching expenditures, total (2011 dollars) . $51,133,555 100 $54,890,272 100 NS Trip-related . 14,420,170 28 17,274,675 31 NS Equipment, total . Wildlife-watching equipment.

Auxiliary equipment. Special equipment . 25,954,939 11,054,094 1,157,027 13,743,818 51 22 2 27 27,150,921 11,323,179 1,555,374 14,272,368 49 21 3 26 5 2 NS 34 NS 4 Other . 10,758,446 21 10,464,677 19 NS NS NS NS –2 –8 NS 6 –24 NS NS NS 7 20 NS NS –3 Not different from zero at the 5 percent level of significance. U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 53 Source: http://www.doksinet Source: http://www.doksinet Tables Source: http://www.doksinet Guide to Statistical Tables Purpose and Coverage of Tables Percentages Reported in the Tables X The statistical tables of this report were designed to meet a wide range of needs for those interested in wildlife-related recreation. Special terms used in these tables are defined in Appendix A. Percentages are reported in the tables for the convenience of the

user. When exclusive groups are being reported, the base of a percentage is apparent from its context because the percents add to 100 percent (plus or minus a rounding error). For example, Table 1 reports the number of trips taken by big game hunters (65 percent), those taken by small game hunters (17 percent), those taken by migratory bird hunters (8 percent), and those taken by hunters pursuing other animals (10 percent). These comprise 100 percent because they are exclusive categories. NA Not available. The tables are based on responses to the 2011 Survey, which was designed to collect data about participation in wi­ldlife-related recreation. To have taken part in the Survey, a respondent must have been a U.S resident (a resident of one of the 50 states or the District of Columbia). No one residing outside the United States (including U.S citizens) was eligible for interviewing Therefore, reported national totals do not include participation by those who were not U.S residents or

who were U.S citizens residing outside the United States. Comparability With Previous Surveys The numbers reported can be compared with those in the 1991, 1996, 2001, and 2006 Survey Reports. The methodology used in 2011 was similar to that used in those Surveys. These results should not be directly compared to results from Surveys earlier than 1991 since there were major changes in methodology. These changes were made to improve accuracy in the information provided. Trends further back than 1991 are presented in Appendix C. These trends were developed using parts of the Surveys that were comparable. Coverage of an Individual Table Since the Survey covers many activities in various places by participants of different ages, all table titles, headnotes, stubs, and footnotes are designed to identify and articulate each item being reported in the table. For example, the title of Table 1 shows that data about anglers and hunters, their days of participation, and their number of trips are

reported by type of activity. By contrast, the title of Table 3 indicates that it contains data on freshwater anglers and the days they fished for different species. Percents should not add to 100 when nonexclusive groups are being reported. Using Table 1 as an example again, note that adding the percentages associated with the total number of big game hunters (85 percent), total small game hunters (33 percent), total migratory bird hunters (19 percent), and total hunters of other animals (16 percent) will not yield total hunters (100 percent) because respondents could hunt for more than one type of game. When the base of the percentage is not apparent in context, it is identified in a footnote. For example, Table 6 reports three percentages with different bases: one for the number of hunters, one for the number of trips, and one for days of hunting. Footnotes are used to clarify the bases of the reported percentages. Footnotes to the Tables Footnotes are used to clarify the

information or items that are being reported in a table. Symbols in the body of a table indicate important footnotes. The following symbols are used in the tables to refer to the same footnote each time they appear: * Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29. . Sample size too small to report data reliably. Z Less than 0.5 percent 56 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation Not applicable. Estimates based upon fewer than ten responses are regarded as being based on a sample size that is too small for reliable reporting. An estimate based upon at least 10 but fewer than 30 responses is treated as an estimate based on a small sample size. Other footnotes appear, as necessary, to qualify or clarify the estimates reported in the tables. In addition, these two important footnotes appear frequently: • Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. • Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and no­nresponse.

“Multiple responses” is a term used to reflect the fact that individuals or their characteristics fall into more than one category. Using Table 2 as an example, those who fished in saltwater and freshwater appear in both of these totals. Yet each angler is represented only once in the “Total, all fishing” column. Similarly, in Table 6, those who hunt for big game and small game are counted only once as a hunter in the “Total, all hunting” column. Therefore, totals will be smaller than the sum of subcategories when multiple responses exist. “Nonresponse” exists because the Survey questions were answered voluntarily, and some respondents did not or could not answer all the questions. The effect of nonresponse is illustrated in Table 27, where the total days of hunting is greater than the sum of hunting days on private land and hunting days on public land. This occurs because some respondents did not answer the days hunted on private/ public land questions. As a result, it

is known how many days hunters hunted but not known if those days were on public or private land. In this case, totals are greater than the sum of subcategories when nonresponses have occurred. U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet Table 1. Anglers and Hunters 16 Years Old and Older, Days of Participation, and Trips by Type of Fishing and Hunting: 2011 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Participants Type of fishing and hunting Total sportspersons. Days of participation Trips Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent 37,397 100 835,725 100 711,645 100 33,112 27,547 27,060 1,665 8,889 100 83 82 5 27 553,841 455,862 443,223 19,661 99,474 100 82 80 4 18 455,005 368,805 353,620 15,185 86,200 100 81 78 3 19 13,674 11,570 4,506 2,583 2,168 100 85 33 19 16 281,884 212,116 50,884 23,263 34,434 100 75 18 8 12 256,640 167,320 43,135 21,315 24,869 100 65 17 8 10 FISHING Total,

all fishing. Total, all freshwater.    Freshwater, except Great Lakes .   Great Lakes. Saltwater. HUNTING Total, all hunting. Big game. Small game. Migratory birds. Other animals . Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. Table 2. Anglers, Trips, and Days of Fishing by Type of Fishing: 2011 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Freshwater Anglers, trips, and days of fishing Total, all fishing Total, all freshwater Freshwater, except Great Lakes Saltwater Great Lakes Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent 33,112 30,037 6,964 100 91 21 27,547 25,403 4,641 100 92 17 27,060 24,914 4,540 100 92 17 1,665 1,525 224 100 92 13

8,889 6,600 2,764 100 74 31 455,005 419,908 35,096 100 92 8 368,805 344,190 24,615 100 93 7 353,620 329,785 23,835 100 93 7 15,185 14,405 781 100 95 5 86,200 75,718 10,481 100 88 12 Total in U.S In state of residence . In other states . 553,841 502,008 57,499 100 91 10 455,862 421,155 43,861 100 92 10 443,223 403,207 42,801 100 91 10 19,661 18,231 1,503 100 93 8 99,474 86,027 13,681 100 86 14 Average days per angler. 17 (X) 17 (X) 16 (X) 12 (X) 11 (X) ANGLERS Total in U.S In state of residence . In other states . TRIPS Total in U.S In state of residence . In other states . DAYS OF FISHING (X) Not applicable. Note: Detail for participants does not add to total because of multiple responses.

Percents shown are based on the respective “Total in US” rows U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 57 Source: http://www.doksinet Table 3. Freshwater Anglers and Days of Fishing by Type of Fish: 2011 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands Excludes Great Lakes fishing) Type of fish Total, all types of fish . Black bass (largemouth, smallmouth, etc.) White bass, striped bass and striped bass hybrids. Panfish. Crappie . Catfish and Bullheads . Walleye . Sauger . Northern pike, pickerel, muskie, muskie hybrids . Trout . Salmon .

Steelhead . Anything1. Another type of freshwater fish. 1 Anglers Days of fishing Number Percent Number Percent Average days per angler 27,060 10,626 4,374 7,263 6,123 7,048 2,493 219 1,642 7,157 1,160 594 3,360 1,327 100 39 16 27 23 26 9 1 6 26 4 2 12 5 443,223 171,279 60,998 96,925 101,958 95,749 38,361 3,795 23,420 75,748 12,402 8,585 37,224 20,268 100 39 14 22 23 22 9 1 5 17 3 2 8 5 16 16 14 13 17 14 15 17 14 11 11 14 11 15 Respondent fished for no specific species and identified “Anything” from a list of categories of fish. Note: Detail for participants does not add to total because of multiple responses. Table 4. Great Lakes Anglers and Days of Fishing by Type of Fish: 2011 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Type of fish Anglers Days of fishing Number Percent Number Percent Average days per angler 1,665 559 584 *224 497 379 *198

*215 *97 *148 *179 100 34 35 *13 30 23 *12 *13 *6 *9 *11 19,661 4,830 5,612 *2,271 5,805 5,297 *3,092 *3,573 *700 *1,464 *1,722 100 25 29 *12 30 27 *16 *18 *4 *7 *9 12 9 10 *10 12 14 *16 *17 *7 *10 *10 Total, all types of fish . Black bass (largemouth, smallmouth, etc.) Walleye, Sauger. Northern pike, pickerel, muskie, muskie hybrids . Perch . Salmon . Steelhead . Lake trout . Other trout . Anything1. Another type of Great Lakes fish . * Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29. 1 Respondent fished for no specific species and identified “Anything” from a list of categories of fish. Note: Detail for

participants does not add to total because of multiple responses. 58 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet Table 5. Saltwater Anglers and Days of Fishing by Type of Fish: 2011 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Anglers Type of fish Total, all types of fish . Salmon . Striped bass . Flatfish (flounder, halibut) . Bluefish . Red drum (redfish) . Sea trout (weakfish) . Mackerel . Mahi Mahi (dolphinfish) . Tuna. Shellfish .

Anything1. Another type of saltwater fish . 1 Days of fishing Number Percent Number Percent Average days per angler 8,889 671 2,142 2,005 1,028 1,548 1,089 650 538 564 561 1,962 3,388 100 8 24 23 12 17 12 7 6 6 6 22 38 99,474 3,965 17,757 22,473 10,044 21,130 15,261 7,732 7,352 3,339 3,950 16,082 38,065 100 4 18 23 10 21 15 8 7 3 4 16 38 11 6 8 11 10 14 14 12 14 6 7 8 11 Respondent fished for no specific species and identified “Anything” from a list of categories of fish. Note: Detail for participants does not add to total because of multiple responses. Table 6. Hunters, Trips, and Days of Hunting by Type of Hunting: 2011 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Migratory birds Other animals Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent 13,674 12,890 1,942 100 94 14 11,570 10,976 1,282 100 95 11 4,506 4,040 708 100

90 16 2,583 2,418 284 100 94 11 2,168 1,994 224 100 92 10 256,640 244,202 12,438 100 95 5 167,320 159,894 7,426 100 96 4 43,135 39,918 3,218 100 93 7 21,315 20,341 974 100 95 5 24,869 24,050 819 100 97 3 Total in U.S In state of residence . In other states . 281,884 263,038 20,291 100 93 7 212,116 198,537 14,581 100 94 7 50,884 46,115 4,975 100 91 10 23,263 21,927 1,409 100 94 6 34,434 32,839 1,687 100 95 5 Average days per hunter . 21 (X) 18 (X) 11 (X) 9 (X) 16 (X) Hunters, trips, and days of hunting Total, all hunting Big game Small game HUNTERS Total in U.S In state of residence . In other states . TRIPS Total in U.S In state of residence . In other states . DAYS OF HUNTING (X) Not applicable.

Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. Percents shown are based on the respective “Total in US” rows U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 59 Source: http://www.doksinet Table 7. Hunters and Days of Hunting by Type of Game: 2011 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Hunters Days of hunting Number Percent Number Percent Average days per hunter Total, all big game. Deer. Elk. Bear. Wild turkey. Moose. Other big game. 11,570 10,851 867 526 3,115 106 305 100 94 7 5 27 1 3 212,116 167,658 7,715 4,824 33,341 1,139 4,911 100 79 4 2 16 1 2 18 15 9 9 11 11 16 Total, all small game. Rabbit, hare.

Quail. Grouse/prairie chicken . Squirrel. Pheasant . Ptarmigan . Other small game . 4,506 1,545 841 812 1,691 1,474 *32 299 100 34 19 18 38 33 *1 7 50,884 16,893 9,419 7,541 20,542 9,670 *233 3,493 100 33 19 15 40 19 *(Z) 7 11 11 11 9 12 7 *7 12 Total, all migratory birds. Water fowl (geese and/or ducks).   Geese.   Ducks . Doves . Other Migratory birds. 2,583 1,517 781 1,371 1,271 227 100 59 30 53 49 9 23,263 16,757 8,684 15,295 7,041 1,576 100 72 37 66 30 7 9 11 11 11 6 7 Total, all other animals (fox, raccoon, groundhog, alligator, etc.) 2,168 100 34,434 100 16 Type of game * Estimate based on a sample size of

10–29.    (Z) Less than 05 percent Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. 60 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet Table 8. Selected Characteristics of Anglers and Hunters: 2011 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) U.S population Sportspersons (fished or hunted) Characteristic Fished only Number Percent Number Percent who participated Percent Number Percent who participated Total persons. 239,313 100 37,397 16 100 23,714 10 Percent 100 Population Density of Residence Urban. Rural. 180,723 58,589 76 24 21,989 15,407 12 26 59 41 16,184 7,530 9 13 68 32 Population Size of Residence Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) .    1,000,000 or more.

   250,000 to 999,999.    50,000 to 249,999. Outside MSA. 224,025 127,462 48,157 48,406 15,288 94 53 20 20 6 32,747 13,733 7,777 11,238 4,649 15 11 16 23 30 88 37 21 30 12 21,824 10,366 5,403 6,055 1,890 10 8 11 13 12 92 44 23 26 8 Census Geographic Division New England. Middle Atlantic. East North Central. West North Central. South Atlantic. East South Central. West South Central. Mountain. Pacific. 11,593 32,392 36,199 15,860 46,417 14,206 27,195 17,013 38,438 5 14 15 7 19 6 11 7 16 1,441 3,966 6,766 3,980 6,749 3,010 4,855 2,976 3,654 12 12 19 25 15 21 18 17 10 4 11 18 11 18 8 13 8 10

1,021 2,408 4,078 2,320 4,871 1,479 2,946 1,933 2,658 9 7 11 15 10 10 11 11 7 4 10 17 10 21 6 12 8 11 Age 16 to 17 years . 18 to 24 years . 25 to 34 years . 35 to 44 years . 45 to 54 years . 55 to 64 years . 65 years and older.    65 to 74 years .    75 and older. 7,652 26,517 41,613 40,779 46,167 38,469 38,117 22,655 15,461 3 11 17 17 19 16 16 9 6 1,103 2,886 6,750 6,723 8,365 6,886 4,684 3,506 1,177 14 11 16 16 18 18 12 15 8 3 8 18 18 22 18 13 9 3 685 1,597 4,671 4,299 5,222 4,043 3,196 2,285 911 9 6 11 11 11 11 8 10 6 3 7 20 18 22 17 13 10 4 Sex Male, total.    16 to 17 years .    18 to 24 years .

   25 to 34 years .    35 to 44 years .    45 to 54 years .    55 to 64 years .    65 years and older.     65 to 74 years .    75 and older. 114,705 3,922 12,909 20,350 19,738 22,426 18,252 17,108 10,832 6,276 48 2 5 9 8 9 8 7 5 3 28,093 839 2,160 4,720 5,081 6,163 5,418 3,711 2,808 903 24 21 17 23 26 27 30 22 26 14 75 2 6 13 14 16 14 10 8 2 15,867 510 1,145 2,934 2,837 3,411 2,704 2,326 1,675 651 14 13 9 14 14 15 15 14 15 10 67 2 5 12 12 14 11 10 7 3 Female, total.    16 to 17 years .    18 to 24 years .    25 to 34 years .    35 to 44 years .    45 to 54 years

.    55 to 64 years .    65 years and older.     65 to 74 years .    75 and older. 124,608 3,730 13,608 21,263 21,041 23,741 20,216 21,008 11,824 9,185 52 2 6 9 9 10 8 9 5 4 9,304 264 726 2,030 1,642 2,202 1,467 973 699 274 7 7 5 10 8 9 7 5 6 3 25 1 2 5 4 6 4 3 2 1 7,846 175 453 1,736 1,463 1,811 1,339 870 611 260 6 5 3 8 7 8 7 4 5 3 33 1 2 7 6 8 6 4 3 1 Ethnicity Hispanic . Non-Hispanic . 32,557 206,756 14 86 1,793 35,603 6 17 5 95 1,522 22,192 5 11 6 94 Race White. African American . Asian American. All others. 182,872 23,402 11,647 21,392 76 10 5 9 32,706 2,341 737 1,612 18 10 6 8 87 6 2 4 19,846

1,928 710 1,230 11 8 6 6 84 8 3 5 Annual Household Income Less than $20,000. $20,000 to $24,999. $25,000 to $29,999. $30,000 to $34,999. $35,000 to $39,999. $40,000 to $49,999. $50,000 to $74,999. $75,000 to $99,999. $100,000 to $149,999. $150,000 or more . Not reported . 30,550 12,713 10,441 11,504 11,441 17,091 33,850 25,236 23,790 17,151 45,545 13 5 4 5 5 7 14 11 10 7 19 3,610 1,748 1,481 1,648 1,714 3,085 6,725 5,517 4,799 2,940 4,131 12 14 14 14 15 18 20 22 20 17 9 10 5 4 4 5 8 18 15 13 8 11 2,619 1,215 986 1,092 1,108 1,956 4,114 3,138 2,868 2,079 2,540 9 10 9 9 10 11 12 12 12 12 6 11 5 4 5 5 8 17 13 12 9 11 Education 11 years or less.

12 years. 1 to 3 years of college. 4 years of college . 5 years or more of college. 31,574 81,984 55,014 42,552 28,188 13 34 23 18 12 4,225 12,329 9,486 6,995 4,361 13 15 17 16 15 11 33 25 19 12 2,743 7,346 5,976 4,548 3,101 9 9 11 11 11 12 31 25 19 13 See footnotes at end of table. U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 61 Source: http://www.doksinet Table 8. Selected Characteristics of Anglers and Hunters: 2011Continued (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Hunted only Characteristic Fished and hunted Number Percent who participated Percent Number Percent who participated Percent Total persons. 4,285 2 100 9,389 4 100 Population Density of Residence Urban.

Rural. 1,774 2,511 1 4 41 59 4,023 5,366 2 9 43 57 Population Size of Residence Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) .    1,000,000 or more.    250,000 to 999,999.    50,000 to 249,999. Outside MSA. 3,306 1,064 706 1,536 979 1 1 1 3 6 77 25 16 36 23 7,610 2,303 1,668 3,638 1,780 3 2 3 8 12 81 25 18 39 19 Census Geographic Division New England. Middle Atlantic. East North Central. West North Central. South Atlantic. East South Central. West South Central. Mountain.

Pacific. 86 471 905 390 587 566 556 390 335 1 1 3 2 1 4 2 2 1 2 11 21 9 14 13 13 9 8 334 1,087 1,783 1,271 1,283 965 1,353 653 661 3 3 5 8 3 7 5 4 2 4 12 19 14 14 10 14 7 7 Age 16 to 17 years . 18 to 24 years . 25 to 34 years . 35 to 44 years . 45 to 54 years . 55 to 64 years . 65 years and older.    65 to 74 years .    75 and older. *161 218 616 761 937 1,000 590 455 135 *2 1 1 2 2 3 2 2 1 *4 5 14 18 22 23 14 11 3 258 1,070 1,463 1,654 2,206 1,842 897 766 131 3 4 4 4 5 5 2 3 1 3 11 16 18 23 20 10 8 1 Sex Male, total.   

16 to 17 years .    18 to 24 years .    25 to 34 years .    35 to 44 years .    45 to 54 years .    55 to 64 years .    65 years and older.     65 to 74 years .    75 and older. 3,867 *106 188 561 676 831 980 525 395 130 3 *3 1 3 3 4 5 3 4 2 90 *2 4 13 16 19 23 12 9 3 8,351 224 827 1,225 1,560 1,921 1,734 860 738 122 7 6 6 6 8 9 9 5 7 2 89 2 9 13 17 20 18 9 8 1 Female, total.    16 to 17 years .    18 to 24 years .    25 to 34 years .    35 to 44 years .

   45 to 54 years .    55 to 64 years .    65 years and older.     65 to 74 years .    75 and older. 418 . . . *85 *107 . *65 . . (Z) . . . *(Z) *(Z) . *(Z) . . 10 . . . *2 *2 . *2 . . 1,039 . *243 238 94 285 *108 *37 *28 . 1 . *2 1 (Z) 1 *1 *(Z) *(Z) . 11 . *3 3 1 3 *1 *(Z) *(Z) . Ethnicity Hispanic . Non-Hispanic . *118 4,167 *(Z) 2 *3 97 153 9,236 (Z) 4 2 98 Race White. African American . Asian American. All others. 4,146 . . *79 2 . . *(Z) 97 . . *2 8,706 358 *23 303 5 2 *(Z) 1 93 4 *(Z) 3

Annual Household Income Less than $20,000. $20,000 to $24,999. $25,000 to $29,999. $30,000 to $34,999. $35,000 to $39,999. $40,000 to $49,999. $50,000 to $74,999. $75,000 to $99,999. $100,000 to $149,999. $150,000 or more . Not reported . 343 *174 117 204 *193 364 874 669 669 218 460 1 *1 1 2 *2 2 3 3 3 1 1 8 *4 3 5 *4 9 20 16 16 5 11 648 358 378 352 413 765 1,737 1,702 1,263 643 1,131 2 3 4 3 4 4 5 7 5 4 2 7 4 4 4 4 8 18 18 13 7 12 Education 11 years or less. 12 years. 1 to 3 years of college.

4 years of college . 5 years or more of college. 521 1,826 991 653 293 2 2 2 2 1 12 43 23 15 7 961 3,149 2,519 1,794 967 3 4 5 4 3 10 34 27 19 10 * Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably    (Z) Less than 05 percent Note: Percent who participated columns show the percent of each row’s population who participated in the activity named by the column. Percent columns show the percent of each column’s participants who are described by the row heading. Demographic variables we could include but haven’t are (1) relationship to head of household, (2) marital status, (3) population size of area participant grew up, (4) years participant lived in resident state, (5) whether or not participant has a job, and (6) whether or not participant is going to school, keeping house, or retired. 62 2011 National Survey of Fishing,

Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet Table 9. Selected Characteristics of Anglers by Type of Fishing: 2011 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) U.S population Total, all fishing Characteristic Total freshwater Number Percent Number Percent who participated Percent Number Percent who participated Total persons. 239,313 100 33,112 14 100 27,547 12 Percent 100 Population Density of Residence Urban. Rural. 180,723 58,589 76 24 20,216 12,896 11 22 61 39 15,918 11,629 9 20 58 42 Population Size of Residence Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) .    1,000,000 or more.    250,000 to 999,999.    50,000 to 249,999. Outside MSA.

224,025 127,462 48,157 48,406 15,288 94 53 20 20 6 29,442 12,669 7,071 9,702 3,670 13 10 15 20 24 89 38 21 29 11 24,133 9,802 5,565 8,766 3,414 11 8 12 18 22 88 36 20 32 12 Census Geographic Division New England. Middle Atlantic. East North Central. West North Central. South Atlantic. East South Central. West South Central. Mountain. Pacific. 11,593 32,392 36,199 15,860 46,417 14,206 27,195 17,013 38,438 5 14 15 7 19 6 11 7 16 1,355 3,496 5,861 3,591 6,163 2,444 4,298 2,586 3,319 12 11 16 23 13 17 16 15 9 4 11 18 11 19 7 13 8 10 1,000 2,409 5,266 3,421 4,254 2,274 3,760 2,499 2,663 9 7 15 22 9 16 14 15 7 4 9 19 12 15 8 14 9 10 Age 16 to 17 years .

18 to 24 years . 25 to 34 years . 35 to 44 years . 45 to 54 years . 55 to 64 years . 65 years and older.    65 to 74 years .    75 and older. 7,652 26,517 41,613 40,779 46,167 38,469 38,117 22,655 15,461 3 11 17 17 19 16 16 9 6 942 2,668 6,133 5,962 7,428 5,886 4,093 3,051 1,042 12 10 15 15 16 15 11 13 7 3 8 19 18 22 18 12 9 3 766 2,228 5,250 4,923 6,131 4,993 3,255 2,415 840 10 8 13 12 13 13 9 11 5 3 8 19 18 22 18 12 9 3 Sex Male . Female. 114,705 124,608 48 52 24,226 8,885 21 7 73 27 20,359 7,188 18 6 74 26 Ethnicity Hispanic . Non-Hispanic .

32,557 206,756 14 86 1,675 31,436 5 15 5 95 1,267 26,280 4 13 5 95 Race White. African American . Asian American. All others. 182,872 23,402 11,647 21,392 76 10 5 9 28,560 2,286 733 1,533 16 10 6 7 86 7 2 5 23,995 1,750 472 1,331 13 7 4 6 87 6 2 5 Annual Household Income Less than $20,000. $20,000 to $24,999. $25,000 to $29,999. $30,000 to $34,999. $35,000 to $39,999. $40,000 to $49,999. $50,000 to $74,999. $75,000 to $99,999. $100,000 to $149,999. $150,000 or more . Not reported . 30,550 12,713 10,441

11,504 11,441 17,091 33,850 25,236 23,790 17,151 45,545 13 5 4 5 5 7 14 11 10 7 19 3,266 1,573 1,364 1,444 1,521 2,721 5,851 4,848 4,131 2,722 3,671 11 12 13 13 13 16 17 19 17 16 8 10 5 4 4 5 8 18 15 12 8 11 2,677 1,421 1,132 1,190 1,276 2,412 5,000 4,182 3,366 2,047 2,845 9 11 11 10 11 14 15 17 14 12 6 10 5 4 4 5 9 18 15 12 7 10 Education 11 years or less. 12 years. 1 to 3 years of college. 4 years of college . 5 years or more of college. 31,574 81,984 55,014 42,552 28,188 13 34 23 18 12 3,705 10,503 8,495 6,342 4,068 12 13 15 15 14 11 32 26 19 12 3,062 8,766 7,331 5,324 3,064 10 11 13 13 11 11 32 27 19 11 See footnotes at end of table. U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 63 Source: http://www.doksinet Table 9. Selected

Characteristics of Anglers by Type of Fishing: 2011Continued (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Freshwater Characteristic Freshwater, except Great Lakes Percent who Number participated Saltwater Great Lakes Percent Percent who Number participated Percent Percent who Number participated Percent Total persons. 27,060 11 100 1,665 1 100 8,889 4 100 Population Density of Residence Urban. Rural. 15,656 11,404 9 19 58 42 907 758 1 1 54 46 6,654 2,235 4 4 75 25 Population Size of Residence Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) .    1,000,000 or more.    250,000 to 999,999.    50,000 to 249,999. Outside MSA. 23,759 9,598 5,498 8,663 3,301 11 8 11 18 22 88 35 20 32 12 1,416 555 485 376

*249 1 (Z) 1 1 *2 85 33 29 23 *15 8,519 4,658 2,191 1,669 370 4 4 5 3 2 96 52 25 19 4 Census Geographic Division New England. Middle Atlantic. East North Central. West North Central. South Atlantic. East South Central. West South Central. Mountain. Pacific. 996 2,343 4,871 3,418 4,241 2,274 3,760 2,494 2,663 9 7 13 22 9 16 14 15 7 4 9 18 13 16 8 14 9 10 . 395 1,139 *66 *35 . . . . . 1 3 *(Z) *(Z) . . . . . 24 68 *4 *2 . . . . 661 1,425 533 *63 3,101 360 1,092 170 1,482 6 4 1 *(Z) 7 3 4 1 4 7 16 6 *1 35 4 12 2 17 Age 16 to 17 years . 18 to 24 years . 25 to 34 years . 35 to 44 years .

45 to 54 years . 55 to 64 years . 65 years and older.    65 to 74 years .    75 and older. 754 2,228 5,127 4,847 5,954 4,911 3,239 2,403 836 10 8 12 12 13 13 8 11 5 3 8 19 18 22 18 12 9 3 . . *320 232 483 359 *137 *117 . . . *1 1 1 1 *(Z) *1 . . . *19 14 29 22 *8 *7 . 234 530 1,505 1,571 2,161 1,730 1,157 913 244 3 2 4 4 5 4 3 4 2 3 6 17 18 24 19 13 10 3 Sex Male . Female. 20,033 7,026 17 6 74 26 1,257 408 1 (Z) 75 25 6,610 2,279 6 2 74 26 Ethnicity Hispanic . Non-Hispanic . 1,267 25,793 4 12 5 95 . 1,644 . 1 . 99 603 8,286 2 4 7 93 Race White. African American .

Asian American. All others. 23,562 1,701 472 1,326 13 7 4 6 87 6 2 5 1,561 . . . 1 . . . 94 . . . 7,383 764 373 369 4 3 3 2 83 9 4 4 Annual Household Income Less than $20,000. $20,000 to $24,999. $25,000 to $29,999. $30,000 to $34,999. $35,000 to $39,999. $40,000 to $49,999. $50,000 to $74,999. $75,000 to $99,999. $100,000 to $149,999. $150,000 or more . Not reported . 2,631 1,416 1,132 1,155 1,276 2,346 4,921 4,032 3,308 2,022 2,821 9 11 11 10 11 14 15 16 14 12 6 10 5 4 4 5 9 18 15 12 7 10 . . . . . *153 278 *321 334 *72 *123 . . . . . *1 1 *1 1 *(Z) *(Z) . . . . . *9

17 *19 20 *4 *7 725 *98 428 310 256 611 1,731 1,367 1,167 1,050 1,146 2 *1 4 3 2 4 5 5 5 6 3 8 *1 5 3 3 7 19 15 13 12 13 Education 11 years or less. 12 years. 1 to 3 years of college. 4 years of college . 5 years or more of college. 3,040 8,596 7,126 5,263 3,035 10 10 13 12 11 11 32 26 19 11 . 517 488 344 *177 . 1 1 1 *1 . 31 29 21 *11 706 2,399 2,282 1,828 1,673 2 3 4 4 6 8 27 26 21 19 * Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably    (Z) Less than 05 percent Note: Percent who participated columns show the percent of each row’s population who participated in the activity named by the column. Percent columns show the percent of each column’s participants who are described by the row heading. Demographic variables we could include but haven’t

are (1) relationship to head of household, (2) marital status, (3) population size of area participant grew up, (4) years participant lived in resident state, (5) whether or not participant has a job, and (6) whether or not participant is going to school, keeping house, or retired. 64 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet Table 10. Selected Characteristics of Hunters by Type of Hunting: 2011 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) U.S population Total, all hunting Characteristic Big game Number Percent Number Percent who participated Total persons. 239,313 100 13,674 6 100 11,570 5 100 Population Density of Residence Urban. Rural. 180,723 58,589 76 24 5,797 7,877 3 13 42 58 4,470 7,099 2 12 39 61 Population Size of Residence

Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) .    1,000,000 or more.    250,000 to 999,999.    50,000 to 249,999. Outside MSA. 224,025 127,462 48,157 48,406 15,288 94 53 20 20 6 10,915 3,367 2,374 5,174 2,759 5 3 5 11 18 80 25 17 38 20 9,059 2,693 1,898 4,468 2,510 4 2 4 9 16 78 23 16 39 22 Census Geographic Division New England. Middle Atlantic. East North Central. West North Central. South Atlantic. East South Central. West South Central. Mountain. Pacific. 11,593 32,392 36,199 15,860 46,417 14,206 27,195 17,013 38,438 5 14 15 7 19 6 11 7 16 420 1,558 2,688 1,661 1,870 1,531 1,909 1,043 996 4 5 7 10 4 11 7 6 3 3 11 20 12 14 11 14 8 7 335 1,530 2,336 1,368 1,653 1,416 1,537

730 666 3 5 6 9 4 10 6 4 2 3 13 20 12 14 12 13 6 6 Age 16 to 17 years . 18 to 24 years . 25 to 34 years . 35 to 44 years . 45 to 54 years . 55 to 64 years . 65 years and older.    65 to 74 years .    75 and older. 7,652 26,517 41,613 40,779 46,167 38,469 38,117 22,655 15,461 3 11 17 17 19 16 16 9 6 419 1,288 2,079 2,416 3,143 2,842 1,487 1,221 266 5 5 5 6 7 7 4 5 2 3 9 15 18 23 21 11 9 2 385 1,049 1,677 2,110 2,719 2,478 1,151 968 182 5 4 4 5 6 6 3 4 1 3 9 14 18 24 21 10 8 2 Sex Male . Female. 114,705 124,608 48 52 12,217 1,457 11 1 89 11 10,220 1,350 9 1 88 12 Ethnicity Hispanic . Non-Hispanic . 32,557 206,756 14 86 271 13,403 1 6 2

98 214 11,356 1 5 2 98 Race White. African American . Asian American. All others. 182,872 23,402 11,647 21,392 76 10 5 9 12,852 413 *27 382 7 2 *(Z) 2 94 3 *(Z) 3 10,855 364 *18 333 6 2 *(Z) 2 94 3 *(Z) 3 Annual Household Income Less than $20,000. $20,000 to $24,999. $25,000 to $29,999. $30,000 to $34,999. $35,000 to $39,999. $40,000 to $49,999. $50,000 to $74,999. $75,000 to $99,999. $100,000 to $149,999. $150,000 or more . Not reported . 30,550 12,713 10,441 11,504 11,441 17,091 33,850 25,236 23,790 17,151 45,545 13 5 4 5 5 7 14 11 10 7 19 991 533 495 556 606 1,129 2,610 2,371 1,932 861 1,591 3 4 5 5 5 7 8 9 8 5 3 7 4 4 4 4 8 19 17 14 6 12 876

496 447 486 523 908 2,332 2,087 1,433 662 1,320 3 4 4 4 5 5 7 8 6 4 3 8 4 4 4 5 8 20 18 12 6 11 31,574 81,984 55,014 42,552 28,188 13 34 23 18 12 1,482 4,975 3,510 2,447 1,260 5 6 6 6 4 11 36 26 18 9 1,411 4,454 2,874 1,915 916 4 5 5 4 3 12 38 25 17 8 Education 11 years or less. 12 years. 1 to 3 years of college. 4 years of college . 5 years or more of college. See footnotes at end of table. U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Percent Number Percent who participated Percent 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 65 Source: http://www.doksinet Table 10. Selected Characteristics of Hunters by Type of Hunting: 2011Continued (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Characteristic Small game Migratory birds Percent who Number participated Percent who Number participated Percent Other animals

Percent Number Percent who participated Percent Total persons. 4,506 2 100 2,583 1 100 2,168 1 100 Population Density of Residence Urban. Rural. 2,118 2,389 1 4 47 53 1,172 1,411 1 2 45 55 1,065 1,103 1 2 49 51 Population Size of Residence Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) .    1,000,000 or more.    250,000 to 999,999.    50,000 to 249,999. Outside MSA. 3,612 1,255 819 1,539 894 2 1 2 3 6 80 28 18 34 20 2,134 668 465 1,001 449 1 1 1 2 3 83 26 18 39 17 1,699 612 325 762 469 1 (Z) 1 2 3 78 28 15 35 22 Census Geographic Division New England. Middle Atlantic. East North Central. West North Central. South Atlantic. East South Central. West

South Central. Mountain. Pacific. 174 550 810 735 534 455 584 333 331 2 2 2 5 1 3 2 2 1 4 12 18 16 12 10 13 7 7 60 *71 477 326 392 167 602 200 287 1 *(Z) 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 *3 18 13 15 6 23 8 11 59 *261 367 192 237 183 596 163 *112 1 *1 1 1 1 1 2 1 *(Z) 3 *12 17 9 11 8 27 8 *5 Age 16 to 17 years . 18 to 24 years . 25 to 34 years . 35 to 44 years . 45 to 54 years . 55 to 64 years . 65 years and older.    65 to 74 years .    75 and older. *102 364 801 837 963 935 503 407 97 *1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 *2 8 18 19 21 21 11 9 2 *64 291 619 449 475 405 281 235 *46 *1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 *(Z) *2 11 24 17 18 16 11 9 *2 *68 175 436 473 402 452 162 135 *27 *1 1 1 1 1 1 (Z) 1 *(Z) *3 8 20 22 19 21 7 6 *1

Sex Male . Female. 4,251 255 4 (Z) 94 6 2,353 *231 2 *(Z) 91 *9 2,020 *148 2 *(Z) 93 *7 Ethnicity Hispanic . Non-Hispanic . *91 4,415 *(Z) 2 *2 98 *54 2,529 *(Z) 1 *2 98 . 2,058 . 1 . 95 Race White. African American . Asian American. All others. 4,183 *106 . 202 2 *(Z) . 1 93 *2 . 4 2,486 . . *90 1 . . *(Z) 96 . . *4 2,055 . . *77 1 . . *(Z) 95 . . *4 Annual Household Income Less than $20,000. $20,000 to $24,999. $25,000 to $29,999. $30,000 to $34,999. $35,000 to $39,999. $40,000 to $49,999. $50,000 to $74,999. $75,000 to $99,999. $100,000 to $149,999. $150,000 or

more . Not reported . 269 104 148 201 237 496 762 769 719 319 483 1 1 1 2 2 3 2 3 3 2 1 6 2 3 4 5 11 17 17 16 7 11 *100 *30 *120 *79 *84 274 453 500 428 161 354 *(Z) *(Z) *1 *1 *1 2 1 2 2 1 1 *4 *1 *5 *3 *3 11 18 19 17 6 14 *49 . *93 *119 *92 *279 367 338 326 210 255 *(Z) . *1 *1 *1 *2 1 1 1 1 1 *2 . *4 *5 *4 *13 17 16 15 10 12 Education 11 years or less. 12 years. 1 to 3 years of college. 4 years of college . 5 years or more of college. 393 1,578 1,248 780 508 1 2 2 2 2 9 35 28 17 11 189 655 785 674 281 1 1 1 2 1 7 25 30 26 11 234 728 700 309 197 1 1 1 1 1 11 34 32 14 9 * Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably    (Z) Less than 05 percent Note: Percent who participated columns show the percent of each row’s population who participated

in the activity named by the column. Percent columns show the percent of each column’s participants who are described by the row heading. Demographic variables we could include but haven’t are (1) relationship to head of household, (2) marital status, (3) population size of area participant grew up, (4) years participant lived in resident state, (5) whether or not participant has a job, and (6) whether or not participant is going to school, keeping house, or retired. Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse 66 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet Table 11. Summary of Expenditures for Fishing and Hunting: 2011 (Population 16 years old and older) Expenditures Spenders Expenditure item Amount (thousands of dollars) Average per sportsperson (dollars)1 Number (thousands) Percent of sportspersons Average per spender

(dollars)1 Total, all items. 89,761,524 2,400 35,990 96 2,494 Total trip-related. 32,210,653 861 33,507 90 961 Food and lodging, total. Food . Lodging. 11,592,622 8,653,068 2,939,554 310 231 79 29,048 28,773 7,422 78 77 20 399 301 396 Transportation, total. Public . Private. 11,029,451 1,107,975 9,921,476 295 30 265 29,691 2,760 28,843 79 7 77 371 401 344 Other trip costs2. 9,588,580 256 26,804 72 358 6,179,132 8,182,297 3,736,648 25,129,326 165 219 100 672 21,920 11,585 11,198 3,990 59 31 30 11 282 706 334 6,298 319,781 1,122,787 10,563,362 1,614,937 702,601 9 30 282 43 19

6,053 5,394 2,935 24,099 1,273 16 14 8 64 3 53 208 3,600 67 552 TRIP-RELATED EXPENDITURES EQUIPMENT EXPENDITURES Fishing equipment. Hunting equipment. Auxiliary equipment3 . Special equipment4 . OTHER EXPENDITURES Magazines, books, DVDs. Membership dues and contributions. Land leasing and ownership. Licenses, stamps, tags, and permits . Plantings (for hunting) . 1 Average expenditures are annual estimates. 2 Other trip costs include guide fees, pack trip or package fees, public and private land use fees, equipment rental, boating costs (which include launching, mooring, storage, maintenance, insurance, pumpout fees, and fuel), bait, ice, and heating and cooking fuel. 3

Auxiliary equipment includes camping equipment, binoculars, special fishing and hunting clothing, processing and taxidermy costs, foul weather gear, boots, waders, field glasses, telescopes, and electronic equipment such as a GPS device. 4 Special equipment includes boats, campers, cabins, trail bikes, dune buggies, 4 x 4 vehicles, ATVs, 4-wheelers, snowmobiles, pickups, vans, travel and tent trailers, motor homes, house trailers, recreational vehicles (RVs) and other special equipment. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. Detail in subsequent tables may not add to totals shown here because of nonresponse to individual questions U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 67 Source: http://www.doksinet Table 12. Expenditures for Fishing: 2011 (Population 16 years old and older) Expenditures Spenders Expenditure item Amount (thousands of dollars) Average per

angler (dollars)1 Number (thousands) Percent of anglers Average per spender (dollars)1 Total, all items. 41,788,936 1,262 30,289 91 1,380 Total trip-related. 21,789,465 658 29,309 89 743 Food and lodging, total. Food . Lodging. 7,711,318 5,435,208 2,276,110 233 164 69 25,158 24,891 5,983 76 75 18 307 218 380 Transportation, total. Public . Private. 6,261,536 803,771 5,457,766 189 24 165 25,293 2,222 24,504 76 7 74 248

362 223 Other trip costs, total . Guide fees, pack trip or package fees. Public land use fees. Private land use fees. Equipment rental. Boating costs2 . Bait. Ice. Heating and cooking fuel . 7,816,610 1,102,375 237,887 243,705 245,547 3,815,819 1,497,445 509,494 164,337 236 33 7 7 7 115 45 15 5 25,143 2,946 4,190 1,744 1,872 7,929 19,717 13,400 3,810 76 9 13 5 6 24 60 40 12 311 374 57 140 131 481 76 38 43 Fishing

equipment, total. Rods, reels, poles, and rodmaking components. Lines and leaders. Artificial lures, flies, baits, and dressing for flies or lines . Hooks, sinkers, swivels, and other items attached to a line except lures and baits . Tackle boxes. Creels, stringers, fish bags, landing nets, and gaff hooks. Minnow traps, seines, and bait containers . Depth finders, fish finders, and other electronic fishing devices. Ice fishing equipment. Other fishing equipment. 6,141,895 2,366,774

593,398 1,169,092 628,600 141,789 131,515 81,008 469,849 241,328 318,542 185 71 18 35 19 4 4 2 14 7 10 21,527 10,651 13,756 15,560 16,496 4,271 3,655 3,172 938 637 4,228 65 32 42 47 50 13 11 10 3 2 13 285 222 43 75 38 33 36 26 501 379 75 Auxiliary equipment, total. Camping equipment . Binoculars, field glasses, telescopes, etc. Special fishing clothing, rubber boots, waders, and foul weather gear . Processing and taxidermy costs . Other. 1,106,865 385,633 85,522 318,382 82,766 234,562 33 12 3 10 2 7 4,420 1,976 410 2,472 188 720 13 6 1 7 1 2 250 195 208 129 440 326 Special equipment3 . 8,257,673 249

2,296 7 3,596 108,308 321,990 3,434,097 628,642 551,824 76,819 3 10 104 19 17 2 2,483 1,728 924 17,166 16,233 3,726 8 5 3 52 49 11 44 186 3,716 37 34 21 TRIP-RELATED EXPENDITURES EQUIPMENT EXPENDITURES OTHER EXPENDITURES Magazines, books, DVDs. Membership dues and contributions. Land leasing and ownership. Licenses, stamps, tags, and permits, total. Licenses. Stamps, tags, and permits. 1 Average expenditures are annual estimates. 2 Boating costs include launching, mooring, storage, maintenance, insurance, pumpout fees, and fuel. 3 Special equipment includes boats, campers, cabins, trail bikes, dune buggies, 4 x 4 vehicles, ATVs,

4-wheelers, snowmobiles, pickups, vans, travel and tent trailers, motor homes, house trailers, recreational vehicles (RVs) and other special equipment. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. Detail in Tables 13 to 16 may not add to totals shown here because of multiple responses and nonresponse 68 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet Table 13. Trip and Equipment Expenditures for Freshwater Fishing: 2011 (Population 16 years old and older) Expenditures Spenders Expenditure item Amount (thousands of dollars) Average per angler (dollars)1 Number (thousands) Percent of anglers Average per spender (dollars)1 Total, all items. 25,732,493 934 25,498 93 1,009 Total trip-related. 14,463,533 525 25,020

91 578 Food and lodging, total. Food . Lodging. 5,334,362 3,811,899 1,522,464 194 138 55 21,469 21,316 4,559 78 77 17 248 179 334 Transportation, total. Public . Private. 4,714,131 479,435 4,234,697 171 17 154 21,565 1,393 21,092 78 5 77 219 344 201 Other trip costs, total . Guide fees, pack trip or package fees. Public land use fees. Private land use fees.

Equipment rental. Boating costs2 . Bait. Ice. Heating and cooking fuel . 4,415,039 525,501 188,463 112,358 183,811 1,980,784 950,729 323,059 150,335 160 19 7 4 7 72 35 12 5 21,102 1,460 3,568 1,475 1,468 6,231 16,644 11,162 3,490 77 5 13 5 5 23 60 41 13 209 360 53 76 125 318 57 29 43 Fishing equipment, total. Rods, reels, poles, and rodmaking components. Lines and leaders. Artificial lures, flies, baits, and dressing for flies or lines . Hooks, sinkers, swivels, and other

items attached to a line except lures and baits . Tackle boxes. Creels, stringers, fish bags, landing nets, and gaff hooks. Minnow traps, seines, and bait containers . Depth finders, fish finders, and other electronic fishing devices. Ice fishing equipment. Other fishing equipment. 4,269,676 1,597,184 387,736 914,388 416,799 92,797 95,022 43,532 303,931 241,196 177,091 155 58 14 33 15 3 3 2 11 9 6 17,043 8,174 10,282 12,375 12,350 2,990 2,726 2,278 709 625 2,787 62 30 37 45 45 11 10 8 3 2 10 251 195 38 74 34 31 35 19 428 386 64 Auxiliary equipment, total. Camping equipment .

Binoculars, field glasses, telescopes, etc. Special fishing clothing, rubber boots, waders, and foul weather gear . Processing and taxidermy costs . Other. 646,603 150,712 65,985 209,291 *59,678 160,936 23 5 2 8 *2 6 2,741 800 242 1,645 *126 501 10 3 1 6 *(Z) 2 236 188 273 127 *473 321 Special equipment3 . 6,352,682 231 1,764 6 3,602 TRIP-RELATED EXPENDITURES EQUIPMENT EXPENDITURES * Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    (Z) Less than 05 percent 1 Average expenditures are annual estimates. 2 Boating costs include launching, mooring, storage, maintenance, insurance, pumpout fees, and fuel. 3 Special equipment includes boats, campers, cabins, trail bikes, dune buggies, 4 x 4 vehicles, ATVs, 4-wheelers,

snowmobiles, pickups, vans, travel and tent trailers, motor homes, house trailers, recreational vehicles (RVs) and other special equipment. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 69 Source: http://www.doksinet Table 14. Trip and Equipment Expenditures for Freshwater Fishing, Except Great Lakes: 2011 (Population 16 years old and older) Expenditures Spenders Expenditure item Amount (thousands of dollars) Average per angler (dollars)1 Number (thousands) Percent of anglers Average per spender (dollars)1 Total, all items. 23,782,678 879 24,989 92 952 Total trip-related. 13,373,390 494 24,539 91 545 Food and lodging, total.

Food . Lodging. 4,960,614 3,583,331 1,377,283 183 132 51 20,962 20,823 4,324 77 77 16 237 172 319 Transportation, total. Public . Private. 4,462,519 466,090 3,996,429 165 17 148 21,091 1,344 20,591 78 5 76 212 347 194 Other trip costs, total . Guide fees, pack trip or package fees. Public land use fees. Private land use fees. Equipment rental.

Boating costs2 . Bait. Ice. Heating and cooking fuel . 3,950,256 469,003 173,406 107,225 158,371 1,695,453 896,405 309,180 141,213 146 17 6 4 6 63 33 11 5 20,600 1,289 3,477 1,381 1,336 5,847 16,299 10,897 3,292 76 5 13 5 5 22 60 40 12 192 364 50 78 119 290 55 28 43 Fishing equipment, total. Rods, reels, poles, and rodmaking components. Lines and leaders. Artificial lures, flies, baits, and dressing for flies or lines . Hooks, sinkers, swivels, and other items attached to a line except lures and baits .

Tackle boxes. Creels, stringers, fish bags, landing nets, and gaff hooks. Minnow traps, seines, and bait containers . Depth finders, fish finders, and other electronic fishing devices. Ice fishing equipment. Other fishing equipment. 3,971,636 1,534,749 360,198 871,255 376,457 87,079 86,298 38,918 284,072 178,447 154,162 147 57 13 32 14 3 3 1 10 7 6 16,440 7,883 9,836 11,871 11,826 2,834 2,573 2,096 691 605 2,520 61 29 36 44 44 10 10 8 3 2 9 242 195 37 73 32 31 34 19 411 295 61 Auxiliary equipment, total. Camping equipment . Binoculars, field glasses, telescopes, etc.

Special fishing clothing, rubber boots, waders, and foul weather gear . Processing and taxidermy costs . Other. 560,314 138,054 65,985 182,239 *26,581 147,456 21 5 2 7 *1 5 2,598 764 242 1,573 *71 462 10 3 1 6 *(Z) 2 216 181 273 116 *372 319 Special equipment3 . 5,877,338 217 1,653 6 3,555 TRIP-RELATED EXPENDITURES EQUIPMENT EXPENDITURES * Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    (Z) Less than 05 percent 1 Average expenditures are annual estimates. 2 Boating costs include launching, mooring, storage, maintenance, insurance, pumpout fees, and fuel. 3 Special equipment includes boats, campers, cabins, trail bikes, dune buggies, 4 x 4 vehicles, ATVs, 4-wheelers, snowmobiles, pickups, vans, travel and tent trailers, motor

homes, house trailers, recreational vehicles (RVs) and other special equipment. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. 70 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet Table 15. Trip and Equipment Expenditures for Great Lakes Fishing: 2011 (Population 16 years old and older) Expenditures Spenders Expenditure item Amount (thousands of dollars) Average per angler (dollars)1 Number (thousands) Percent of anglers Average per spender (dollars)1 Total, all items. 1,867,098 1,121 1,583 95 1,180 Total trip-related. 1,090,143 655 1,583 95 689 Food and lodging, total. Food .

Lodging. 373,748 228,567 145,181 224 137 87 1,497 1,484 399 90 89 24 250 154 364 Transportation, total. Public . Private. 251,612 . 238,268 151 . 143 1,418 . 1,403 85 . 84 177 . 170 Other trip costs, total . Guide fees, pack trip or package fees. Public land use fees. Private land use fees. Equipment rental. Boating costs2 .

Bait. Ice. Heating and cooking fuel . 464,783 *56,498 *15,057 . *25,440 285,330 54,324 13,879 *9,122 279 *34 *9 . *15 171 33 8 *5 1,486 *216 *116 . *142 660 1,016 712 *302 89 *13 *7 . *9 40 61 43 *18 313 *262 *130 . *180 432 53 20 *30 Fishing equipment, total. Rods, reels, poles, and rodmaking components. Lines and leaders. Artificial lures, flies, baits, and dressing for flies or lines . Hooks, sinkers, swivels, and other items attached to a line except lures and baits . Tackle boxes.

Creels, stringers, fish bags, landing nets, and gaff hooks. Minnow traps, seines, and bait containers . Depth finders, fish finders, and other electronic fishing devices. Ice fishing equipment. Other fishing equipment. 222,925 *49,524 24,424 38,319 26,938 . . . . . *19,738 134 *30 15 23 16 . . . . . *12 630 *281 402 382 420 . . . . . *210 38 *17 24 23 25 . . . . . *13 354 *176 61 100 64 . . . . . *94 Auxiliary equipment, total. Camping equipment . Binoculars, field glasses, telescopes, etc. Special fishing clothing, rubber boots, waders, and foul weather gear .

Processing and taxidermy costs . Other. *83,388 . . . . . *50 . . . . . *126 . . . . . *8 . . . . . *660 . . . . . Special equipment3 . *470,642 *283 *103 *6 *457 TRIP-RELATED EXPENDITURES EQUIPMENT EXPENDITURES * Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably 1 Average expenditures are annual estimates. 2 Boating costs include launching, mooring, storage, maintenance, insurance, pumpout fees, and fuel. 3 Special equipment includes boats, campers, cabins, trail bikes, dune buggies, 4 x 4 vehicles, ATVs, 4-wheelers, snowmobiles, pickups, vans, travel and tent trailers, motor homes, house trailers, recreational vehicles (RVs) and other special equipment. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple

responses. U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 71 Source: http://www.doksinet Table 16. Trip and Equipment Expenditures for Saltwater Fishing: 2011 (Population 16 years old and older) Expenditures Spenders Expenditure item Amount (thousands of dollars) Average per angler (dollars)1 Number (thousands) Percent of anglers Average per spender (dollars)1 Total, all items. 10,266,904 1,155 8,115 91 1,265 Total trip-related. 7,325,932 824 8,046 91 911 Food and lodging, total. Food . Lodging. 2,376,956 1,623,310 753,647 267 183 85

6,920 6,767 1,677 78 76 19 343 240 449 Transportation, total. Public . Private. 1,547,405 324,336 1,223,069 174 36 138 6,809 979 6,199 77 11 70 227 331 197 Other trip costs, total . Guide fees, pack trip or package fees. Public land use fees. Private land use fees. Equipment rental. Boating costs2 . Bait. Ice.

Heating and cooking fuel . 3,401,571 576,874 49,424 131,347 61,736 1,835,036 546,716 186,435 14,003 383 65 6 15 7 206 62 21 2 6,885 1,596 894 289 493 2,230 4,725 3,534 482 77 18 10 3 6 25 53 40 5 494 361 55 454 125 823 116 53 29 Fishing equipment, total. Rods, reels, poles, and rodmaking components. Lines and leaders. Artificial lures, flies, baits, and dressing for flies or lines . Hooks, sinkers, swivels, and other items attached to a line except lures and baits . Tackle boxes. Creels, stringers, fish bags, landing nets, and gaff hooks.

Minnow traps, seines, and bait containers . Depth finders, fish finders, and other electronic fishing devices. Other fishing equipment. 1,424,590 608,539 154,622 180,156 163,544 29,830 27,856 28,270 127,941 103,831 160 68 17 20 18 3 3 3 14 12 3,936 1,880 2,622 2,288 3,139 731 645 587 158 997 44 21 30 26 35 8 7 7 2 11 362 324 59 79 52 41 43 48 809 104 Auxiliary equipment, total. Camping equipment . Binoculars, field glasses, telescopes, etc. Special fishing clothing, rubber boots, waders, and foul weather gear . Processing and taxidermy costs . Other.

216,557 *41,261 *17,818 76,434 *14,690 66,354 24 *5 *2 9 *2 7 858 *164 *132 621 *48 159 10 *2 *1 7 *1 2 252 *252 *135 123 *309 417 Special equipment3 . 1,299,825 146 332 4 3,912 TRIP-RELATED EXPENDITURES EQUIPMENT EXPENDITURES * Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29. 1 Average expenditures are annual estimates. 2 Boating costs include launching, mooring, storage, maintenance, insurance, pumpout fees, and fuel. 3 Special equipment includes boats, campers, cabins, trail bikes, dune buggies, 4 x 4 vehicles, ATVs, 4-wheelers, snowmobiles, pickups, vans, travel and tent trailers, motor homes, house trailers, recreational vehicles (RVs) and other special equipment. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. 72 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau

Source: http://www.doksinet Table 17. Expenditures for Hunting: 2011 (Population 16 years old and older) Expenditures Spenders Expenditure item Amount (thousands of dollars) Average per hunter (dollars)1 Number (thousands) Percent of hunters Average per spender (dollars)1 Total, all items. 33,702,017 2,465 13,364 98 2,522 Total trip-related. 10,421,189 762 11,914 87 875 Food and lodging, total. Food . Lodging. 3,881,304 3,217,859 663,444 284 235 49 10,289 10,253 1,881 75 75 14 377 314 353 Transportation, total. Public . Private.

4,767,915 304,204 4,463,711 349 22 326 10,990 648 10,885 80 5 80 434 469 410 Other trip costs, total . Guide fees, pack trip or package fees. Public land use fees. Private land use fees. Equipment rental. Boating costs2 . Heating and cooking fuel . 1,771,970 493,913 40,447 755,087 62,747 213,817 205,959 130 36 3 55 5 16 15 4,581 1,024 709 1,193 490 519 2,817 34 7 5 9 4 4 21 387 482 57 633 128 412 73 Hunting equipment, total. Firearms .

  Rifles.   Shotguns.    Muzzleloaders, primitive firearms .   Pistols, handguns. Bows, arrows, archery equipment. Telescopic sights. Decoys and game calls. Ammunition . Hand loading equipment. Hunting dogs and associated costs. Other. 7,738,324 3,050,322 1,429,097 914,619 122,035 584,570 934,847 530,655 301,995 1,298,456 199,019 951,110 471,920 566 223 105 67 9 43 68 39 22

95 15 70 35 10,400 3,007 1,695 1,213 370 901 2,829 1,748 2,738 8,828 1,262 1,007 3,125 76 22 12 9 3 7 21 13 20 65 9 7 23 744 1,015 843 754 330 649 331 304 110 147 158 945 151 Auxiliary equipment, total. Camping equipment . Binoculars, field glasses, telescopes, etc. Special hunting clothing, rubber boots, waders, and foul weather gear. Processing and taxidermy costs . Other. 1,844,880 159,853 287,186 570,308 672,759 154,774 135 12 21 42 49 11 5,101 570 1,210 3,082 2,055 619 37 4 9 23 15 5 362 280 237 185 327 250 Special equipment3 . 4,389,286 321 613 4 7,159 107,272 382,817 7,129,265 986,385 786,227 33,094 167,064 702,601 8 28 521 72 57 2 12 51

1,934 1,885 2,279 10,214 9,746 2,206 3,554 1,273 14 14 17 75 71 16 26 9 55 203 3,128 97 81 15 47 552 TRIP-RELATED EXPENDITURES EQUIPMENT EXPENDITURES OTHER EXPENDITURES Magazines, books, DVDs. Membership dues and contributions. Land leasing and ownership. Licenses, stamps, tags, and permits, total. Licenses. Federal duck stamps. Stamps, tags, and permits. Plantings. 1 Average expenditures are annual estimates. 2 Boating costs include launching, mooring, storage, maintenance, insurance, pumpout fees, and fuel. 3 Special equipment includes boats, campers,

cabins, trail bikes, dune buggies, 4 x 4 vehicles, ATVs, 4-wheelers, snowmobiles, pickups, vans, travel and tent trailers, motor homes, house trailers, recreational vehicles (RVs) and other special equipment. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. Detail in Tables 18 to 21 may not add to totals shown here because of multiple responses and nonresponse U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 73 Source: http://www.doksinet Table 18. Trip and Equipment Expenditures for Big Game Hunting: 2011 (Population 16 years old and older) Expenditures Spenders Expenditure item Amount (thousands of dollars) Average per hunter (dollars)1 Number (thousands) Percent of hunters Average per spender (dollars)1 Total, all items. 16,853,654 1,457 10,832 94 1,556 Total trip-related.

7,250,037 627 10,035 87 722 Food and lodging, total. Food . Lodging. 2,648,161 2,249,911 398,250 229 194 34 8,599 8,564 1,205 74 74 10 308 263 330 Transportation, total. Public . Private. 3,368,532 187,802 3,180,730 291 16 275 9,146 459 9,072 79 4 78 368 409 351 Other trip costs, total . Guide fees, pack trip or package fees. Public land use fees. Private land use fees. Equipment rental. Boating costs2 .

Heating and cooking fuel . 1,233,345 321,270 29,685 550,410 55,106 122,485 154,388 107 28 3 48 5 11 13 3,579 635 521 878 362 187 2,426 31 5 5 8 3 2 21 345 506 57 627 152 655 64 Hunting equipment, total. Firearms .   Rifles.   Shotguns.    Muzzleloaders, primitive firearms .   Pistols, handguns. Bows, arrows, archery equipment. Telescopic sights. Decoys and game calls. Ammunition . Hand loading equipment.

Hunting dogs and associated costs. Other. 3,943,190 1,357,095 960,161 155,790 115,257 125,887 880,239 429,382 90,590 628,379 80,039 *186,857 290,609 341 117 83 13 10 11 76 37 8 54 7 *16 25 7,451 1,610 1,155 349 336 149 2,628 1,356 1,474 5,193 809 *194 2,033 64 14 10 3 3 1 23 12 13 45 7 *2 18 529 843 831 447 343 845 335 317 61 121 99 *963 143 Auxiliary equipment, total. Camping equipment . Binoculars, field glasses, telescopes, etc. Special hunting clothing, rubber boots, waders, and foul weather gear. Processing and taxidermy costs . Other. 1,549,539 144,504 248,233 134 12 21 4,176 425 913 36 4 8 371 340 272 434,845 614,547

107,410 38 53 9 2,245 1,862 492 19 16 4 194 330 218 Special equipment3 . 4,110,887 355 534 5 7,697 TRIP-RELATED EXPENDITURES EQUIPMENT EXPENDITURES * Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29. 1 Average expenditures are annual estimates. 2 Boating costs include launching, mooring, storage, maintenance, insurance, pumpout fees, and fuel. 3 Special equipment includes boats, campers, cabins, trail bikes, dune buggies, 4 x 4 vehicles, ATVs, 4-wheelers, snowmobiles, pickups, vans, travel and tent trailers, motor homes, house trailers, recreational vehicles (RVs) and other special equipment. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. 74 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet Table 19. Trip and Equipment Expenditures for Small Game Hunting: 2011 (Population 16 years old and older)

Expenditures Spenders Expenditure item Amount (thousands of dollars) Average per hunter (dollars)1 Number (thousands) Percent of hunters Average per spender (dollars)1 Total, all items. 2,560,859 568 3,789 84 676 Total trip-related. 1,576,453 350 3,544 79 445 Food and lodging, total. Food . Lodging. 657,647 484,121 173,526 146 107 39 2,950 2,915 571 65 65 13 223 166 304 Transportation, total. Public . Private. 685,655 *96,961 588,693 152 *22 131 3,209 *296 3,148 71 *7 70 214 *327 187 Other trip costs, total .

Guide fees, pack trip or package fees. Public land use fees. Private land use fees. Equipment rental. Boating costs2 . Heating and cooking fuel . 233,152 97,596 4,954 97,989 *2,114 *10,573 19,926 52 22 1 22 *(Z) *2 4 1,108 403 144 255 *84 *53 558 25 9 3 6 *2 *1 12 210 242 34 385 *25 *199 36 Hunting equipment, total. Firearms .   Rifles.   Shotguns.    Muzzleloaders, primitive firearms .

  Pistols, handguns. Bows, arrows, archery equipment. Telescopic sights. Decoys and game calls. Ammunition . Hand loading equipment. Hunting dogs and associated costs. Other. 854,403 363,391 59,291 247,430 . *55,453 . *17,965 14,130 124,259 *7,918 290,947 27,901 190 81 13 55 . *12 . *4 3 28 *2 65 6 1,632 495 117 328 . *89 . *102 184 1,090 *82 376 308 36 11 3 7 . *2 . *2 4 24 *2 8 7 523 735 506 753 . *625 . *177 77 114 *97 775 91 Auxiliary equipment, total. Camping equipment . Binoculars, field glasses,

telescopes, etc. Special hunting clothing, rubber boots, waders, and foul weather gear. Processing and taxidermy costs . Other. 84,992 . *6,479 31,707 . . 19 . *1 7 . . 411 . *82 259 . . 9 . *2 6 . . 207 . *79 122 . . Special equipment3 . . . . . . TRIP-RELATED EXPENDITURES EQUIPMENT EXPENDITURES * Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably    (Z) Less than 05 percent 1 Average expenditures are annual estimates. 2 Boating costs include launching, mooring, storage, maintenance, insurance, pumpout fees, and fuel. 3 Special equipment includes boats, campers, cabins, trail bikes, dune buggies, 4 x 4 vehicles, ATVs, 4-wheelers, snowmobiles, pickups, vans, travel and tent trailers, motor homes, house

trailers, recreational vehicles (RVs) and other special equipment. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 75 Source: http://www.doksinet Table 20. Trip and Equipment Expenditures for Migratory Bird Hunting: 2011 (Population 16 years old and older) Expenditures Spenders Expenditure item Amount (thousands of dollars) Average per hunter (dollars)1 Number (thousands) Percent of hunters Average per spender (dollars)1 Total, all items. 1,808,030 700 2,321 90 779 Total trip-related. 942,005 365 2,254 87 418 Food and lodging, total. Food . Lodging.

316,443 266,521 49,922 122 103 19 1,819 1,819 170 70 70 7 174 147 293 Transportation, total. Public . Private. 390,169 . 381,398 151 . 148 2,027 . 2,020 78 . 78 193 . 189 Other trip costs, total . Guide fees, pack trip or package fees. Public land use fees. Private land use fees. Equipment rental. Boating costs2 . Heating and cooking fuel . 235,393 *38,139 *5,173 86,532 *3,818 77,227 24,503 91 *15 *2 33 *1 30 9 757 *139 *121 212 *73 320 210 29 *5 *5 8 *3 12 8 311 *274

*43 408 *53 241 117 Hunting equipment, total. Firearms .   Rifles.   Shotguns.    Muzzleloaders, primitive firearms .   Pistols, handguns. Bows, arrows, archery equipment. Telescopic sights. Decoys and game calls. Ammunition . Hand loading equipment. Hunting dogs and associated costs. Other. 766,927 190,253 . 190,253 . . . . 129,258

144,494 . 253,925 *38,806 297 74 . 74 . . . . 50 56 . 98 *15 1,198 209 . 209 . . . . 460 927 . 231 *155 46 8 . 8 . . . . 18 36 . 9 *6 640 910 . 910 . . . . 281 156 . 1,098 *250 Auxiliary equipment, total. Camping equipment . Binoculars, field glasses, telescopes, etc . Special hunting clothing, rubber boots, waders, and foul weather gear. Processing and taxidermy costs . Other. 59,300 . . 34,231 . . 23 . . 13 . . 303 . . 197 . . 12 . . 8 . . 196 . . 174 . . Special equipment3 . . . . . . TRIP-RELATED EXPENDITURES EQUIPMENT EXPENDITURES * Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably 1 Average expenditures are

annual estimates. 2 Boating costs include launching, mooring, storage, maintenance, insurance, pumpout fees, and fuel. 3 Special equipment includes boats, campers, cabins, trail bikes, dune buggies, 4 x 4 vehicles, ATVs, 4-wheelers, snowmobiles, pickups, vans, travel and tent trailers, motor homes, house trailers, recreational vehicles (RVs) and other special equipment. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. 76 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet Table 21. Trip and Equipment Expenditures for Hunting Other Animals: 2011 (Population 16 years old and older) Expenditures Spenders Expenditure item Amount (thousands of dollars) Average per hunter (dollars)1 Number (thousands) Percent of hunters Average per spender (dollars)1 Total, all items. 857,607 396 1,589 73 540

Total trip-related. 652,693 301 1,536 71 425 Food and lodging, total. Food . Lodging. 259,053 217,306 *41,747 119 100 *19 1,275 1,274 *167 59 59 *8 203 171 *251 Transportation, total. Public . Private. 323,560 *10,670 312,889 149 *5 144 1,388 *39 1,380 64 *2 64 233 *273 227 Other trip costs, total . Guide fees, pack trip or package fees. Public land use fees. Private land use fees.

Equipment rental. Boating costs2 . Heating and cooking fuel . 70,080 *36,908 . . . . 7,143 32 *17 . . . . 3 412 *68 . . . . 325 19 *3 . . . . 15 170 *543 . . . . 22 Hunting equipment, total. Firearms .   Rifles.   Shotguns.    Muzzleloaders, primitive firearms .   Pistols, handguns. Bows, arrows, archery equipment. Telescopic sights. Decoys and game calls.

Ammunition . Hand loading equipment. Hunting dogs and associated costs. Other. 189,043 *116,770 . . . *27,687 . . *9,554 *31,230 . . . 87 *54 . . . *13 . . *4 *14 . . . 348 *141 . . . *38 . . *130 *230 . . . 16 *7 . . . *2 . . *6 *11 . . . 543 *826 . . . *724 . . *74 *136 . . . Auxiliary equipment, total. Camping equipment . Binoculars, field glasses, telescopes, etc. Special hunting clothing, rubber boots, waders, and foul weather gear. Processing and taxidermy costs . Other. *5,889 . . . . . *3 . . . . . *55 . . . . . *3 . .

. . . *107 . . . . . Special equipment3 . . . . . . TRIP-RELATED EXPENDITURES EQUIPMENT EXPENDITURES * Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably 1 Average expenditures are annual estimates. 2 Boating costs include launching, mooring, storage, maintenance, insurance, pumpout fees, and fuel. 3 Special equipment includes boats, campers, cabins, trail bikes, dune buggies, 4 x 4 vehicles, ATVs, 4-wheelers, snowmobiles, pickups, vans, travel and tent trailers, motor homes, house trailers, recreational vehicles (RVs) and other special equipment. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 77 Source: http://www.doksinet Table 22. Special Equipment Expenditures for Fishing and Hunting: 2011 (Population

16 years old and older) Expenditures Spenders Special equipment item Amount (thousands of dollars) Average per sportsperson (dollars)1 Number (thousands) Percent of sportsperson Average per spender (dollars)1 Total, all items. Motor boat (other than bass boat). Bass boat. Canoe, other nonmotor boat. Boat motor, trailer or hitch, or other boat accessories . Travel or tent trailer, pickup, camper, van, motor home, recreational vehicle (RV), house trailer. Cabin. Trail bike, dune buggy, 4x4 vehicle, 4-wheeler, snowmobile. Other.

25,129,326 2,767,043 1,176,261 223,387 1,311,836 672 74 31 6 35 3,990 425 354 471 1,292 11 1 1 1 3 6,298 6,509 3,319 474 1,016 14,994,726 *654,369 3,606,009 395,695 401 *17 96 11 1,174 *78 573 392 3 *(Z) 2 1 12,775 *8,337 6,289 1,009 * Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    (Z) Less than 05 percent 1 Average expenditures are annual estimates. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. Table 23. Anglers and Hunters Who Purchased Licenses or Were Exempt: 2011 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Sportspersons Anglers Hunters Number Percent Number Percent Total sportspersons. 33,112 100 13,674 100 Total license purchasers . Sportspersons purchasing license    In state of residence .    In other states . 21,473 65 10,626 78 19,367

3,798 58 11 10,004 1,398 73 10 1 Total exempt from purchasing licenses. Sportspersons exempt from license purchase    In state of residence .    In other states . 5,890 18 2,741 20 5,298 743 16 2 2,701 234 20 2 Other2. 6,832 21 1,099 8 Not reported. 839 3 282 2 1 Includes persons who had licenses bought for them. Does not include persons who purchased licenses and did not fish or hunt in 2011 2 Includes persons engages in activities requiring no licenses or exemptions and those who failed to buy a license for activities requiring a license. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. Respondents could have been licensed in one state and exempt in another 78 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation U.S Fish and

Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet Table 24. Selected Characteristics of Anglers and Hunters Who Purchased Licenses: 2011 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Anglers Characteristic Hunters Did not purchase a license2 Purchased a license1 Total Did not purchase a license2 Purchased a license1 Total Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total persons. 33,112 100 21,473 65 11,639 35 13,674 100 10,626 78 3,049 22 Population Density of Residence Urban. Rural. 20,216 12,896 100 100 13,243 8,230 66 64 6,973 4,666 34 36 5,797 7,877 100 100 4,585 6,041 79 77 1,212 1,837 21 23 Population Size of Residence Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) .    1,000,000 or more.    250,000 to 999,999.    50,000 to

249,999. Outside MSA. 29,442 12,669 7,071 9,702 3,670 100 100 100 100 100 19,144 7,792 4,720 6,632 2,329 65 62 67 68 63 10,298 4,877 2,351 3,070 1,341 35 38 33 32 37 10,915 3,367 2,374 5,174 2,759 100 100 100 100 100 8,515 2,577 1,957 3,982 2,111 78 77 82 77 76 2,400 791 418 1,192 648 22 23 18 23 24 Census Geographic Division New England. Middle Atlantic. East North Central. West North Central. South Atlantic. East South Central. West South Central. Mountain. Pacific. 1,355 3,496 5,861 3,591 6,163 2,444 4,298 2,586 3,319 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 896 1,799 4,339 2,793 3,191 1,533 2,138 2,166 2,617 66 51 74 78 52 63 50 84 79 459 1,697 1,521 798 2,972 911 2,160 420 702 34 49 26 22 48 37 50 16 21

420 1,558 2,688 1,661 1,870 1,531 1,909 1,043 996 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 316 1,208 2,249 1,395 1,340 1,001 1,451 929 736 75 78 84 84 72 65 76 89 74 104 349 439 265 530 530 458 114 260 25 22 16 16 28 35 24 11 26 Age 16 to 17 years . 18 to 24 years . 25 to 34 years . 35 to 44 years . 45 to 54 years . 55 to 64 years . 65 years and older.    65 to 74 years .    75 and older. 942 2,668 6,133 5,962 7,428 5,886 4,093 3,051 1,042 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 499 1,874 3,819 4,221 5,148 4,074 1,838 1,513 325 53 70 62 71 69 69 45 50 31 444 794 2,314 1,740 2,280 1,812 2,256 1,538 717 47 30 38 29 31 31 55 50 69 419 1,288 2,079 2,416 3,143 2,842 1,487 1,221 266 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 356 967 1,537 2,021 2,670 2,220 856 707 149

85 75 74 84 85 78 58 58 56 *63 322 542 395 473 622 632 514 118 *15 25 26 16 15 22 42 42 44 Sex Male . Female. 24,226 8,885 100 100 16,599 4,873 69 55 7,627 4,012 31 45 12,217 1,457 100 100 9,587 1,039 78 71 2,630 419 22 29 Ethnicity Hispanic . Non-Hispanic . 1,675 31,436 100 100 1,052 20,421 63 65 623 11,016 37 35 271 13,403 100 100 154 10,472 57 78 *117 2,932 *43 22 Race White. African American . Asian American. All others. 28,560 2,286 733 1,533 100 100 100 100 19,060 1,255 318 839 67 55 43 55 9,500 1,031 414 693 33 45 57 45 12,852 413 *27 382 100 100 *100 100 10,143 *246 *15 223 79 *60 *54 58 2,710 *167 . 159 21 *40 . 42 Annual Household Income Less than $20,000. $20,000 to $24,999.

$25,000 to $29,999. $30,000 to $34,999. $35,000 to $39,999. $40,000 to $49,999. $50,000 to $74,999. $75,000 to $99,999. $100,000 to $149,999. $150,000 or more . Not reported . 3,266 1,573 1,364 1,444 1,521 2,721 5,851 4,848 4,131 2,722 3,671 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 1,808 893 674 1,021 885 1,792 3,832 3,450 3,050 1,845 2,222 55 57 49 71 58 66 66 71 74 68 61 1,458 681 690 423 636 929 2,019 1,398 1,081 877 1,449 45 43 51 29 42 34 34 29 26 32 39 991 533 495 556 606 1,129 2,610 2,371 1,932 861 1,591 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 716 334 355 428 481 831 2,131 1,895 1,579 731 1,146 72 63 72 77 79 74 82 80 82 85 72 275 *199 *140 128 125 298 480 477 352 130 445 28 *37 *28 23 21 26 18 20 18 15 28 Education 11 years or less. 12 years.

1 to 3 years of college. 4 years of college . 5 years or more of college. 3,705 10,503 8,495 6,342 4,068 100 100 100 100 100 2,023 6,621 5,718 4,620 2,492 55 63 67 73 61 1,682 3,882 2,777 1,722 1,576 45 37 33 27 39 1,482 4,975 3,510 2,447 1,260 100 100 100 100 100 1,104 3,839 2,624 2,025 1,034 74 77 75 83 82 379 1,136 886 422 226 26 23 25 17 18 Days of Participation 1 to 5 days. 6 to 10 days. 11 to 25 days. 26 days or more. 14,732 6,168 5,971 6,049 100 100 100 100 8,387 4,012 4,361 4,643 57 65 73 77 6,346 2,156 1,610 1,406 43 35 27 23 3,730 2,721 3,457 3,678 100 100 100 100 2,575 2,128 2,760 3,158 69 78 80 86 1,155 593 697 520 31 22 20 14 * Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably 1 Includes

persons who purchased a license in 2011 in any state. Respondents could have been licensed in one state and exempt in another 2 Includes those persons who did not purchase a license in any state in 2011 and those who did not specify a license purchase in 2011. U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 79 Source: http://www.doksinet Table 25. Freshwater Anglers and Days of Fishing by Type of Water: 2011 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands Excludes Great Lakes fishing) Anglers Type of water Total, all types of water. Lakes, reservoirs, and ponds. Rivers or streams. Note: Days of fishing Number Percent Number Percent 27,060 22,791 11,888 100 84 44 443,223 335,732 148,218 100 76 33 Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and

nonresponse. Table 26. Great Lakes Anglers and Days of Fishing by Great Lake: 2011 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Anglers Great Lake Total, all Great Lakes. Lake Ontario, including the Niagara River. Lake Erie, including the Detroit River. Lake Huron, including St. Mary’s River System Lake Michigan . Lake Superior. Lake St. Clair, including the St Clair River St Lawrence River. Tributaries to the Great Lakes. Days of fishing Number Percent Number Percent 1,665 *143 639 *262 413 *147 . . *159 100 *9 38 *16 25 *9 . . *10 19,661 *2,214 8,451 *4,410 2,585 *1,527 . . *1,254 100 *11 43 *22 13 *8 . . *6 * Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    Sample size too small (less than

10) to report data reliably Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. Table 27. Hunters and Days of Hunting on Public and Private Land by Type of Hunting: 2011 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Migratory birds Other animals Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total, all land. Public land, total.    Public land only .    Public and private land. 13,674 4,918 1,733 3,185 100 36 13 23 11,570 3,767 1,578 2,189 100 33 14 19 4,506 1,410 606 805 100 31 13 18 2,583 923 526 397 100 36 20 15 2,168 523 250 273 100 24 12 13 Private land, total.    Private land only.    Private and public land. 11,537 8,352 3,185 84 61 23 9,696 7,507 2,189 84 65 19 3,756 2,951 805 83 65 18 1,999 1,602 397 77 62 15 1,886 1,614 273 87 74 13 281,884 61,486 218,839 100 22 78 212,116

39,149 167,271 100 18 79 50,884 13,915 36,951 100 27 73 23,263 8,467 13,292 100 36 57 34,434 5,452 27,161 100 16 79 Hunters and days of hunting Total, all hunting Big game Small game HUNTERS DAYS OF HUNTING Total, all land. Public land1. Private land2 . 1 Days of hunting on public land include both days spent solely on public land and those spent on public and private land. 2 Days of hunting on private land include both days spent solely on private land and those spent on private and public land. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. 80 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet Table 28. Hunters and Days of Hunting on Public Land by Selected Characteristic: 2011 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Hunters Total hunters, public and

private land Total persons. 13,674 Population Density of Residence Urban. Rural. Characteristic Days of hunting Hunters on public land1 Days on public land2 Number Percent of total hunters Percent of hunters using public land Total days, public and private land Number Percent of total days Percent of days on public land 4,918 36 100 281,884 61,486 22 100 5,797 7,877 2,390 2,529 41 32 49 51 97,899 183,986 29,594 31,892 30 17 48 52 Population Size of Residence Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) .    1,000,000 or more.    250,000 to 999,999.    50,000 to 249,999. Outside MSA. 10,915 3,367 2,374 5,174 2,759 3,977 1,207 938 1,832 941 36 36 39 35 34 81 25 19 37 19 216,150 58,011 46,830 111,309 65,734 50,269 13,352 13,578 23,339 11,217 23 23 29 21 17 82 22 22 38

18 Census Geographic Division New England. Middle Atlantic. East North Central. West North Central. South Atlantic. East South Central. West South Central. Mountain. Pacific. 420 1,558 2,688 1,661 1,870 1,531 1,909 1,043 996 150 694 915 702 442 253 307 803 653 36 45 34 42 24 17 16 77 66 3 14 19 14 9 5 6 16 13 8,416 38,487 49,089 30,715 42,430 40,701 42,409 14,723 14,913 2,216 7,743 9,140 7,951 7,730 3,048 4,207 10,564 8,886 26 20 19 26 18 7 10 72 60 4 13 15 13 13 5 7 17 14 Age 16 to 17 years . 18 to 24 years . 25 to 34 years . 35 to 44 years . 45 to 54 years . 55 to 64 years . 65 years and older.

   65 to 74 years .    75 and older. 419 1,288 2,079 2,416 3,143 2,842 1,487 1,221 266 181 344 703 907 1,202 1,137 445 356 89 43 27 34 38 38 40 30 29 33 4 7 14 18 24 23 9 7 2 7,379 24,253 51,074 52,209 59,345 60,259 27,364 23,144 4,220 1,777 4,596 6,236 12,111 16,771 13,568 6,428 5,240 1,188 24 19 12 23 28 23 23 23 28 3 7 10 20 27 22 10 9 2 Sex Male . Female. 12,217 1,457 4,523 395 37 27 92 8 263,059 18,826 57,722 3,764 22 20 94 6 Ethnicity Hispanic . Non-Hispanic . 271 13,403 125 4,793 46 36 3 97 3,846 278,038 1,126 60,360 29 22 2 98 Race White. African American . Asian American. All others. 12,852 413 *27 382 4,709 . *21 145 37 . *79 38 96 . *(Z) 3 265,100 6,368 *680

9,737 58,343 . *449 2,184 22 . *66 22 95 . *1 4 Annual Household Income Less than $20,000. $20,000 to $24,999. $25,000 to $29,999. $30,000 to $34,999. $35,000 to $39,999. $40,000 to $49,999. $50,000 to $74,999. $75,000 to $99,999. $100,000 to $149,999. $150,000 or more . Not reported . 991 533 495 556 606 1,129 2,610 2,371 1,932 861 1,591 249 133 115 233 182 393 1,014 1,133 739 168 561 25 25 23 42 30 35 39 48 38 20 35 5 3 2 5 4 8 21 23 15 3 11 19,844 6,500 9,289 12,144 11,984 24,242 55,666 52,926 37,706 13,949 37,636 3,549 1,260 1,688 3,379 1,732 5,455 13,386 14,419 8,829 1,718 6,072 18 19 18 28 14 23 24 27 23 12 16 6 2 3 5 3 9 22 23 14 3 10 Education 11 years or less. 12 years. 1 to 3

years of college. 4 years of college . 5 years or more of college. 1,482 4,975 3,510 2,447 1,260 446 1,983 1,274 881 335 30 40 36 36 27 9 40 26 18 7 31,409 112,076 75,816 39,414 23,169 5,699 27,685 15,799 7,997 4,306 18 25 21 20 19 9 45 26 13 7 * Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably    (Z) Less than 05 percent 1 Hunters on public land include those who hunted on both public and private land. 2 Days of hunting on public land includes both days spent solely on public land and those spent on public and private land. Note: Percent of total hunters and percent of total days are based on the total hunters and total days columns for each row. Percent of hunters using public land and percent of days on public land are based on the total numbers of hunters on public land and total numbers of days on public land, respectively. U.S Fish and

Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 81 Source: http://www.doksinet Table 29. Hunters and Days of Hunting on Private Land by Selected Characteristic: 2011 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Hunters Total hunters, public and private land Total persons. 13,674 Population Density of Residence. Urban. Rural. Characteristic Days of hunting Hunters on private land1 Days on private land2 Number Percent of total hunters Percent of hunters using private land Total days, public and private land Number Percent of total days Percent of days on private land 11,537 84 100 281,884 218,839 78 100 5,797 7,877 4,641 6,896 80 88 40 60 97,899 183,986 68,734 150,105 70 82 31 69 Population Size of Residence. Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) .   

1,000,000 or more.    250,000 to 999,999.    50,000 to 249,999. Outside MSA. 10,915 3,367 2,374 5,174 2,759 9,066 2,788 1,824 4,454 2,471 83 83 77 86 90 79 24 16 39 21 216,150 58,011 46,830 111,309 65,734 164,493 46,824 32,155 85,513 54,346 76 81 69 77 83 75 21 15 39 25 Census Geographic Division . New England. Middle Atlantic. East North Central. West North Central. South Atlantic. East South Central. West South Central. Mountain. Pacific. 420 1,558 2,688 1,661 1,870 1,531 1,909 1,043 996 368 1,377 2,432 1,514 1,699 1,419 1,723 444 560 88 88 90 91 91 93 90 43 56 3 12 21 13 15 12 15 4 5 8,416 38,487 49,089 30,715 42,430 40,701 42,409 14,723 14,913 6,186 31,714

38,347 22,949 34,591 35,605 38,077 4,771 6,599 74 82 78 75 82 87 90 32 44 3 14 18 10 16 16 17 2 3 Age 16 to 17 years . 18 to 24 years . 25 to 34 years . 35 to 44 years . 45 to 54 years . 55 to 64 years . 65 years and older.    65 to 74 years .    75 and older. 419 1,288 2,079 2,416 3,143 2,842 1,487 1,221 266 365 1,142 1,766 2,119 2,568 2,343 1,233 1,014 220 87 89 85 88 82 82 83 83 82 3 10 15 18 22 20 11 9 2 7,379 24,253 51,074 52,209 59,345 60,259 27,364 23,144 4,220 6,090 19,266 42,296 38,871 43,001 48,638 20,675 17,743 2,933 83 79 83 74 72 81 76 77 70 3 9 19 18 20 22 9 8 1 Sex Male . Female. 12,217 1,457 10,303 1,233 84 85 89 11 263,059 18,826 204,724 14,115 78 75 94 6 Ethnicity Hispanic

. Non-Hispanic . 271 13,403 *168 11,369 *62 85 *1 99 3,846 278,038 *2,524 216,315 *66 78 *1 99 Race . White. African American . Asian American. All others. 12,852 413 *27 382 10,873 365 . 288 85 88 . 75 94 3 . 2 265,100 6,368 *680 9,737 205,368 5,856 . 7,377 77 92 . 76 94 3 . 3 Annual Household Income Less than $20,000. $20,000 to $24,999. $25,000 to $29,999. $30,000 to $34,999. $35,000 to $39,999. $40,000 to $49,999. $50,000 to $74,999. $75,000 to $99,999. $100,000 to $149,999. $150,000 or more . Not reported . 991 533 495 556 606 1,129 2,610 2,371 1,932 861

1,591 893 416 460 447 481 952 2,164 2,051 1,541 768 1,362 90 78 93 80 79 84 83 87 80 89 86 8 4 4 4 4 8 19 18 13 7 12 19,844 6,500 9,289 12,144 11,984 24,242 55,666 52,926 37,706 13,949 37,636 15,618 5,171 7,869 9,475 9,448 18,730 41,085 40,929 28,559 11,593 30,362 79 80 85 78 79 77 74 77 76 83 81 7 2 4 4 4 9 19 19 13 5 14 Education 11 years or less. 12 years. 1 to 3 years of college. 4 years of college . 5 years or more of college. 1,482 4,975 3,510 2,447 1,260 1,306 3,989 3,063 2,093 1,086 88 80 87 86 86 11 35 27 18 9 31,409 112,076 75,816 39,414 23,169 26,387 81,891 60,480 30,885 19,195 84 73 80 78 83 12 37 28 14 9 * Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably 1 Hunters on private land include those who hunted on both private and public land. 2 Days of hunting on private land includes both

days spent solely on private land and those spent on private and public land. Note: Percent of total hunters and percent of total days are based on the total hunters and total days columns for each row. Percent of hunters using private land and percent of days on private land are based on the total Numbers of hunters on private land and total Numbers of days on private land, respectively. 82 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet Table 30. Anglers Fishing From Boats and Days of Participation by Type of Fishing: 2011 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Freshwater, excludes Great Lakes Total, all fishing Participants and days of fishing Great Lakes Saltwater Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total anglers . Anglers fishing from boats. 33,112 18,017 100 54

27,060 13,683 100 51 1,665 1,141 100 69 8,889 5,814 100 65 Total days of fishing . Days fishing from boats . 553,841 257,444 100 46 443,223 190,518 100 43 19,661 10,799 100 55 99,474 56,127 100 56 Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. Table 31. Participation in Ice Fishing and Fly-Fishing: 2011 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Anglers and days Number Percent Total anglers . Ice anglers. Fly-anglers . 33,112 1,930 4,260 100 6 13 Total days of fishing . Days of ice fishing . Days of fly-fishing .

553,841 19,369 37,872 100 3 7 Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. Table 32. Hunters Using Bows and Arrows, Muzzleloaders, or Other Firearms: 2011 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Hunters Number Percent Total hunters. Hunters using bow and arrow. Hunters using muzzleloader. Hunters using other firearm (e.g, shotgun, rifle) 13,674 4,472 2,981 12,730 100 33 22 93 Total days of hunting . With bow and arrow. With muzzleloader . With other firearm (e.g, shotgun, rifle)

281,884 69,103 23,167 183,044 100 25 8 65 Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 83 Source: http://www.doksinet Table 33. Hunters Preparing for Hunting by Target Shooting: 2011 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Total Hunters Total hunters. Target shooting in preparation for hunting. Used shooting ranges .    With muzzleloader .    With handgun .    With

other firearm (e.g, shotgun, rifle)    With airgun.    With bow and arrow.    With crossbow. Number Percent 13,674 7,178 2,943 420 1,110 2,322 406 *93 564 100 52 22 3 8 17 3 *1 4 * Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. Table 34. Land Owned or Leased for the Primary Purpose of Fishing or Hunting: 2011 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Fishing and hunting Number Percent Total sportspersons. Anglers . Hunters.

1,994 807 1,408 100 40 71 180,392 25,208 155,184 100 14 86 9,155,543 3,143,921 6,011,622 100 34 66 1,451 207 1,270 100 14 87 430,030 9,984 420,046 100 2 98 1,407,820 290,176 1,117,643 100 21 79 LAND OWNERSHIP Sportspersons Owning Land Acres Owned Total acres owned. Acres for fishing. Acres for hunting. Expenditures for Land Owned Total expenditures. For fishing. For hunting. LAND LEASING Sportspersons

Leasing Land Total sportspersons. Anglers . Hunters. Acres Leased Total acres leased. Acres for fishing. Acres for hunting. Expenditures for Land Leased Total expenditures. For fishing. For hunting. Note: Detail does not add to total because of

multiple responses. 84 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet Table 35. Wildlife-Watching Participants by Type of Activity: 2011 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Activity Number Percent Total participants . 71,776 100 Away from home.    Observe wildlife.   Photograph wildlife.   Feed wildlife. 22,496 19,808 12,354 5,399 31 28 17 8 Around the home.

   Observe wildlife.   Photograph wildlife.   Feed wildlife.    Visit parks or natural areas1.    Maintain plantings or natural areas. 68,598 45,046 25,370 52,817 12,311 13,399 96 63 35 74 17 19 1 Includes visits only to parks or natural areas within one mile of home. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. Table 36. Participants, Area Visited, Trips, and Days of Participation in Wildlife Watching Away From Home: 2011 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Participants, area visited, trips, and days of participation Number Percent Total

participants .    Observe wildlife.   Photograph wildlife.   Feed wildlife. 22,496 19,808 12,354 5,399 100 88 55 24 22,496 12,830 2,105 5,545 2,017 100 57 9 25 9 242,838 1 100 (X) Total days. Observing wildlife . Photographing wildlife. Feeding wildlife . 335,625 268,798 110,459 59,255 100 80 33 18 Average days per

participant. Observing wildlife . Photographing wildlife. Feeding wildlife . 15 14 9 11 (X) (X) (X) (X) PARTICIPANTS AREA VISITED Total, all areas. Public only . Private only. Public and private. Not reported . TRIPS Total trips.

Average days per trip. DAYS (X) Not applicable. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 85 Source: http://www.doksinet Table 37. Participation in Wildlife-Watching Activities Around the Home: 2011 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Activity Number Total around the home . Observe wildlife . Photograph wildlife. Feed wildlife . Visit parks or natural areas1. Maintain natural areas . Maintain plantings . 68,598 45,046 25,370 52,817 12,311 8,012 9,214 Percent Participants observing: Total,

all wildlife . Birds . Land mammals, all . Large mammals . Small mammals. Amphibians or reptiles . Insects or spiders . Fish or other wildlife. 100 PHOTOGRAPH WILDLIFE 66 37 Participants photographing: 77 Total, 1 day or more . 18 1 day . 12 2 to 3 days . 13 4 to 5 days . 6 to 10 days . 11 to 20 days . 21 days or more. 45,046 41,346 35,884 22,056 31,629 14,132 16,589 8,388 100 FEED WILDLIFE 92 80 Participants feeding: 49 Total, all wildlife . 70 Wild birds . 31 Other wildlife . 37 19 MAINTAIN NATURAL AREAS

Participants observing: Total, 1 day or more . 1 to 10 days . 11 to 20 days . 21 to 50 days . 51 to 100 days . 101 to 200 days . 201 days or more. 45,046 9,596 3,916 5,791 5,091 6,302 13,123 Participants maintaining: 100 Total, all acreages . 21 1 acre or less . 9 2 to 10 acres . 13 11 to 50 acres . 11 More than 50 acres . 14 29 MAINTAIN PLANTINGS OBSERVE WILDLIFE Activity Number Percent 25,370 4,289 5,816 3,732 4,343 2,961 3,689 100 17 23 15 17 12 15 52,817 50,217 14,820 100 95 28 8,012 4,369 2,621 701 271 100 55 33 9 3 VISIT PARKS OR NATURAL AREAS1 Participants maintaining plantings . 9,214 100 Participants visiting: Total, 1 day or more .

1 to 5 days . 6 to 10 days . 11 days or more . Participants spending: Less than $25 . $25 to $75 . More than $75 . Average expenditure per participant for plantings2 . 3,553 1,880 3,385 239 39 20 37 (X) 12,311 5,517 2,048 4,438 100 45 17 36 (X) Not applicable. 1 Includes visits only to parks or natural areas within one mile of home. 2 Average expenditures are annual estimates. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. 86 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet Table 38. Away-From-Home Wildlife Watchers by Wildlife Observed, Photographed, or Fed and Place: 2011 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Wildlife observed, photographed, or fed Participation by place Total participants Total In state of residence In other states Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total, all wildlife. 22,496 100 22,496 100 18,529 82 6,769 30 Total birds. Songbirds (cardinals, robins, etc.) Birds of prey (hawks, eagles, etc.) Waterfowl (ducks, geese, etc.) Other water birds (shorebirds, herons, cranes, etc.) Other birds (pheasants, turkeys, road runners, etc.) 18,924 12,120 12,890 13,333 10,606 6,857 84 54 57 59 47 30 18,924 12,120 12,890 13,333 10,606 6,857 100 100 100 100 100 100 16,037 10,616 10,990 11,081 8,509 5,770 85 88 85 83 80 84 6,257 3,356 3,917 4,231 3,483 1,790 33 28 30 32 33 26 Total land mammals. Large land mammals (deer, bear,

etc.) Small land mammals (squirrel, prairie dog, etc.) 13,653 10,369 10,299 61 46 46 13,653 10,369 10,299 100 100 100 11,743 8,702 8,758 86 84 85 4,180 3,045 3,299 31 29 32 Fish (salmon, shark, etc.) Marine mammals (whales, dolphins, etc.) Other wildlife (turtles, butterflies, etc.) 6,358 4,008 10,113 28 18 45 6,358 4,008 10,113 100 100 100 4,964 2,325 8,602 78 58 85 2,075 1,864 2,865 33 47 28 Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. Column showing percent of total participants is based on the “Total, all wildlife” numbers “Participation by place” percent columns are based on the total numbers of participants for each type of wildlife. Table 39. Wild Bird Observers and Days of Observation: 2011 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Observers and days of observation Number Percent Total bird observers .

Around-the-home observers. Away-from-home observers. 46,741 41,346 17,818 100 88 38 5,161,909 4,923,873 238,036 100 95 5 OBSERVERS DAYS Total days observing birds. Around the home. Away from home. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 87 Source: http://www.doksinet Table 40. Expenditures for Wildlife Watching: 2011 (Population 16 years old and older) Spenders Expenditure item Expenditures (thousands of dollars) Number (thousands) Percent of

wildlifewatching participants1 Average per spender (dollars)2 Total, all items3 . 54,890,272 55,980 78 981 Total trip-related. 17,274,675 19,905 88 868 Food and lodging, total. Food . Lodging. 9,349,439 5,465,019 3,884,420 17,017 16,740 6,851 76 74 30 549 326 567 Transportation, total. Public . Private. 6,006,860 2,521,247 3,485,613 18,647 3,029 17,768 83 13 79 322 832 196 Other trip costs, total . Guide fees, pack trip or package fees. Public land use

fees. Private land use fees. Equipment rental. Boating costs4 . Heating and cooking fuel . 1,918,376 775,074 239,021 113,207 141,017 547,875 102,182 9,359 2,037 6,212 1,093 1,485 1,366 2,302 42 9 28 5 7 6 10 205 380 38 104 95 401 44 Total . 37,615,597 52,584 73 715 Wildlife-watching equipment, total. Binoculars, spotting scopes. Cameras, video cameras, special lenses, and other photographic equipment. Film and photo processing . Bird food, total .    Commercially prepared and packaged wild bird

food.    Other bulk foods used to feed wild birds . Feed for other wildlife . Nest boxes, bird houses, feeders, baths. Day packs, carrying cases, and special clothing. Other wildlife-watching equipment (such as field guides and maps). 11,323,179 918,567 2,799,579 528,057 4,068,161 3,133,968 934,194 1,012,964 969,708 855,196 170,946 47,951 5,057 8,307 5,742 36,956 34,263 13,271 9,987 19,181 6,483 4,847 67 7 12 8 51 48 18 14 27 9 7 236 182 337 92 110 91 70 101 51 132 35 Auxiliary equipment, total. Tents, tarps . Frame packs and backpacking equipment . Other camping equipment. Other auxiliary equipment (such as blinds and GPS devices) .

1,555,374 289,781 216,231 294,173 755,188 6,445 2,964 1,976 2,472 2,008 9 4 3 3 3 241 98 109 119 376 Special equipment, total. Off-the-road vehicle. Travel or tent trailer, pickup, camper, van, motor home, house trailer, recreational vehicle (RV). Boats, boat accessories. Cabins. Other. 14,272,368 6,475,469 2,219 486 3 1 6,433 13,326 5,868,982 1,703,305 . 217,988 518 1,175 . 246 1 2 . (Z) 11,331 1,449 . 886 Magazines, books, DVDs. Land leasing and ownership. Membership dues and contributions. Plantings.

420,395 5,676,794 2,163,568 2,203,920 8,480 1,233 10,756 8,818 12 2 15 12 50 4,603 201 250 TRIP-RELATED EXPENDITURES EQUIPMENT AND OTHER EXPENSES Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably.    (Z) Less than 05 percent 1 Percent of wildlife-watching participants column is based on away-from-home participants for trip-related expenditures. For equipment and other expenditures the percent of wildlife-watching participants is based on total participants. 2 Average expenditures are annual estimates. 3 Information on trip-related expenditures was collected for away-from-home participants only. Equipment and other expenditures are based on information collected from both away-from-home and around-the-home participants. 4 Boating costs include launching, mooring, storage, maintenance, insurance, pumpout fees, and fuel. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. 88 2011 National Survey of Fishing,

Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet Table 41. Selected Characteristics of Participants of Wildlife-Watching Activities Away From Home: 2011 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Total wildlife-watching participants U.S population Characteristic Total away-from-home participants Number Percent Number Percent who participated Percent Number Percent who participated Percent Total persons. 239,313 100 71,776 30 100 22,496 9 100 Population Density of Residence Urban. Rural. 180,723 58,589 76 24 46,973 24,803 26 42 65 35 15,974 6,523 9 11 71 29 Population Size of Residence Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) .    1,000,000 or more.    250,000 to 999,999.

   50,000 to 249,999. Outside MSA. 224,025 127,462 48,157 48,406 15,288 94 53 20 20 6 65,664 33,070 16,436 16,159 6,111 29 26 34 33 40 91 46 23 23 9 20,651 10,672 4,634 5,346 1,845 9 8 10 11 12 92 47 21 24 8 Census Geographic Division New England. Middle Atlantic. East North Central. West North Central. South Atlantic. East South Central. West South Central. Mountain. Pacific. 11,593 32,392 36,199 15,860 46,417 14,206 27,195 17,013 38,438 5 14 15 7 19 6 11 7 16 3,954 9,118 12,840 5,479 13,315 4,663 7,164 5,189 10,054 34 28 35 35 29 33 26 30 26 6 13 18 8 19 6 10 7 14 1,187 2,561 3,168 1,783 4,393 1,456 1,728

2,230 3,990 10 8 9 11 9 10 6 13 10 5 11 14 8 20 6 8 10 18 Age 16 to 17 years . 18 to 24 years . 25 to 34 years . 35 to 44 years . 45 to 54 years . 55 to 64 years . 65 years and older.    65 to 74 years .    75 and older. 7,652 26,517 41,613 40,779 46,167 38,469 38,117 22,655 15,461 3 11 17 17 19 16 16 9 6 964 2,580 7,969 10,163 15,594 16,155 18,351 12,044 6,307 13 10 19 25 34 42 48 53 41 1 4 11 14 22 23 26 17 9 339 773 3,117 4,326 5,768 4,740 3,433 2,722 711 4 3 7 11 12 12 9 12 5 2 3 14 19 26 21 15 12 3 Sex Male, total.    16 to 17 years .    18 to 24 years .

   25 to 34 years .    35 to 44 years .    45 to 54 years .    55 to 64 years .    65 years and older.     65 to 74 years .    75 and older. 114,705 3,922 12,909 20,350 19,738 22,426 18,252 17,108 10,832 6,276 48 2 5 9 8 9 8 7 5 3 33,176 535 1,281 3,590 5,269 7,228 7,361 7,912 5,406 2,505 29 14 10 18 27 32 40 46 50 40 46 1 2 5 7 10 10 11 8 3 11,472 *162 490 1,500 2,455 2,797 2,340 1,727 1,428 299 10 *4 4 7 12 12 13 10 13 5 51 *1 2 7 11 12 10 8 6 1 Female, total.    16 to 17 years .    18 to 24 years .    25 to 34 years .    35 to 44 years .    45 to

54 years .    55 to 64 years .    65 years and older.     65 to 74 years .    75 and older. 124,608 3,730 13,608 21,263 21,041 23,741 20,216 21,008 11,824 9,185 52 2 6 9 9 10 8 9 5 4 38,600 429 1,299 4,379 4,893 8,366 8,794 10,439 6,638 3,802 31 12 10 21 23 35 44 50 56 41 54 1 2 6 7 12 12 15 9 5 11,025 *176 284 1,617 1,871 2,971 2,400 1,706 1,294 412 9 *5 2 8 9 13 12 8 11 4 49 *1 1 7 8 13 11 8 6 2 Ethnicity Hispanic . Non-Hispanic . 32,557 206,756 14 86 3,723 68,053 11 33 5 95 1,442 21,054 4 10 6 94 Race White. African American . Asian American. All others. 182,872 23,402 11,647

21,392 76 10 5 9 65,385 2,590 1,049 2,752 36 11 9 13 91 4 1 4 20,644 610 253 989 11 3 2 5 92 3 1 4 Annual Household Income Less than $20,000. $20,000 to $24,999. $25,000 to $29,999. $30,000 to $34,999. $35,000 to $39,999. $40,000 to $49,999. $50,000 to $74,999. $75,000 to $99,999. $100,000 to $149,999. $150,000 or more . Not reported . 30,550 12,713 10,441 11,504 11,441 17,091 33,850 25,236 23,790 17,151 45,545 13 5 4 5 5 7 14 11 10 7 19 6,768 3,564 2,385 4,046 3,326 5,166 12,685 8,950 8,700 6,298 9,888 22 28 23 35 29 30 37 35 37 37 22 9 5 3 6 5 7 18 12 12 9 14 1,622 838 663 756 1,018 1,691 4,773 3,769 2,775 2,088 2,502 5 7 6 7 9 10 14 15 12

12 5 7 4 3 3 5 8 21 17 12 9 11 31,574 81,984 55,014 42,552 28,188 13 34 23 18 12 5,575 21,098 16,135 16,066 12,901 18 26 29 38 46 8 29 22 22 18 1,237 5,224 5,337 5,436 5,263 4 6 10 13 19 5 23 24 24 23 Education 11 years or less. 12 years. 1 to 3 years of college. 4 years of college . 5 years or more of college. See footnotes at end of table. U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 89 Source: http://www.doksinet Table 41. Selected Characteristics of Participants of Wildlife-Watching Activities Away From Home: 2011Continued (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Away-from-home participants Photograph Percent who Number participated Percent 12,354 5 100 Total persons. Observe Percent

who Number participated 19,808 8 Population Density of Residence Urban. Rural. 14,100 5,708 8 10 71 29 9,302 3,052 5 5 75 25 3,675 1,724 2 3 68 32 Population Size of Residence Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) .    1,000,000 or more.    250,000 to 999,999.    50,000 to 249,999. Outside MSA. 18,335 9,523 4,059 4,753 1,473 8 7 8 10 10 93 48 20 24 7 11,551 6,284 2,646 2,621 803 5 5 5 5 5 93 51 21 21 7 5,043 2,775 782 1,487 356 2 2 2 3 2 93 51 14 28 7 Census Geographic Division New England. Middle Atlantic. East North Central. West North Central. South Atlantic. East South Central. West South Central.

Mountain. Pacific. 1,126 2,200 2,644 1,589 3,962 1,234 1,615 2,021 3,417 10 7 7 10 9 9 6 12 9 6 11 13 8 20 6 8 10 17 761 1,182 1,499 999 2,577 751 874 1,415 2,295 7 4 4 6 6 5 3 8 6 6 10 12 8 21 6 7 11 19 178 *379 829 411 1,318 395 888 384 616 2 *1 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 *7 15 8 24 7 16 7 11 Age 16 to 17 years . 18 to 24 years . 25 to 34 years . 35 to 44 years . 45 to 54 years . 55 to 64 years . 65 years and older.    65 to 74 years .    75 and older. *300 522 2,825 3,586 5,041 4,363 3,170 2,485 685 *4 2 7 9 11 11 8 11 4 *2 3 14 18 25 22 16 13 3 *228 388 1,704 2,045 3,641 2,525 1,822 1,482 340 *3 1 4 5 8 7 5 7 2 *2 3 14 17 29 20 15 12 3 . *257 960 900 1,501 949

693 634 *60 . *1 2 2 3 2 2 3 *(Z) . *5 18 17 28 18 13 12 *1 Sex Male, total.    16 to 17 years .    18 to 24 years .    25 to 34 years .    35 to 44 years .    45 to 54 years .    55 to 64 years .    65 years and older.     65 to 74 years .    75 and older. Female, total.    16 to 17 years .    18 to 24 years .    25 to 34 years .    35 to 44 years .    45 to 54 years .    55 to 64 years .    65 years and older.     65 to 74 years .

   75 and older. 9,716 *126 266 1,319 2,008 2,337 2,121 1,539 1,245 294 10,092 *175 256 1,506 1,579 2,704 2,242 1,631 1,240 391 8 *3 2 6 10 10 12 9 11 5 8 *5 2 7 8 11 11 8 10 4 49 *1 1 7 10 12 11 8 6 1 51 *1 1 8 8 14 11 8 6 2 5,920 . *228 565 998 1,828 1,246 950 754 *196 6,433 . *159 1,139 1,046 1,814 1,279 872 728 *144 5 . *2 3 5 8 7 6 7 *3 5 . *1 5 5 8 6 4 6 *2 48 . *2 5 8 15 10 8 6 *2 52 . *1 9 8 15 10 7 6 *1 2,602 . . *493 435 650 483 342 304 . 2,796 . *98 467 465 851 466 351 330 . 2 . . *2 2 3 3 2 3 . 2 . *1 2 2 4 2 2 3 . 48 . . *9 8 12 9 6 6 . 52 . *2 9 9 16 9 7 6 . Ethnicity Hispanic . Non-Hispanic . 1,207 18,602 4 9 6 94 932 11,422 3 6 8 92 *198 5,201 *1 3 *4 96 Race White. African American . Asian American. All others. 18,318 449 193 848 10 2

2 4 92 2 1 4 11,351 289 *134 580 6 1 *1 3 92 2 *1 5 4,715 *318 . 301 3 *1 . 1 87 *6 . 6 Annual Household Income Less than $20,000. $20,000 to $24,999. $25,000 to $29,999. $30,000 to $34,999. $35,000 to $39,999. $40,000 to $49,999. $50,000 to $74,999. $75,000 to $99,999. $100,000 to $149,999. $150,000 or more . Not reported . 1,367 700 630 628 852 1,496 3,994 3,408 2,544 1,974 2,214 4 6 6 5 7 9 12 14 11 12 5 7 4 3 3 4 8 20 17 13 10 11 734 437 508 450 474 856 2,410 2,124 1,644 1,331 1,386 2 3 5 4 4 5 7 8 7 8 3 6 4 4 4 4 7 20 17 13 11 11 589 *194 *126 184 *282 445 1,146 1,130 395 392 516 2 *2 *1 2 *2 3 3 4 2 2 1 11 *4 *2 3 *5 8 21 21 7 7 10 Education 11 years or less. 12 years.

1 to 3 years of college. 4 years of college . 5 years or more of college. 1,065 4,149 4,712 4,950 4,933 3 5 9 12 18 5 21 24 25 25 581 2,514 2,753 3,369 3,136 2 3 5 8 11 5 20 22 27 25 564 1,518 1,375 1,260 681 2 2 2 3 2 10 28 25 23 13 Characteristic Percent 100 Feed Percent who Number participated 5,399 2 Percent 100 * Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably    (Z) Less than 05 percent Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. Percent who participated columns show the percent of each row’s population who participated in the activity named by the column. Percent columns show the percent of each column’s participants who are described by the row heading 90 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US

Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet Table 42. Selected Characteristics of Participants of Wildlife-Watching Activities Around the Home: 2011 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Characteristic U.S population Total wildlife-watching participants Total around-the-home participants Total persons. Number 239,313 Percent 100 Number 71,776 Percent who participated 30 Percent 100 Number 68,598 Percent who participated 29 Percent 100 Population Density of Residence Urban. Rural. 180,723 58,589 76 24 46,973 24,803 26 42 65 35 44,538 24,060 25 41 65 35 Population Size of Residence Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) .    1,000,000 or more.    250,000 to 999,999.    50,000 to 249,999. Outside MSA. 224,025 127,462 48,157 48,406

15,288 94 53 20 20 6 65,664 33,070 16,436 16,159 6,111 29 26 34 33 40 91 46 23 23 9 62,759 31,459 15,879 15,421 5,839 28 25 33 32 38 91 46 23 22 9 Census Geographic Division New England. Middle Atlantic. East North Central. West North Central. South Atlantic. East South Central. West South Central. Mountain. Pacific. 11,593 32,392 36,199 15,860 46,417 14,206 27,195 17,013 38,438 5 14 15 7 19 6 11 7 16 3,954 9,118 12,840 5,479 13,315 4,663 7,164 5,189 10,054 34 28 35 35 29 33 26 30 26 6 13 18 8 19 6 10 7 14 3,858 8,744 12,492 5,201 12,767 4,394 7,087 4,716 9,337 33 27 35 33 28 31 26 28 24 6 13 18 8 19 6 10 7 14 Age 16 to 17 years . 18 to 24 years . 25 to 34 years .

35 to 44 years . 45 to 54 years . 55 to 64 years . 65 years and older.    65 to 74 years .    75 and older. 7,652 26,517 41,613 40,779 46,167 38,469 38,117 22,655 15,461 3 11 17 17 19 16 16 9 6 964 2,580 7,969 10,163 15,594 16,155 18,351 12,044 6,307 13 10 19 25 34 42 48 53 41 1 4 11 14 22 23 26 17 9 903 2,360 7,282 9,260 14,917 15,801 18,074 11,914 6,161 12 9 18 23 32 41 47 53 40 1 3 11 13 22 23 26 17 9 Sex Male, total.    16 to 17 years .    18 to 24 years .    25 to 34 years .    35 to 44 years .    45 to 54 years .    55 to 64 years .    65 years and older.

    65 to 74 years .    75 and older. 114,705 3,922 12,909 20,350 19,738 22,426 18,252 17,108 10,832 6,276 48 2 5 9 8 9 8 7 5 3 33,176 535 1,281 3,590 5,269 7,228 7,361 7,912 5,406 2,505 29 14 10 18 27 32 40 46 50 40 46 1 2 5 7 10 10 11 8 3 31,322 521 1,152 3,235 4,649 6,838 7,195 7,731 5,323 2,408 27 13 9 16 24 30 39 45 49 38 46 1 2 5 7 10 10 11 8 4 Female, total.    16 to 17 years .    18 to 24 years .    25 to 34 years .    35 to 44 years .    45 to 54 years .    55 to 64 years .    65 years and older.     65 to 74 years .    75 and older. 124,608 3,730 13,608 21,263 21,041 23,741 20,216 21,008 11,824 9,185 52 2

6 9 9 10 8 9 5 4 38,600 429 1,299 4,379 4,893 8,366 8,794 10,439 6,638 3,802 31 12 10 21 23 35 44 50 56 41 54 1 2 6 7 12 12 15 9 5 37,276 382 1,208 4,047 4,611 8,079 8,606 10,343 6,591 3,752 30 10 9 19 22 34 43 49 56 41 54 1 2 6 7 12 13 15 10 5 Ethnicity Hispanic . Non-Hispanic . 32,557 206,756 14 86 3,723 68,053 11 33 5 95 3,398 65,200 10 32 5 95 Race White. African American . Asian American. All others. 182,872 23,402 11,647 21,392 76 10 5 9 65,385 2,590 1,049 2,752 36 11 9 13 91 4 1 4 62,487 2,567 951 2,593 34 11 8 12 91 4 1 4 Annual Household Income Less than $20,000. $20,000 to $24,999. $25,000 to $29,999. $30,000 to $34,999. $35,000 to $39,999. $40,000 to

$49,999. $50,000 to $74,999. $75,000 to $99,999. $100,000 to $149,999. $150,000 or more . Not reported . 30,550 12,713 10,441 11,504 11,441 17,091 33,850 25,236 23,790 17,151 45,545 13 5 4 5 5 7 14 11 10 7 19 6,768 3,564 2,385 4,046 3,326 5,166 12,685 8,950 8,700 6,298 9,888 22 28 23 35 29 30 37 35 37 37 22 9 5 3 6 5 7 18 12 12 9 14 6,584 3,447 2,247 4,024 3,224 4,942 11,696 8,599 8,295 6,111 9,429 22 27 22 35 28 29 35 34 35 36 21 10 5 3 6 5 7 17 13 12 9 14 Education 11 years or less. 12 years. 1 to 3 years of college. 4 years of college . 5 years or more of college. 31,574 81,984 55,014 42,552 28,188 13 34 23 18 12 5,575 21,098 16,135 16,066 12,901 18 26 29 38 46 8 29 22 22 18 5,418 20,281 15,257

15,526 12,115 17 25 28 36 43 8 30 22 23 18 See footnotes at end of table. U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 91 Source: http://www.doksinet Table 42. Selected Characteristics of Participants of Wildlife-Watching Activities Around the Home: 2011Continued (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Around-the-home participants Characteristic Observe Photograph Percent who Number participated Percent Percent who Number participated Feed wild birds Percent Percent who Number participated Percent Total persons. 45,046 19 100 25,370 11 100 50,217 21 100 Population Density of Residence Urban. Rural. 28,670 16,376 16 28 64 36 16,895 8,475 9 14 67 33 31,106 19,111 17 33 62 38 Population Size of Residence Metropolitan Statistical Area

(MSA) .    1,000,000 or more.    250,000 to 999,999.    50,000 to 249,999. Outside MSA. 41,168 20,309 10,220 10,640 3,878 18 16 21 22 25 91 45 23 24 9 23,126 11,867 5,575 5,684 2,243 10 9 12 12 15 91 47 22 22 9 45,739 22,417 11,656 11,666 4,478 20 18 24 24 29 91 45 23 23 9 Census Geographic Division New England. Middle Atlantic. East North Central. West North Central. South Atlantic. East South Central. West South Central. Mountain. Pacific. 2,630 6,231 7,530 3,328 7,863 2,765 4,979 3,346 6,374 23 19 21 21 17 19 18 20

17 6 14 17 7 17 6 11 7 14 1,688 3,269 4,599 1,848 4,346 1,292 2,412 2,057 3,858 15 10 13 12 9 9 9 12 10 7 13 18 7 17 5 10 8 15 2,938 6,089 9,874 3,992 9,493 3,560 5,545 3,049 5,677 25 19 27 25 20 25 20 18 15 6 12 20 8 19 7 11 6 11 Age 16 to 17 years . 18 to 24 years . 25 to 34 years . 35 to 44 years . 45 to 54 years . 55 to 64 years . 65 years and older.    65 to 74 years .    75 and older. 399 1398 4087 6014 9608 10757 12783 8734 4048 5 5 10 15 21 28 34 39 26 1 3 9 13 21 24 28 19 9 452 748 3181 3969 6212 6174 4635 3714 921 6 3 8 10 13 16 12 16 6 2 3 13 16 24 24 18 15 4 453 1287 4511 5802 10642 12222 15300 9946 5354 6 5 11 14 23 32 40 44 35 1 3 9 12 21 24

30 20 11 Sex Male, total.    16 to 17 years .    18 to 24 years .    25 to 34 years .    35 to 44 years .    45 to 54 years .    55 to 64 years .    65 years and older.     65 to 74 years .    75 and older. Female, total.    16 to 17 years .    18 to 24 years .    25 to 34 years .    35 to 44 years .    45 to 54 years .    55 to 64 years .    65 years and older.

    65 to 74 years .    75 and older. 19,525 *250 658 1,752 2,852 3,947 4,959 5,106 3,697 1,409 25,521 *149 739 2,336 3,162 5,661 5,798 7,677 5,038 2,639 17 *6 5 9 14 18 27 30 34 22 20 *4 5 11 15 24 29 37 43 29 43 *1 1 4 6 9 11 11 8 3 57 *(Z) 2 5 7 13 13 17 11 6 11,995 *273 458 1,282 1,851 3,086 2,718 2,328 1,826 502 13,374 *179 290 1,898 2,118 3,126 3,456 2,307 1,888 419 10 *7 4 6 9 14 15 14 17 8 11 *5 2 9 10 13 17 11 16 5 47 *1 2 5 7 12 11 9 7 2 53 *1 1 7 8 12 14 9 7 2 21,404 *204 361 2,002 2,513 4,594 5,374 6,356 4,178 2,178 28,813 *249 926 2,508 3,289 6,049 6,848 8,944 5,767 3,176 19 *5 3 10 13 20 29 37 39 35 23 *7 7 12 16 25 34 43 49 35 43 *(Z) 1 4 5 9 11 13 8 4 57 *(Z) 2 5 7 12 14 18 11 6 Ethnicity Hispanic . Non-Hispanic . 2,223 42,823 7 21 5 95 1,276 24,094 4 12 5 95 2,640 47,576 8 23

5 95 Race White. African American . Asian American. All others. 41,269 1,750 323 1,704 23 7 3 8 92 4 1 4 23,396 716 368 890 13 3 3 4 92 3 1 4 46,225 1,518 620 1,854 25 6 5 9 92 3 1 4 Annual Household Income Less than $20,000. $20,000 to $24,999. $25,000 to $29,999. $30,000 to $34,999. $35,000 to $39,999. $40,000 to $49,999. $50,000 to $74,999. $75,000 to $99,999. $100,000 to $149,999. $150,000 or more . Not reported . 4,414 2,113 1,370 2,791 2,102 3,562 7,544 5,788 5,488 3,683 6,192 14 17

13 24 18 21 22 23 23 21 14 10 5 3 6 5 8 17 13 12 8 14 1,656 1,032 598 893 1,157 1,916 5,063 3,674 3,728 2,792 2,862 5 8 6 8 10 11 15 15 16 16 6 7 4 2 4 5 8 20 14 15 11 11 4,603 2,835 1,805 3,162 2,293 3,596 8,345 6,362 5,620 4,223 7,374 15 22 17 27 20 21 25 25 24 25 16 9 6 4 6 5 7 17 13 11 8 15 Education 11 years or less. 12 years. 1 to 3 years of college. 4 years of college . 5 years or more of college. 3,414 12,933 10,026 10,211 8,462 11 16 18 24 30 8 29 22 23 19 1,228 6,225 6,002 6,345 5,569 4 8 11 15 20 5 25 24 25 22 4,011 16,061 10,963 11,479 7,701 13 20 20 27 27 8 32 22 23 15 * Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    (Z) Less than 05 percent Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. Percent who participated columns show the percent of each row’s

population who participated in the activity named by the column. Percent columns show the percent of each column’s participants who are described by the row heading 92 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet Table 43. Land Owned or Leased for the Primary Purpose of Wildlife Watching: 2011 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Wildlife watching Number Average per person1 Land Ownership for Wildlife Watching Participants owning land. Acres owned. Expenditures for owned land . 1,206 39,420 5,573,697 (X) 33 4,623 Land Leasing for Wildlife Watching Participants leasing land. Acres leased . Expenditures for leased land. *124 *3,618

*103,097 (X) *29 *832 * Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    (X) Not Applicable 1 Average expenditures are annual estimates. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. Table 44. Participation of Wildlife-Watching Participants in Fishing and Hunting: 2011 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Type of fishing and hunting Total Away from home Around the home Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent 71,776 52,459 19,317 17,029 7,805 100 73 27 24 11 22,496 13,909 8,587 7,549 3,656 100 62 38 34 16 68,598 51,310 17,288 15,211 6,989 100 75 25 22 10 Total participants . Nonsportspersons. Sportspersons .   Anglers .   Hunters. Note: Detail does not add to total

because of multiple responses and nonresponse. Table 45. Participation of Sportspersons in Wildlife-Watching Activities: 2011 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Sportspersons Wildlife-watching activity Anglers Hunters Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total sportspersons. 37,397 100 33,112 100 13,674 100 Sportspersons who: Did not engage in wildlife-watching activities. Engaged in wildlife-watching activities.    Away from home.    Around the home. 18,079 19,317 8,587 17,288 48 52 23 46 16,082 17,029 7,549 15,211 49 51 23 46 5,869 7,805 3,656 6,989 43 57 27 51 Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 2011 National Survey

of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 93 Source: http://www.doksinet Table 46. Participation in Wildlife-Related Recreation by State Residents Both Inside and Outside Their Resident State: 2011 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Participant’s state of residence Total participants Sportspersons Wildlife-watching participation Population Number Percent of population Number Percent of population Number Percent of population United States, total . 239,313 90,108 38 37,397 16 71,776 30 Alabama . Alaska. Arizona. Arkansas. California . 3,664 526 5,084 2,238 28,562 1,490 337 1,660 1,119 7,360 41 64 33 50 26 744 235 721 572 1,898 20 45 14 26 7 1,079 247 1,281 828 6,475 29 47 25 37 23 Colorado. Connecticut. Delaware. Florida.

Georgia. 3,946 2,781 699 14,855 7,459 1,854 1,204 260 4,652 2,752 47 43 37 31 37 727 347 101 2,068 981 18 12 14 14 13 1,456 1,093 209 3,598 2,206 37 39 30 24 30 Hawaii. Idaho. Illinois. Indiana. Iowa. 995 1,172 9,988 4,965 2,363 222 638 3,493 2,131 1,097 22 54 35 43 46 108 331 1,487 842 586 11 28 15 17 25 161 464 2,784 1,681 780 16 40 28 34 33 Kansas. Kentucky. Louisiana. Maine . Maryland. 2,163 3,376 3,449 1,066 4,480 1,011 1,470 1,380 520 1,396 47 44 40 49 31 453 643 802 233 426 21 19 23 22 9 776 1,221 840 401 1,224 36 36 24 38 27 Massachusetts. Michigan. Minnesota. Mississippi .

Missouri . 5,320 7,787 4,133 2,220 4,667 1,779 3,709 2,107 1,017 2,105 33 48 51 46 45 464 1,636 1,400 700 1,001 9 21 34 32 21 1,530 3,067 1,498 630 1,645 29 39 36 28 35 Montana . Nebraska. Nevada . New Hampshire . New Jersey . 777 1,387 2,024 1,066 6,852 334 499 594 470 2,057 43 36 29 44 30 223 258 171 168 709 29 19 8 16 10 258 362 504 388 1,708 33 26 25 36 25 New Mexico. New York . North Carolina . North Dakota. Ohio. 1,551 15,503 7,264 (NA) 8,999 592 5,143 2,717 (NA) 4,078 38 33 37 (NA) 45 252 1,980 1,394 (NA) 1,603 16 13 19 (NA) 18 486 4,081 2,124 (NA) 3,155 31 26 29 (NA) 35 Oklahoma. Oregon. Pennsylvania. Rhode Island. South Carolina .

2,828 3,061 10,036 848 3,555 1,549 1,396 4,063 309 1,299 55 46 40 36 37 770 444 1,277 94 615 27 15 13 11 17 1,233 1,239 3,329 270 944 44 40 33 32 27 South Dakota. Tennessee . Texas. Utah. Vermont. 631 4,945 18,681 2,036 512 371 2,121 5,888 784 316 59 43 32 39 62 190 923 2,711 406 134 30 19 15 20 26 267 1,733 4,263 558 273 42 35 23 27 53 Virginia. Washington. West Virginia. Wisconsin. Wyoming. 6,136 5,293 1,464 4,460 424 2,580 2,311 868 2,499 250 42 44 59 56 59 842 968 322 1,198 145 14 18 22 27 34 2,212 1,932 751 2,152 182 36 37 51 48 43 (NA) Not available. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. US totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as described in

Appendix D. 94 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet Table 47. Participation in Wildlife-Related Recreation in Each State by Both Residents and Nonresidents of the State: 2011 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) State where activity took place Total participants Sportspersons Wildlife-watching participants Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent United States, total . 90,108 100 37,397 42 71,776 80 Alabama . Alaska. Arizona. Arkansas. California . 1,732 1,014 2,136 1,323 7,849 100 100 100 100 100 948 563 786 696 1,820 55 55 37 53 23 1,114 640 1,566 852 6,733 64 63 73 64 86 Colorado.

Connecticut. Delaware. Florida. Georgia. 2,315 1,361 344 6,354 3,058 100 100 100 100 100 919 350 177 3,152 1,059 40 26 52 50 35 1,782 1,178 243 4,308 2,393 77 87 71 68 78 Hawaii. Idaho. Illinois. Indiana. Iowa. 465 838 3,799 2,308 1,255 100 100 100 100 100 158 534 1,309 867 598 34 64 34 38 48 358 558 3,019 1,719 837 77 67 79 74 67 Kansas. Kentucky. Louisiana. Maine . Maryland. 1,156 1,710 1,709 1,117 1,613 100 100 100 100 100 527 713 904 413 445 46 42 53 37 28 792

1,319 1,010 838 1,362 69 77 59 75 84 Massachusetts. Michigan. Minnesota. Mississippi . Missouri . 2,199 4,397 2,518 1,350 2,494 100 100 100 100 100 538 1,938 1,649 782 1,277 24 44 65 58 51 1,828 3,199 1,577 781 1,716 83 73 63 58 69 Montana . Nebraska. Nevada . New Hampshire . New Jersey . 570 558 734 786 2,438 100 100 100 100 100 335 289 163 247 794 59 52 22 31 33 402 384 643 630 1,875 71 69 88 80 77 New Mexico. New York . North Carolina . North Dakota. Ohio. 783 5,536 3,497

(NA) 4,344 100 100 100 (NA) 100 304 2,109 1,631 (NA) 1,561 39 38 47 (NA) 36 566 4,239 2,432 (NA) 3,197 72 77 70 (NA) 74 Oklahoma. Oregon. Pennsylvania. Rhode Island. South Carolina . 1,727 1,786 4,564 402 1,729 100 100 100 100 100 779 703 1,424 179 847 45 39 31 45 49 1,263 1,440 3,598 308 1,103 73 81 79 77 64 South Dakota. Tennessee . Texas. Utah. Vermont. 662 2,584 6,305 1,015 512 100 100 100 100 100 430 994 2,713 493 254 65 38 43 49 50 384 1,955 4,376 717 370 58 76 69 71 72 Virginia. Washington. West Virginia. Wisconsin.

Wyoming. 3,269 2,756 1,176 3,500 775 100 100 100 100 100 1,068 1,005 447 1,554 390 33 36 38 44 50 2,509 2,168 850 2,359 518 77 79 72 67 67 * Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    (NA) Not available Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. US totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as described in Appendix D. U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 95 Source: http://www.doksinet Table 48. Expenditures for Wildlife-Related Recreation by State Where Spending Took Place: 2011 (Population 16 years old and older. Expenditures in thousands of dollars) State where spending took place Total, wildlife-related expenditures Fishing and hunting expenditures Total Trip-related Equipment Other Total Trip-related Equipment Other United States, total .

144,651,796 49,485,328 80,843,000 24,788,145 89,761,524 32,210,653 43,227,403 14,323,468 Alabama . Alaska. Arizona. Arkansas. California . 2,665,172 3,339,913 2,367,995 1,775,635 7,496,449 763,220 2,666,145 897,293 691,310 3,903,886 1,711,316 630,715 1,144,520 810,190 2,917,174 190,636 43,053 326,181 274,135 675,389 1,930,968 1,281,558 1,432,115 1,559,561 3,718,773 722,029 695,800 506,095 656,790 2,122,206 1,043,040 551,230 808,438 653,616 1,431,197 165,898 34,528 117,582 249,155 165,370 Colorado. Connecticut. Delaware. Florida. Georgia. 2,975,305 1,701,961 325,374 9,036,766 4,556,286 1,239,959 514,304 90,245 4,815,253 1,727,674 1,549,645 833,076 146,729 2,733,398 2,558,603 185,701 354,581 88,400 1,488,115 270,009

1,543,221 767,258 155,586 5,995,434 2,753,862 624,323 286,924 54,176 3,082,600 888,638 827,397 345,695 43,460 1,944,968 1,669,103 91,501 134,639 57,950 967,865 196,122 Hawaii. Idaho. Illinois. Indiana. Iowa. 993,025 1,582,416 3,829,506 1,692,628 1,540,021 752,407 628,991 812,263 698,567 286,130 212,240 780,265 1,871,628 785,849 982,005 28,378 173,161 1,145,615 208,212 271,886 324,522 1,150,375 2,523,249 941,286 828,853 124,708 546,512 646,140 492,210 222,073 197,638 488,083 1,086,006 307,649 446,164 2,177 115,780 791,103 141,427 160,616 Kansas. Kentucky. Louisiana. Maine . Maryland. 906,039 2,946,272 2,238,502 1,417,258 1,303,595 293,551 626,124 1,000,985 830,869 350,179 236,355 1,546,698 1,014,000 416,881 806,654 376,132

773,451 223,516 169,508 146,762 697,624 2,173,052 1,695,750 618,404 820,174 247,952 500,766 778,840 316,723 245,757 179,430 1,379,622 736,916 244,768 472,892 270,242 292,663 179,993 56,912 101,525 Massachusetts. Michigan. Minnesota. Mississippi . Missouri . 1,961,405 6,090,451 3,885,325 2,629,194 2,681,426 556,738 1,780,639 1,387,813 650,396 893,867 709,183 3,193,893 2,132,200 1,710,722 1,398,330 695,484 1,115,919 365,311 268,076 389,229 683,507 4,869,636 3,264,034 2,286,772 1,740,608 270,646 1,364,077 1,159,597 559,903 682,933 383,216 2,531,190 1,962,218 1,472,411 791,728 29,646 974,369 142,219 254,458 265,947 Montana . Nebraska. Nevada . New Hampshire . New Jersey . 1,408,180 1,309,521 1,182,878 553,507 2,294,691 666,395 233,081 284,367 287,092 749,520

568,822 867,358 511,929 188,907 864,754 172,963 209,082 386,583 77,508 680,417 1,007,383 796,225 500,850 272,317 1,308,413 374,484 146,362 170,000 185,279 521,397 464,613 457,559 236,043 77,587 457,200 168,286 192,304 94,807 9,451 329,816 New Mexico. New York . North Carolina . North Dakota. Ohio. 936,549 9,166,012 3,294,423 (NA) 3,510,736 446,916 2,527,906 1,612,019 (NA) 1,002,362 410,204 5,098,727 1,418,915 (NA) 1,412,777 79,429 1,539,380 263,489 (NA) 1,095,597 609,433 5,014,223 2,364,762 (NA) 2,771,930 299,979 1,868,034 1,244,710 (NA) 915,296 273,607 2,674,940 969,655 (NA) 955,751 35,847 471,249 150,397 (NA) 900,883 Oklahoma. Oregon. Pennsylvania. Rhode Island. South Carolina . 1,775,835 2,653,246 2,793,977 360,420 2,019,749 392,794 924,413 667,890 167,465

850,232 903,428 1,460,670 1,599,038 156,775 1,046,902 479,613 268,163 527,050 36,180 122,615 1,301,173 956,024 1,523,089 159,940 1,552,496 284,875 442,172 401,221 88,545 589,394 622,201 441,703 810,451 64,637 855,615 394,097 72,149 311,417 6,757 107,487 South Dakota. Tennessee . Texas. Utah. Vermont. 1,230,541 2,868,103 6,222,843 1,749,270 744,040 605,390 991,489 2,360,889 708,740 179,223 472,350 1,701,509 2,867,946 879,698 360,957 152,801 175,106 994,008 160,833 203,860 1,063,546 1,925,532 4,399,085 1,163,865 455,533 471,308 493,049 1,882,809 413,017 129,717 441,898 1,310,767 1,947,975 641,686 247,540 150,340 121,716 568,300 109,162 78,275 Virginia. Washington. West Virginia. Wisconsin. Wyoming. 3,542,179 4,894,639 1,200,485 5,522,195

1,137,200 1,066,100 1,209,116 495,132 1,200,307 874,268 1,718,530 3,306,250 617,953 3,081,200 180,927 757,549 379,274 87,400 1,240,688 82,005 2,583,572 1,721,268 874,707 4,033,338 786,944 766,337 702,458 394,806 965,547 553,099 1,225,209 919,896 434,257 2,000,568 158,761 592,025 98,914 45,644 1,067,223 75,085 See footnotes at end of table. 96 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet Table 48. Expenditures for Wildlife-Related Recreation by State Where Spending Took Place: 2011Continued (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) State where spending took place Wildlife-watching expenditures Total Trip-related Equipment Other United States, total . 54,890,272 17,274,675 27,150,921 10,464,677 Alabama . Alaska. Arizona.

Arkansas. California . 734,204 2,058,355 935,880 216,074 3,777,677 *41,191 1,970,345 391,198 *34,520 1,781,680 668,276 79,485 336,081 156,574 1,485,977 *24,738 *8,524 208,600 . 510,019 Colorado. Connecticut. Delaware. Florida. Georgia. 1,432,084 934,703 169,788 3,041,333 1,802,423 615,636 227,380 36,069 1,732,652 839,036 722,249 487,381 103,269 788,430 889,500 94,199 219,942 30,450 520,250 *73,887 Hawaii. Idaho. Illinois. Indiana. Iowa. 668,504 432,041 1,306,258 751,343 711,168 627,700 82,479 166,123

*206,357 64,058 14,603 292,182 785,622 478,201 535,840 26,201 *57,380 354,513 66,785 111,270 Kansas. Kentucky. Louisiana. Maine . Maryland. 208,415 773,221 542,752 798,854 483,421 *45,599 125,358 *222,145 514,145 104,421 56,925 167,075 277,084 172,113 333,762 105,891 480,788 *43,523 112,596 45,237 Massachusetts. Michigan. Minnesota. Mississippi . Missouri . 1,277,898 1,220,815 621,290 342,422 940,818 286,092 416,562 228,217 *90,493 210,934 325,967 662,703 169,982 238,311 606,603 665,838 141,550 223,092 *13,617 123,282 Montana . Nebraska.

Nevada . New Hampshire . New Jersey . 400,797 513,297 682,028 281,190 986,278 291,910 86,719 114,366 101,813 228,123 104,210 409,799 275,886 111,320 407,554 *4,677 16,778 291,776 68,057 350,601 New Mexico. New York . North Carolina . North Dakota. Ohio. 327,117 4,151,789 929,661 (NA) 738,806 146,937 659,871 367,309 (NA) 87,066 136,597 2,423,787 449,260 (NA) 457,027 43,583 1,068,131 113,092 (NA) 194,714 Oklahoma. Oregon. Pennsylvania. Rhode Island. South Carolina . 474,662 1,697,222 1,270,888 200,480 467,253 *107,919 482,241

266,669 78,920 260,838 281,227 1,018,967 788,587 92,137 191,288 *85,516 196,014 215,632 29,423 *15,127 South Dakota. Tennessee . Texas. Utah. Vermont. 166,995 942,572 1,823,758 585,405 288,507 134,082 498,440 478,080 295,723 49,506 30,452 390,742 919,971 238,012 113,416 *2,461 53,390 425,708 *51,671 125,585 Virginia. Washington. West Virginia. Wisconsin. Wyoming. 958,607 3,173,371 325,778 1,488,857 350,256 299,762 506,658 100,326 234,760 321,169 493,321 2,386,353 183,696 1,080,632 22,166 165,524 280,360 *41,756 173,464 *6,920 * Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    Sample size too small (less

than 10) to report data reliably    (NA) Not available Note: U.S totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as described in Appendix D U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 97 Source: http://www.doksinet Table 49. Expenditures for Wildlife-Related Recreation in the United States by State Residents Both Inside and Outside Their Resident State: 2011 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Participant’s state of residence Total, wildlife-related expenditures Fishing and hunting expenditures Total Trip-related Equipment Other Total Trip-related Equipment Other United States, total . 144,651,796 49,485,328 80,843,000 24,788,145 89,761,524 32,210,653 43,227,403 14,323,468 Alabama . Alaska. Arizona. Arkansas.

California . 2,580,330 1,014,001 2,553,755 1,717,671 8,904,405 710,864 365,578 941,641 638,207 4,928,288 1,692,392 621,150 1,283,558 824,044 3,189,756 177,074 27,273 328,556 255,420 786,361 1,767,160 869,773 1,546,497 1,498,616 4,427,335 617,679 313,999 507,957 613,342 2,596,721 998,359 536,453 937,457 662,679 1,596,696 151,122 19,321 101,083 222,596 233,918 Colorado. Connecticut. Delaware. Florida. Georgia. 2,444,637 2,385,182 511,995 8,091,232 5,060,457 1,019,057 986,943 142,197 3,820,030 2,462,015 1,281,295 960,807 296,620 2,697,940 2,354,755 144,285 437,432 73,177 1,573,261 243,687 1,441,355 1,059,979 151,054 5,476,780 2,482,983 512,345 492,315 46,336 2,613,804 856,617 866,761 426,145 62,050 1,846,212 1,462,415 62,250 141,518 42,667 1,016,764 163,950 Hawaii.

Idaho. Illinois. Indiana. Iowa. 442,305 1,035,849 5,091,826 1,966,673 1,882,200 154,484 278,400 1,445,339 935,484 616,181 221,880 669,734 2,229,211 800,178 992,194 65,940 87,716 1,417,276 231,011 273,824 309,694 610,771 3,133,455 963,370 1,013,538 102,723 196,598 918,369 531,352 388,268 204,591 385,618 1,162,720 304,547 460,246 2,380 28,555 1,052,366 127,471 165,024 Kansas. Kentucky. Louisiana. Maine . Maryland. 900,397 2,924,946 2,470,997 622,529 1,730,084 262,694 579,125 1,198,064 217,143 652,348 276,533 1,627,013 984,961 328,944 854,361 361,169 718,808 287,972 76,442 223,375 643,300 2,112,626 1,699,110 387,872 1,106,794 214,658 485,558 755,747 168,129 358,666 211,820 1,394,306 699,953 173,050 610,726 216,823

232,761 243,410 46,693 137,401 Massachusetts. Michigan. Minnesota. Mississippi . Missouri . 1,939,377 6,150,417 4,371,217 2,524,916 2,765,273 607,740 1,742,178 1,761,329 556,106 1,034,244 827,332 3,284,436 1,990,741 1,713,495 1,306,487 504,306 1,123,803 619,147 255,315 424,541 774,231 4,919,017 3,499,788 2,173,769 1,582,437 335,517 1,351,218 1,293,168 487,354 606,378 371,711 2,578,221 1,817,156 1,447,246 698,530 67,004 989,578 389,463 239,169 277,528 Montana . Nebraska. Nevada . New Hampshire . New Jersey . 1,277,677 1,445,193 1,282,868 506,690 2,992,311 577,844 323,928 407,053 256,534 1,256,192 545,920 796,405 535,633 201,908 915,432 153,913 324,860 340,182 48,248 820,687 1,051,377 858,584 485,601 341,541 1,648,405

434,401 178,484 233,524 197,176 679,364 467,035 394,386 204,670 132,719 527,251 149,941 285,714 47,407 11,646 441,790 New Mexico. New York . North Carolina . North Dakota. Ohio. 906,190 10,665,327 3,742,754 (NA) 4,086,277 392,074 3,600,610 1,863,117 (NA) 1,525,835 427,509 5,130,402 1,545,115 (NA) 1,448,588 86,608 1,934,315 334,522 (NA) 1,111,854 585,688 5,309,319 2,496,929 (NA) 3,242,586 260,497 2,086,496 1,247,168 (NA) 1,337,160 285,114 2,668,628 1,040,438 (NA) 990,466 40,076 554,194 209,323 (NA) 914,960 Oklahoma. Oregon. Pennsylvania. Rhode Island. South Carolina . 1,905,525 2,445,732 2,475,374 330,687 2,149,460 512,273 764,576 507,790 151,989 767,251 914,697 1,433,103 1,530,270 140,715 1,261,311 478,554 248,053 437,314

37,982 120,898 1,414,920 733,240 1,472,760 168,733 1,838,305 391,940 256,927 421,023 63,931 621,493 631,095 411,066 793,380 98,201 1,113,809 391,885 65,248 258,357 6,601 103,003 South Dakota. Tennessee . Texas. Utah. Vermont. 722,526 2,871,608 6,237,199 1,326,803 624,724 237,321 897,275 2,414,822 452,085 150,041 436,656 1,821,155 2,838,198 776,883 374,085 48,549 153,178 984,180 97,835 100,598 660,736 2,137,741 4,559,419 946,736 443,690 201,487 590,473 2,079,809 322,728 125,292 413,928 1,448,405 1,925,507 575,859 250,839 45,321 98,862 554,103 48,149 67,559 Virginia. Washington. West Virginia. Wisconsin. Wyoming. See footnotes at end of table. 3,467,271 5,275,143 1,285,342 4,906,805 462,645 1,108,672

1,332,774 550,452 1,078,953 186,799 1,575,251 3,477,820 665,620 3,026,952 229,934 783,347 464,549 69,270 800,900 45,912 2,418,819 2,195,318 953,839 3,415,396 334,306 754,336 916,795 417,965 810,087 134,941 1,074,714 1,085,454 484,767 1,980,609 159,516 589,768 193,068 51,107 624,699 39,849 98 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet Table 49. Expenditures for Wildlife-Related Recreation in the United States by State Residents Both Inside and Outside Their Resident State: 2011Continued (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Participant’s state of residence Wildlife-watching expenditures Total Trip-related Equipment Other United States, total . 54,890,272 17,274,675 27,150,921 10,464,677 Alabama . Alaska. Arizona.

Arkansas. California . 813,170 144,228 1,007,258 219,055 4,477,069 *93,185 51,579 433,685 *24,866 2,331,567 694,033 84,697 346,100 161,365 1,593,060 *25,952 *7,952 227,474 *32,824 552,443 Colorado. Connecticut. Delaware. Florida. Georgia. 1,003,282 1,325,203 360,941 2,614,452 2,577,474 506,713 494,628 95,861 1,206,226 *1,605,397 414,534 534,661 234,570 851,728 892,339 82,035 295,914 30,510 556,497 *79,737 Hawaii. Idaho. Illinois. Indiana. Iowa. 132,611

425,078 1,958,371 1,003,303 868,662 51,761 *81,801 526,970 *404,132 227,914 17,289 284,115 1,066,491 495,630 531,948 63,560 *59,161 364,911 103,540 108,800 Kansas. Kentucky. Louisiana. Maine . Maryland. 257,096 812,320 771,887 234,657 623,290 48,036 *93,567 *442,317 *49,014 293,681 64,713 232,707 285,008 155,894 243,635 144,347 486,047 *44,562 29,749 85,974 Massachusetts. Michigan. Minnesota. Mississippi . Missouri . 1,165,146 1,231,400 871,430 351,147 1,182,836 272,223 *390,960 *468,161 *68,752 427,866 455,621 706,215 173,584 266,249 607,957 437,302 134,225 229,684 *16,146 147,013

Montana . Nebraska. Nevada . New Hampshire . New Jersey . 226,300 586,609 797,267 165,149 1,343,906 *143,443 145,444 173,529 59,358 576,828 78,885 402,020 330,964 69,189 388,181 *3,972 39,146 292,775 36,602 378,897 New Mexico. New York . North Carolina . North Dakota. Ohio. 320,502 5,356,008 1,245,825 (NA) 843,691 131,576 1,514,114 615,949 (NA) 188,675 142,394 2,461,773 504,677 (NA) 458,123 46,531 1,380,121 125,199 (NA) 196,894 Oklahoma. Oregon. Pennsylvania. Rhode Island.

South Carolina . 490,605 1,712,492 1,002,614 161,954 311,155 *120,334 507,648 *86,767 88,059 *145,758 283,602 1,022,037 736,890 42,514 147,503 *86,669 182,806 178,957 31,381 *17,895 South Dakota. Tennessee . Texas. Utah. Vermont. 61,790 733,867 1,677,780 380,067 181,034 *35,834 306,802 *335,013 129,357 24,749 22,728 372,750 912,691 201,024 123,247 *3,228 54,315 430,076 *49,686 33,039 Virginia. Washington. West Virginia. Wisconsin. Wyoming. 1,048,452 3,079,826 331,503 1,491,409 128,338 354,336 415,979 *132,487 *268,866

51,858 500,537 2,392,366 180,852 1,046,342 70,417 193,579 271,481 *18,163 176,201 *6,062 * Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    (NA) Not available Note: U.S totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as described in Appendix D U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 99 Source: http://www.doksinet Table 50. Anglers and Hunters by Sportsperson’s State of Residence: 2011 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Sportsperson’s state of residence Fished or hunted Fished only Hunted only Number Percent of population Fished and hunted Population Number Percent of population Number Percent of population Number Percent of population United States, total . 239,313 37,397 16 23,714 10 4,285 2 9,389 4 Alabama . Alaska. Arizona. Arkansas.

California . 3,664 526 5,084 2,238 28,562 744 235 721 572 1,898 20 45 14 26 7 252 129 462 252 1,431 7 25 9 11 5 *228 *24 *135 *105 198 *6 *5 *3 *5 1 264 82 *124 214 269 7 16 *2 10 1 Colorado. Connecticut. Delaware. Florida. Georgia. 3,946 2,781 699 14,855 7,459 727 347 101 2,068 981 18 12 14 14 13 567 265 78 1,731 672 14 10 11 12 9 *60 . *9 *78 *138 *2 . *1 *1 *2 99 76 *14 252 171 3 3 *2 2 2 Hawaii. Idaho. Illinois. Indiana. Iowa. 995 1,172 9,988 4,965 2,363 108 331 1,487 842 586 11 28 15 17 25 85 169 976 465 369 9 14 10 9 16 . . *252 *56 *64 . . *3 *1 *3 *21 *119 260 322 152 *2 *10 3 6 6 Kansas. Kentucky. Louisiana. Maine . Maryland. 2,163 3,376 3,449 1,066 4,480 453 643 802 233 426 21 19 23 22 9

275 327 511 92 337 13 10 15 9 8 *18 *151 *69 *37 . *1 *4 *2 *3 . 159 165 222 104 *72 7 5 6 10 *2 Massachusetts. Michigan. Minnesota. Mississippi . Missouri . 5,320 7,787 4,133 2,220 4,667 464 1,636 1,400 700 1,001 9 21 34 32 21 398 1,128 925 263 507 7 14 22 12 11 . *170 *71 *96 132 . *2 *2 *4 3 59 337 403 340 363 1 4 10 15 8 Montana . Nebraska. Nevada . New Hampshire . New Jersey . 777 1,387 2,024 1,066 6,852 223 258 171 168 709 29 19 8 16 10 114 143 122 125 593 15 10 6 12 9 *30 *61 *15 . *30 *4 *4 *1 . *(Z) 78 54 *34 *39 86 10 4 *2 *4 1 New Mexico. New York . North Carolina . North Dakota. Ohio. 1,551 15,503 7,264 (NA) 8,999 252 1,980 1,394 (NA) 1,603 16 13 19 (NA) 18 185 1,241 1,077 (NA) 1,075 12 8 15 (NA) 12 *21 *172 *88 (NA) *168 *1 *1 *1 (NA) *2 *47

567 230 (NA) 360 *3 4 3 (NA) 4 Oklahoma. Oregon. Pennsylvania. Rhode Island. South Carolina . 2,828 3,061 10,036 848 3,555 770 444 1,277 94 615 27 15 13 11 17 551 263 574 77 377 19 9 6 9 11 . *58 269 . *42 . *2 3 . *1 *193 *123 434 16 196 *7 *4 4 2 6 South Dakota. Tennessee . Texas. Utah. Vermont. 631 4,945 18,681 2,036 512 190 923 2,711 406 134 30 19 15 20 26 *58 637 1,631 245 64 *9 13 9 12 12 *27 *91 *356 *55 30 *4 *2 *2 *3 6 106 196 724 106 41 17 4 4 5 8 Virginia. Washington. West Virginia. Wisconsin. Wyoming. 6,136 5,293 1,464 4,460 424 842 968 322 1,198 145 14 18 22 27 34 488 749 111 434 69 8 14 8 10 16 135 *54 *83 *260 *30 2 *1 *6 *6 *7 219 165 128 504 46 4 3 9 11 11 * Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    Sample size too

small (less than 10) to report data reliably    (NA) Not available    (Z) Less than 05 percent Note: U.S totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as described in Appendix D 100 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet Table 51. Anglers and Hunters by State Where Fishing or Hunting Took Place: 2011 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Anglers State where fishing or hunting took place Total anglers, residents and nonresidents Hunters State residents Total hunters, residents and nonresidents Nonresidents State residents Nonresidents Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent United States, total . 33,112 100 30,037 91 6,964 21 13,674 100 12,890 94 1,942 14 Alabama . Alaska. Arizona.

Arkansas. California . 683 538 637 555 1,674 100 100 100 100 100 473 211 533 458 1,576 69 39 84 83 94 210 327 *104 *97 98 31 61 *16 *17 6 535 125 269 363 394 100 100 100 100 100 492 104 225 316 377 92 83 83 87 96 *44 . *45 . . *8 . *17 . . Colorado. Connecticut. Delaware. Florida. Georgia. 767 342 166 3,092 829 100 100 100 100 100 593 277 59 1,895 764 77 81 36 61 92 175 *65 *107 1,197 *65 23 *19 *64 39 *8 259 50 23 242 392 100 100 100 100 100 144 46 19 215 293 55 93 84 89 75 *115 . . . *98 *45 . . . *25 Hawaii. Idaho. Illinois. Indiana. Iowa. 157 447 1,044 801 473 100 100 100 100 100 104 238 955 720 416 66 53 92 90 88 . 208 *88 *81 *58 . 47 *8 *10 *12 *23 246 512 392 253 *100 100 100 100 100 *23 *162 459 377 200 *100 *66 90 96 79 . *85 . . . . *34 . . . Kansas. Kentucky.

Louisiana. Maine . Maryland. 400 554 825 341 426 100 100 100 100 100 372 451 700 193 347 93 81 85 56 81 *28 *103 *125 149 80 *7 *19 *15 44 19 283 347 277 181 88 100 100 100 100 100 170 316 253 141 *69 60 91 91 78 *78 *112 . . *40 *19 *40 . . *22 *22 Massachusetts. Michigan. Minnesota. Mississippi . Missouri . 532 1,744 1,562 651 1,071 100 100 100 100 100 377 1,397 1,303 600 827 71 80 83 92 77 155 347 259 . 244 29 20 17 . 23 56 529 477 483 576 100 100 100 100 100 52 501 457 436 477 93 95 96 90 83 . . . . *100 . . . . *17 Montana . Nebraska. Nevada . New Hampshire . New Jersey . 267 207 147 228 766 100 100 100 100 100 185 177 114 153 509 69 85 78 67 66 82 . . 75 *257 31 . . 33 *34 150 128 43 56 94 100 100 100 100 100 104 110 39 42 93 70 86 91 74 99 *46 . . *14 . *30 . . *26 . New Mexico. New

York . North Carolina . North Dakota. Ohio. 278 1,882 1,525 (NA) 1,342 100 100 100 (NA) 100 213 1,585 1,196 (NA) 1,257 77 84 78 (NA) 94 *65 297 329 (NA) *85 *23 16 22 (NA) *6 69 823 335 (NA) 553 100 100 100 (NA) 100 64 739 259 (NA) 516 93 90 77 (NA) 93 . *84 *76 (NA) *37 . *10 *23 (NA) *7 Oklahoma. Oregon. Pennsylvania. Rhode Island. South Carolina . 729 638 1,101 175 744 100 100 100 100 100 680 373 891 79 561 93 59 81 45 75 *49 264 210 96 *182 *7 41 19 55 *25 244 196 775 20 254 100 100 100 100 100 219 181 699 15 180 90 92 90 77 71 . . *76 . *74 . . *10 . *29 South Dakota. Tennessee . Texas. Utah. Vermont. 268 826 2,246 414 207 100 100 100 100 100 156 709 2,133 343 95 58 86 95 83 46 *112 *117 *114 *70 112 *42 *14 *5 *17 54 270 375 1,147 193 90 100 100 100 100 100 127 276 1,080 158 66 47 74 94 82

74 144 . *67 *35 . 53 . *6 *18 . Virginia. Washington. West Virginia. Wisconsin. Wyoming. 833 938 305 1,247 303 100 100 100 100 100 649 835 222 910 110 78 89 73 73 36 184 *103 *84 337 *193 22 *11 *27 27 *64 432 219 247 895 140 100 100 100 100 100 326 200 184 763 76 75 92 74 85 54 *106 . . *131 *64 *25 . . *15 *46 * Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably    (NA) Not available Note: For the U.S row, detail does not add to total because of multiple responses US totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as described in Appendix D. U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 101 Source: http://www.doksinet Table 52. Hunters by Type of Hunting and State Where Hunting Took Place: 2011 (Population 16 years old and

older. Numbers in thousands) Migratory birds Other animals Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent United States, total . 13,674 100 11,570 85 4,506 33 2,583 19 2,168 16 Alabama . Alaska. Arizona. Arkansas. California . 535 125 269 363 394 100 100 100 100 100 477 110 *127 318 154 89 88 *47 88 39 *126 *25 *105 *83 201 *24 *20 *39 *23 51 . . *75 *97 221 . . *28 *27 56 *68 . . *96 *62 *13 . . *27 *16 Colorado. Connecticut. Delaware. Florida. Georgia. 259 50 23 242 392 100 100 100 100 100 178 *30 *18 187 349 69 *60 *80 77 89 *101 *31 . . *117 *39 *62 . . *30 . . *9 . . . . *39 . . *37 . . *77 *65 *14 . . *32 *17 Hawaii. Idaho. Illinois. Indiana.

Iowa. *23 246 512 392 253 *100 100 100 100 100 *22 177 351 266 199 *96 72 69 68 79 . . *237 *126 *131 . . *46 *32 *52 . . *156 . . . . *30 . . . . *153 . . . . *30 . . Kansas. Kentucky. Louisiana. Maine . Maryland. 283 347 277 181 88 100 100 100 100 100 162 315 217 143 *73 57 91 78 79 *83 189 *134 *95 *60 *35 67 *39 *34 *33 *40 *68 . *110 . *29 *24 . *40 . *32 . . . *21 . . . . *12 . Massachusetts. Michigan. Minnesota. Mississippi . Missouri . 56 529 477 483 576 100 100 100 100 100 *41 488 412 469 464 *72 92 86 97 80 *26 *114 *160 *106 146 *46 *22 *34 *22 25 . . *68 *39 *99 . . *14 *8 *17 . . . . *45 . . . . *8 Montana . Nebraska. Nevada . New Hampshire . New

Jersey . 150 128 43 56 94 100 100 100 100 100 128 93 *30 46 89 86 72 *70 82 95 *55 *45 *20 *17 *23 *36 *35 *46 *31 *24 . *29 . . *18 . *22 . . *19 . . . . . . . . . . New Mexico. New York . North Carolina . North Dakota. Ohio. 69 823 335 (NA) 553 100 100 100 (NA) 100 *44 777 281 (NA) 515 *64 94 84 (NA) 93 . *380 *59 (NA) *193 . *46 *17 (NA) *35 . . *89 (NA) . . . *27 (NA) . . . . (NA) *72 . . . (NA) *13 Oklahoma. Oregon. Pennsylvania. Rhode Island. South Carolina . 244 196 775 20 254 100 100 100 100 100 *144 189 755 *9 224 *59 96 97 *47 88 *123 . *204 *13 *63 *50 . *26 *64 *25 . . . *8 *63 . . . *39 *25 *37 . . . . *15 . . . . South Dakota. Tennessee . Texas. Utah. Vermont.

270 375 1,147 193 90 100 100 100 100 100 122 337 937 149 84 45 90 82 77 93 212 *122 *247 *63 *22 78 *33 *22 *33 *24 *58 *114 *391 *30 *5 *21 *30 *34 *16 *6 . . 432 . *18 . . 38 . *20 Virginia. Washington. West Virginia. Wisconsin. Wyoming. 432 219 247 895 140 100 100 100 100 100 405 189 244 785 130 94 86 99 88 93 85 . *86 *219 . 20 . *35 *24 . *85 . . *105 . *20 . . *12 . . . . . . . . . . . State where hunting took place Total, all hunting Big game Small game * Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably     (NA) Not available Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. US totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as described in Appendix D. 102 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation U.S Fish

and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet Table 53. Days of Hunting by State Where Hunting Took Place and Hunter’s State of Residence: 2011 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Days of hunting in state State Total days, residents and nonresidents Days by state residents Days of hunting by state residents Total days, in state of residence and other states Days by nonresidents Days in state of residence Days in other states Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent United States, total . 281,884 100 263,038 93 20,291 7 281,884 100 263,038 93 20,291 7 Alabama . Alaska. Arizona. Arkansas. California . 10,548 1,336 2,634 10,967 6,731 100 100 100 100 100 10,285 1,044 2,363 10,006 6,585 98 78 90 91 98 *263 . *271 . . *2 . *10 . . 10,393 1,096 3,164

10,712 8,036 100 100 100 100 100 10,285 1,044 2,363 10,006 6,585 99 95 75 93 82 . . . . *1,451 . . . . *18 Colorado. Connecticut. Delaware. Florida. Georgia. 2,184 1,011 380 5,252 8,920 100 100 100 100 100 1,553 947 343 4,969 7,742 71 94 90 95 87 *630 . . . *1,177 *29 . . . *13 1,806 1,348 453 6,693 8,318 100 100 100 100 100 1,553 947 343 4,969 7,742 86 70 76 74 93 . *401 *110 *1,724 . . *30 *24 *26 . Hawaii. Idaho. Illinois. Indiana. Iowa. 774 3,227 7,836 10,863 4,240 100 100 100 100 100 *774 *1,983 7,354 10,814 3,988 *100 *61 94 100 94 . *1,243 . . . . *39 . . . 786 2,009 7,786 10,926 4,163 100 100 100 100 100 *774 *1,983 7,354 10,814 3,988 *99 *99 94 99 96 . . *432 . . . . *6 . . Kansas. Kentucky. Louisiana.

Maine . Maryland. 5,209 12,222 5,222 2,523 1,032 100 100 100 100 100 4,075 11,402 5,044 2,240 *919 78 93 97 89 *89 *1,134 . . *283 *112 *22 . . *11 *11 4,193 11,979 6,738 2,410 1,418 100 100 100 100 100 4,075 11,402 5,044 2,240 *919 97 95 75 93 *65 . . *1,694 . . . . *25 . . Massachusetts. Michigan. Minnesota. Mississippi . Missouri . 1,062 11,020 5,589 9,105 10,087 100 100 100 100 100 1,041 10,840 5,502 8,537 9,154 98 98 98 94 91 . . . . *932 . . . . *9 1,403 11,358 8,053 8,755 9,716 100 100 100 100 100 1,041 10,840 5,502 8,537 9,154 74 95 68 98 94 *363 . *2,551 . *562 *26 . *32 . *6 Montana . Nebraska. Nevada . New Hampshire . New Jersey . 2,493 1,554 748 1,359 2,400 100 100 100 100 100 2,002 1,490 699 1,207 2,380 80 96 93 89 99 *491 . . *153 . *20 .

. *11 . 2,158 1,584 897 1,330 2,928 100 100 100 100 100 2,002 1,490 699 1,207 2,380 93 94 78 91 81 . . *198 . *547 . . *22 . *19 New Mexico. New York . North Carolina . North Dakota. Ohio. 927 18,433 7,608 (NA) 8,967 100 100 100 (NA) 100 851 17,673 7,314 (NA) 8,688 92 96 96 (NA) 97 . *760 *293 (NA) *278 . *4 *4 (NA) *3 911 17,741 8,177 (NA) 9,066 100 100 100 (NA) 100 851 17,673 7,314 (NA) 8,688 93 100 89 (NA) 96 . . . (NA) . . . . (NA) . Oklahoma. Oregon. Pennsylvania. Rhode Island. South Carolina . 4,968 2,205 18,247 419 4,353 100 100 100 100 100 4,790 2,133 17,648 248 3,882 96 97 97 59 89 . . *598 . *471 . . *3 . *11 5,201 2,264 17,826 318 4,255 100 100 100 100 100 4,790 2,133 17,648 248 3,882 92 94 99 78 91 . . . *70 . . . . *22 . South Dakota. Tennessee .

Texas. Utah. Vermont. 3,742 9,846 20,372 2,720 1,584 100 100 100 100 100 2,811 9,507 19,778 2,482 1,403 75 97 97 91 89 930 . *594 *238 . 25 . *3 *9 . 2,901 9,603 19,905 2,643 1,618 100 100 100 100 100 2,811 9,507 19,778 2,482 1,403 97 99 99 94 87 . . . . *215 . . . . *13 Virginia. Washington. West Virginia. Wisconsin. Wyoming. 10,060 2,547 3,166 12,177 1,726 100 100 100 100 100 9,302 2,445 3,035 10,085 1,103 92 96 96 83 64 *758 . . *2,092 *623 *8 . . *17 *36 10,306 2,756 3,254 10,219 1,171 100 100 100 100 100 9,302 2,445 3,035 10,085 1,103 90 89 93 99 94 *1,004 *311 . . *68 *10 *11 . . *6 * Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably    (NA) Not available Note: U.S totals include responses from participants residing in the District of

Columbia, as described in Appendix D U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 103 Source: http://www.doksinet Table 54. Days of Hunting by Type of Hunting and State Where Hunting Took Place: 2011 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Migratory birds Other animals Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent United States, total . 281,884 100 212,116 75 50,884 18 23,263 8 34,434 12 Alabama . Alaska. Arizona. Arkansas. California . 10,548 1,336 2,634 10,967 6,731 100 100 100 100 100 8,790 1,211 *774 9,401 1,824 83 91 *29 86 27 *1,282 *124 *1,443 *1,253 2,045 *12 *9 *55 *11 30 . . *324 *2,018 2,860 . . *12 *18 42 *862 . . *1,214 *1,058 *8 . . *11 *16 Colorado. Connecticut.

Delaware. Florida. Georgia. 2,184 1,011 380 5,252 8,920 100 100 100 100 100 1,327 *481 *322 4,051 8,268 61 *48 *85 77 93 *730 *457 . . *1,966 *33 *45 . . *22 . . *83 . . . . *22 . . *508 . . *1,538 *1,907 *23 . . *29 *21 Hawaii. Idaho. Illinois. Indiana. Iowa. *774 3,227 7,836 10,863 4,240 *100 100 100 100 100 *688 2,664 4,915 6,261 3,106 *89 83 63 58 73 . . *1,220 *1,666 *1,169 . . *16 *15 *28 . . *1,075 . . . . *14 . . . . *1,174 . . . . *15 . . Kansas. Kentucky. Louisiana. Maine . Maryland. 5,209 12,222 5,222 2,523 1,032 100 100 100 100 100 3,486 9,720 3,697 1,827 *786 67 80 71 72 *76 1,644 *1,742 *950 *802 *136 32 *14 *18 *32 *13 *357 . *1,085 . *152

*7 . *21 . *15 . . . *237 . . . . *9 . Massachusetts. Michigan. Minnesota. Mississippi . Missouri . 1,062 11,020 5,589 9,105 10,087 100 100 100 100 100 *769 9,584 3,573 7,410 8,386 *72 87 64 81 83 *268 *1,208 *2,014 *1,445 1,298 *25 *11 *36 *16 13 . . *1,238 *231 *848 . . *22 *3 *8 . . . . *629 . . . . *6 Montana . Nebraska. Nevada . New Hampshire . New Jersey . 2,493 1,554 748 1,359 2,400 100 100 100 100 100 2,040 1,081 *343 1,057 2,078 82 70 *46 78 87 *678 *332 *316 *185 *270 *27 *21 *42 *14 *11 . *255 . . *225 . *16 . . *9 . . . . . . . . . . New Mexico. New York . North Carolina . North Dakota. Ohio. 927 18,433 7,608 (NA) 8,967 100 100 100 (NA) 100 *569 15,649 5,059

(NA) 6,747 *61 85 67 (NA) 75 . *3,620 *1,343 (NA) *1,884 . *20 *18 (NA) *21 . . *1,665 (NA) . . . *22 (NA) . . . . (NA) *1,297 . . . (NA) *14 Oklahoma. Oregon. Pennsylvania. Rhode Island. South Carolina . 4,968 2,205 18,247 419 4,353 100 100 100 100 100 *2,776 1,918 17,389 *234 3,559 *56 87 95 *56 82 *1,399 . *1,152 *147 *438 *28 . *6 *35 *10 . . . *71 *333 . . . *17 *8 *1,679 . . . . *34 . . . . South Dakota. Tennessee . Texas. Utah. Vermont. 3,742 9,846 20,372 2,720 1,584 100 100 100 100 100 982 7,622 12,651 1,962 1,406 26 77 62 72 89 1,660 *3,061 *3,238 *452 *225 44 *31 *16 *17 *14 *342 *593 *1,672 *597 *35 *9 *6 *8 *22 *2 . . 7,882 . *92 . . 39 . *6 Virginia. Washington. West Virginia.

Wisconsin. Wyoming. 10,060 2,547 3,166 12,177 1,726 100 100 100 100 100 9,396 2,210 2,580 8,575 1,487 93 87 81 70 86 *699 . *851 *2,640 . *7 . *27 *22 . *262 . . *1,276 . *3 . . *10 . . . . . . . . . . . State where hunting took place Total, all hunting Big game Small game * Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably    (NA) Not available Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. US totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as described in Appendix D. 104 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet Table 55. Expenditures for Hunting by State Where Spending Took Place: 2011 (Population 16 years old and older. Expenditures in thousands of dollars) Trip-related expenditures

Expenditures for equipment Total expenditures Total trip-related Food and lodging Transportation Other trip costs Total equipment Hunting equipment1 Auxiliary equipment1 Special equipment1 Expenditures for other items2 United States, total . 33,702,017 10,421,189 3,881,304 4,767,915 1,771,970 13,972,490 7,738,324 1,844,880 4,389,286 9,308,340 Alabama . Alaska. Arizona. Arkansas. California . 913,387 424,803 337,759 1,018,793 964,054 404,966 167,664 148,623 317,150 501,877 151,664 68,265 57,806 133,327 114,203 160,803 63,078 74,731 152,564 227,036 *92,498 36,321 *16,085 *31,259 160,638 357,045 244,032 133,703 466,793 382,590 173,693 113,578 80,563 409,109 224,800 *63,734 *12,745 *17,195 *50,371 *88,376 . . . . . 151,376 13,107 55,433 234,850 79,588 Colorado. Connecticut. Delaware. Florida. Georgia. 460,914 301,988 40,771 715,733 964,887

220,754 28,253 *5,426 280,965 486,854 86,645 *7,577 *2,851 75,876 241,218 81,818 15,353 *2,185 125,965 155,601 52,290 *5,323 . *79,124 *90,036 185,179 159,642 12,475 219,590 328,558 142,127 108,687 *8,430 185,070 299,661 *25,522 *15,039 . *22,630 *21,874 . . . . . 54,981 114,093 *22,870 215,178 149,475 Hawaii. Idaho. Illinois. Indiana. Iowa. *50,962 477,548 1,216,281 222,310 405,451 *22,634 285,440 273,779 64,900 121,534 *7,981 77,409 139,784 25,507 58,278 *14,099 114,160 106,027 35,471 59,244 *554 *93,870 *27,967 . . *27,374 131,968 369,894 105,008 151,252 *26,445 73,694 235,424 86,825 108,302 . *16,137 *67,077 *15,676 *36,960 . . . . . *954 60,140 572,608 52,402 132,665 Kansas. Kentucky. Louisiana. Maine . Maryland. 401,452 797,766 564,385 202,639 264,119 149,787 241,639 244,997 102,037 50,221 50,646 62,367 100,546 64,615 *20,853

72,731 106,402 111,188 33,273 14,058 *26,410 *72,869 *33,263 *4,149 *15,310 71,835 350,029 177,639 60,394 127,600 61,867 272,967 142,761 46,748 105,922 *9,968 *56,892 *20,136 *4,946 *21,678 . . . . . 179,829 206,098 141,749 40,208 *86,297 Massachusetts. Michigan. Minnesota. Mississippi . Missouri . 87,483 2,338,684 725,407 914,889 906,888 *16,941 271,341 235,024 244,140 308,718 *7,064 105,419 113,805 114,436 124,111 *8,640 143,776 95,062 98,317 142,245 . *22,146 *26,158 *31,386 42,362 62,893 1,317,004 400,397 428,296 355,911 *45,364 407,636 336,690 299,769 265,218 *16,349 *76,709 54,429 52,450 38,051 . . . . . 7,649 750,339 89,986 242,453 242,259 Montana . Nebraska. Nevada . New Hampshire . New Jersey . 627,298 526,527 204,137 60,578 115,797 232,599 89,522 86,725 33,890 34,419 90,862 40,072 25,465 9,463 *11,665 132,275 44,014 29,484 23,614 18,664 *9,461 *5,436 *31,776

. . 284,624 258,741 79,937 23,426 67,032 164,708 148,017 45,804 19,467 33,483 *88,982 51,066 *20,582 *3,959 *7,214 . . . . . 110,075 178,263 37,475 3,262 14,345 New Mexico. New York . North Carolina . North Dakota. Ohio. 139,264 1,564,205 525,281 (NA) 752,996 *65,792 810,119 224,555 (NA) 320,777 *24,371 237,046 78,189 (NA) 57,043 *35,197 528,953 96,908 (NA) 163,800 *6,225 *44,120 *49,457 (NA) . *54,420 483,719 181,501 (NA) 274,391 *43,569 397,260 146,819 (NA) 220,095 *7,257 *51,249 *34,293 (NA) *54,296 . . . (NA) . 19,051 270,368 119,225 (NA) 157,828 Oklahoma. Oregon. Pennsylvania. Rhode Island. South Carolina . 355,680 238,696 970,598 18,308 505,311 109,173 83,492 172,710 4,610 229,561 *38,010 35,895 61,534 1,585 95,412 *37,246 42,322 98,835 2,914 96,014 *33,918 *5,274 *12,342 . *38,134 *182,698 134,260 563,664 12,119 191,589 *170,187 *36,835 319,457 *9,583 81,911

*10,882 *24,709 100,525 *863 *22,483 . . . . . *63,809 20,944 234,223 1,578 84,161 South Dakota. Tennessee . Texas. Utah. Vermont. 596,824 494,005 1,835,098 499,141 292,328 338,230 210,025 837,479 186,765 39,469 154,811 95,404 332,375 50,622 14,096 139,036 99,196 379,419 101,917 21,883 *44,382 *15,425 *125,685 *34,226 *3,490 115,496 216,306 537,597 261,972 190,433 65,594 158,388 343,969 148,128 129,785 *24,101 *57,918 *154,067 *46,555 13,467 . . . . . 143,098 67,674 460,022 50,403 62,426 Virginia. Washington. West Virginia. Wisconsin. Wyoming. 877,038 356,251 409,219 2,544,591 288,736 297,241 163,423 68,531 358,080 159,115 73,309 75,198 37,185 160,687 40,461 93,747 77,154 28,376 156,022 67,319 130,185 *11,070 . *41,371 *51,334 286,072 156,398 307,999 1,464,520 80,980 227,495 109,555 79,373 137,004 48,959 53,040 *38,486 *43,866 *64,793 *25,881 . . . . .

293,725 36,431 32,689 721,991 48,642 State where spending took place * Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably    (NA) Not available 1 See Table 17 for a detailed listing of hunting, auxiliary, and special equipment items. 2 Includes expenditures for magazine subscriptions, membership dues and contributions, land leasing and ownership, licenses, stamps, tags, and permits, and plantings. Note: U.S totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as described in Appendix D U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 105 Source: http://www.doksinet Table 56. Freshwater (Except Great Lakes) Anglers and Days of Fishing by State Where Fishing Took Place: 2011 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Anglers State where fishing took place Total anglers, residents and

nonresidents Days of fishing State residents Nonresidents Total days, residents and nonresidents Days by state residents Days by nonresidents Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent United States, total . 27,060 100 24,914 92 4,540 17 443,223 100 403,207 91 42,801 10 Alabama . Alaska. Arizona. Arkansas. California . 598 302 637 555 1,352 100 100 100 100 100 451 166 533 458 1,304 75 55 84 83 96 *147 *136 *104 *97 48 *25 *45 *16 *17 4 9,746 2,995 4,825 15,662 17,382 100 100 100 100 100 8,999 2,139 4,141 15,055 17,086 92 71 86 96 98 *746 *857 *684 *607 296 *8 *29 *14 *4 2 Colorado. Connecticut. Delaware. Florida. Georgia. 767 243 55 1,214 763 100 100 100 100 100 593 211 28 956 725 77 87 51 79 95 175 *33 . 258 . 23 *13 . 21 . 8,433

3,518 655 25,729 8,106 100 100 100 100 100 7,490 3,416 567 21,001 7,932 89 97 87 82 98 943 *102 . 4,728 . 11 *3 . 18 . Hawaii. Idaho. Illinois. Indiana. Iowa. . 447 937 716 473 . 100 100 100 100 . 238 861 636 416 . 53 92 89 88 . 208 *76 *81 *58 . 47 *8 *11 *12 . 5,507 12,312 19,324 5,978 . 100 100 100 100 . 2,165 11,959 18,787 5,790 . 39 97 97 97 . 3,342 *353 *537 *187 . 61 *3 *3 *3 Kansas. Kentucky. Louisiana. Maine . Maryland. 400 554 720 283 227 100 100 100 100 100 372 451 642 173 192 93 81 89 61 84 *28 *103 . 111 *36 *7 *19 . 39 *16 4,163 10,245 16,665 3,223 3,160 100 100 100 100 100 4,088 9,385 16,437 2,403 2,809 98 92 99 75 89 *75 *860 . 820 *351 *2 *8 . 25 *11 Massachusetts. Michigan. Minnesota. Mississippi . Missouri .

294 1,361 1,413 609 1,071 100 100 100 100 100 232 1,054 1,159 562 827 79 77 82 92 77 *62 307 254 . 244 *21 23 18 . 23 4,499 20,961 20,768 7,751 14,865 100 100 100 100 100 4,211 19,006 19,086 7,086 13,263 94 91 92 91 89 *288 1,955 1,682 . 1,603 *6 9 8 . 11 Montana . Nebraska. Nevada . New Hampshire . New Jersey . 267 207 147 209 258 100 100 100 100 100 185 177 114 140 251 69 85 78 67 97 82 . . 69 . 31 . . 33 . 2,450 2,595 1,400 3,606 2,680 100 100 100 100 100 2,091 2,493 1,295 3,121 2,597 85 96 93 87 97 358 . . 485 . 15 . . 13 . New Mexico. New York . North Carolina . North Dakota. Ohio. 278 1,212 1,054 (NA) 1,161 100 100 100 (NA) 100 213 1,056 948 (NA) 1,099 77 87 90 (NA) 95 *65 156 *106 (NA) *62 *23 13 *10 (NA) *5 3,899 19,200 15,764 (NA) 14,040 100 100 100 (NA) 100 3,622 18,257 15,446 (NA) 13,523 93 95 98 (NA) 96

*278 942 *317 (NA) *517 *7 5 *2 (NA) *4 Oklahoma. Oregon. Pennsylvania. Rhode Island. South Carolina . 729 516 874 42 537 100 100 100 100 100 680 347 695 34 437 93 67 80 80 81 *49 169 179 . *100 *7 33 20 . *19 8,499 5,201 8,906 739 9,221 100 100 100 100 100 7,943 4,173 7,335 690 8,843 93 80 82 93 96 *556 1,029 1,572 . *378 *7 20 18 . *4 South Dakota. Tennessee . Texas. Utah. Vermont. 268 826 1,758 414 207 100 100 100 100 100 156 709 1,666 343 95 58 86 95 83 46 *112 *117 *92 *70 112 *42 *14 *5 *17 54 4,069 16,957 22,616 5,979 2,215 100 100 100 100 100 3,525 16,041 22,099 5,373 1,751 87 95 98 90 79 *544 *916 *518 *606 464 *13 *5 *2 *10 21 Virginia. Washington. West Virginia. Wisconsin. Wyoming. 551 743 305 1,107 303 100 100 100 100 100 455 660 222

808 110 82 89 73 73 36 *97 *84 *84 299 *193 *18 *11 *27 27 *64 7,904 10,940 4,521 19,950 3,123 100 100 100 100 100 7,422 10,650 4,271 13,514 2,009 94 97 94 68 64 *481 *290 *250 6,436 *1,114 *6 *3 *6 32 *36 * Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably    (NA) Not available Note: For the U.S row, detail does not add to total because of multiple responses US totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as described in Appendix D. 106 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet Table 57. Great Lakes Anglers and Days of Great Lakes Fishing by State Where Fishing Took Place: 2011 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Anglers State where fishing took place Total anglers, residents and nonresidents Days of fishing State residents

Nonresidents Total days, residents and nonresidents Days by state residents Days by nonresidents Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent United States, total . 1,665 100 1,525 92 224 13 19,661 100 18,231 93 1,503 8 Illinois. Indiana. Michigan. Minnesota. New York . Ohio. Pennsylvania. Wisconsin. . . 650 . 332 344 . *178 . . 100 . 100 100 . *100 . . 558 . *290 *315 . *138 . . 86 . *87 *92 . *77 . . *92 . *42 . . *40 . . *14 . *13 . . *23 . . 10,987 . 4,485 2,161 . *1,246 . . 100 . 100 100 . *100 . . 10,373 . *4,062 *2,068 . *977 . . 94 . *91 *96 . *78 . . *614 . *422 . . *269 . . *6 . *9 . . *22 * Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably Note: For the U.S row, detail does not add to total because of multiple

responses Table 58. Saltwater Anglers and Days of Saltwater Fishing by State Where Fishing Took Place: 2011 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Anglers State where fishing took place Total anglers, residents and nonresidents Days of fishing State residents Total days, residents and nonresidents Nonresidents Days by state residents Days by nonresidents Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent United States, total . 8,889 100 6,600 74 2,764 31 99,474 100 86,027 86 13,681 14 Alabama . Alaska. California . Connecticut. Delaware. Florida. Georgia. Hawaii. Louisiana. Maine . Maryland. Massachusetts. Mississippi . New Hampshire .

New Jersey . New York . North Carolina . Oregon. Rhode Island. South Carolina . Texas. Virginia. Washington. 134 334 775 165 138 2,398 *139 155 196 133 224 323 *120 *49 604 801 632 177 151 305 751 429 401 100 100 100 100 100 100 *100 100 100 100 100 100 *100 *100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 *69 102 721 126 43 1,390 *123 102 *124 *71 177 216 *116 *40 354 *673 426 *77 62 213 685 331 359 *52 30 93 76 31 58 *88 66 *63 *54 79 67 *97 *82 59 *84 67 *44 41 70 91 77 89 *65 *232 *54 *39 *95 1,007 . . . *62 *47 107 . . *250 *128 207 *100 89 *92 *66 97 . *48 *70 *7 *24 *69 42 . . . *46 *21 33 . . *41 *16 33 *56 59 *30 *9 23 . 1,490 1,446 7,193 1,291 1,339 36,348 *728 1,794 1,533 756 1,533 4,049 *2,293 *730 7,020 7,684 4,504 608 1,430 2,318 8,157 2,772 2,700 100 100 100 100 100 100 *100 100 100 100 100 100 *100 *100 100

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 *1,215 923 6,998 1,086 778 31,592 *639 1,617 *1,267 *547 1,330 3,551 *2,284 *669 5,736 *6,861 3,340 *344 977 1,994 7,562 2,092 2,625 *82 64 97 84 58 87 *88 90 *83 *72 87 88 *100 *92 82 *89 74 *57 68 86 93 75 97 *275 *523 *195 *206 *561 4,756 . . . *209 *204 497 . . *1,284 *822 1,163 *263 453 *324 *595 680 . *18 *36 *3 *16 *42 13 . . . *28 *13 12 . . *18 *11 26 *43 32 *14 *7 25 . * Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably Note: For the U.S row, detail does not add to total because of multiple responses US totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as described in Appendix D. U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 107 Source: http://www.doksinet Table 59. Days of Fishing by State Where Fishing Took Place and Angler’s State of Residence: 2011

(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Days of fishing in state State Total days, residents and nonresidents Days by state residents Days of fishing by state residents Total days, in state of residence and other states Days by nonresidents Days in state of residence Days in other states Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent United States, total . 553,841 100 502,008 91 57,499 10 553,841 100 502,008 91 57,499 10 Alabama . Alaska. Arizona. Arkansas. California . 10,878 4,360 4,825 15,662 23,754 100 100 100 100 100 9,905 3,073 4,141 15,055 23,267 91 70 86 96 98 974 1,287 *684 *607 487 9 30 *14 *4 2 10,176 3,121 5,283 15,141 25,662 100 100 100 100 100 9,905 3,073 4,141 15,055 23,267 97 98 78 99 91 272 48 1,143 86 2,395 3 2 22 1 9 Colorado.

Connecticut. Delaware. Florida. Georgia. 8,433 4,705 2,052 57,594 8,729 100 100 100 100 100 7,490 4,395 1,328 48,050 8,456 89 93 65 83 97 943 *310 *724 9,544 *273 11 *7 *35 17 *3 8,726 5,713 1,681 49,500 9,061 100 100 100 100 100 7,490 4,395 1,328 48,050 8,456 86 77 79 97 93 1,236 1,318 353 1,450 605 14 23 21 3 7 Hawaii. Idaho. Illinois. Indiana. Iowa. 1,882 5,507 13,343 20,775 5,978 100 100 100 100 100 1,705 2,165 12,946 20,238 5,790 91 39 97 97 97 . 3,342 *397 *537 *187 . 61 *3 *3 *3 1,739 2,424 15,614 21,542 6,909 100 100 100 100 100 1,705 2,165 12,946 20,238 5,790 98 89 83 94 84 34 259 2,667 1,304 1,119 2 11 17 6 16 Kansas. Kentucky. Louisiana. Maine . Maryland. 4,163 10,245

18,079 3,873 4,711 100 100 100 100 100 4,088 9,385 17,586 2,897 4,160 98 92 97 75 88 *75 *860 *494 976 550 *2 *8 *3 25 12 4,694 10,245 18,351 2,915 5,676 100 100 100 100 100 4,088 9,385 17,586 2,897 4,160 87 92 96 99 73 605 860 765 18 1,516 13 8 4 1 27 Massachusetts. Michigan. Minnesota. Mississippi . Missouri . 8,367 28,177 21,702 9,176 14,865 100 100 100 100 100 7,589 26,014 19,959 8,501 13,263 91 92 92 93 89 779 2,164 1,743 . 1,603 9 8 8 . 11 9,166 26,744 24,903 8,700 14,448 100 100 100 100 100 7,589 26,014 19,959 8,501 13,263 83 97 80 98 92 1,578 730 4,944 199 1,185 17 3 20 2 8 Montana . Nebraska. Nevada . New Hampshire . New Jersey . 2,450 2,595 1,400 4,370 9,454 100 100 100 100 100 2,091 2,493 1,295 3,870 8,087 85 96 93 89 86 358 . . 499 *1,367 15 . . 11 *14 3,263 2,924 2,044

4,155 9,578 100 100 100 100 100 2,091 2,493 1,295 3,870 8,087 64 85 63 93 84 1,172 432 749 284 1,491 36 15 37 7 16 New Mexico. New York . North Carolina . North Dakota. Ohio. 3,899 29,874 23,472 (NA) 16,874 100 100 100 (NA) 100 3,622 27,804 21,939 (NA) 16,264 93 93 93 (NA) 96 *278 2,071 1,532 (NA) *609 *7 7 7 (NA) *4 3,868 29,112 23,491 (NA) 19,116 100 100 100 (NA) 100 3,622 27,804 21,939 (NA) 16,264 94 96 93 (NA) 85 247 1,309 1,552 (NA) 2,851 6 4 7 (NA) 15 Oklahoma. Oregon. Pennsylvania. Rhode Island. South Carolina . 8,499 5,658 10,136 2,080 11,189 100 100 100 100 100 7,943 4,396 8,364 1,579 10,487 93 78 83 76 94 *556 1,263 1,772 501 *702 *7 22 17 24 *6 8,661 4,673 9,926 1,764 11,459 100 100 100 100 100 7,943 4,396 8,364 1,579 10,487 92 94 84 90 92 718 277 1,562 184 973 8 6 16 10 8

South Dakota. Tennessee . Texas. Utah. Vermont. 4,069 16,957 30,667 5,979 2,215 100 100 100 100 100 3,525 16,041 29,572 5,373 1,751 87 95 96 90 79 *544 *916 *1,095 *606 464 *13 *5 *4 *10 21 3,649 17,834 34,735 5,612 1,885 100 100 100 100 100 3,525 16,041 29,572 5,373 1,751 97 90 85 96 93 124 1,793 5,163 239 134 3 10 15 4 7 Virginia. Washington. West Virginia. Wisconsin. Wyoming. 10,521 13,449 4,521 21,284 3,123 100 100 100 100 100 9,367 13,107 4,271 14,576 2,009 89 97 94 68 64 1,153 *341 *250 6,708 *1,114 11 *3 *6 32 *36 10,342 17,818 4,767 15,320 2,170 100 100 100 100 100 9,367 13,107 4,271 14,576 2,009 91 74 90 95 93 975 4,711 495 744 161 9 26 10 5 7 * Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data

reliably    (NA) Not available Note: U.S totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as described in Appendix D 108 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet Table 60. Expenditures for Fishing by State Where Spending Took Place: 2011 (Population 16 years old and older. Expenditures in thousands of dollars) Trip-related expenditures Expenditures for equipment Total expenditures Total trip-related Food and lodging Transportation Other trip costs Total equipment Fishing equipment1 Auxiliary equipment1 Special equipment1 Expenditures for other items2 United States, total . 41,788,936 21,789,465 7,711,318 6,261,536 7,816,610 15,506,433 6,141,895 1,106,865 8,257,673 4,493,037 Alabama . Alaska. Arizona. Arkansas. California . 456,442

639,356 755,478 495,584 2,268,610 317,064 528,135 357,472 339,640 1,620,329 121,973 227,663 123,342 153,245 576,406 78,970 164,152 95,693 117,488 462,576 116,120 136,321 138,437 68,907 581,347 127,616 91,228 337,188 142,292 577,356 107,492 56,246 62,790 45,750 320,577 *16,676 20,338 *9,343 . 141,384 . . *265,056 . *115,394 11,762 19,992 60,818 13,651 70,925 Colorado. Connecticut. Delaware. Florida. Georgia. 648,563 436,473 104,370 4,629,202 872,550 403,569 258,671 48,750 2,801,636 401,784 134,342 66,355 20,765 900,222 166,506 193,604 46,676 12,069 563,990 152,932 75,624 145,640 15,915 1,337,423 82,346 213,528 163,275 21,411 1,085,576 430,234 121,723 58,289 12,965 600,093 111,651 *32,643 32,986 *1,100 76,817 . . . . *408,666 . 31,466 14,526 34,209 741,990 40,532 Hawaii. Idaho. Illinois. Indiana. Iowa. 203,492 422,120

972,729 671,840 277,999 102,074 261,072 372,361 427,310 100,539 24,985 96,171 124,642 140,320 34,913 30,283 123,836 98,210 136,879 33,101 46,806 41,065 149,509 150,110 32,525 100,236 105,933 387,439 164,516 159,732 48,734 78,610 100,569 92,066 48,500 *2,525 *6,297 *15,611 *12,805 *7,180 . . *271,258 . *104,052 *1,182 55,115 212,929 80,015 17,728 Kansas. Kentucky. Louisiana. Maine . Maryland. 210,303 807,293 807,033 371,829 535,232 98,165 259,128 533,843 214,686 195,536 28,249 92,732 217,851 89,002 60,387 35,760 93,334 126,429 52,979 37,093 34,156 73,062 189,563 72,705 98,056 68,046 463,240 242,032 141,385 332,279 24,341 51,282 88,745 34,117 77,882 . . . *11,210 . . *399,129 . *96,057 . 44,092 84,925 31,158 15,758 7,417 Massachusetts. Michigan. Minnesota. Mississippi . Missouri . 455,403 2,427,110 2,414,257 527,740 657,024 253,705

1,092,735 924,573 315,763 374,215 62,852 373,964 372,819 101,802 146,842 52,098 344,495 269,690 93,213 146,217 138,754 374,276 282,064 120,748 81,157 188,541 1,117,911 1,448,648 200,790 262,939 77,827 259,043 375,809 164,977 143,930 *4,947 *84,705 *25,336 . *8,061 *105,767 *774,162 *1,047,503 . *110,948 13,157 216,464 41,036 11,187 19,869 Montana . Nebraska. Nevada . New Hampshire . New Jersey . 339,383 182,679 138,800 208,524 1,120,236 141,885 56,840 83,275 151,389 486,978 54,909 20,029 34,026 39,031 129,828 57,950 24,374 32,323 38,369 103,695 29,027 12,437 16,926 73,989 253,455 140,728 112,780 49,130 51,872 319,118 83,447 65,105 22,165 30,551 151,784 . *7,839 *5,180 *4,093 41,474 . *39,836 . . *125,860 56,770 13,059 6,395 5,263 314,139 New Mexico. New York . North Carolina . North Dakota. Ohio. 418,249 1,962,538 1,523,131 (NA) 1,794,642 234,187

1,057,916 1,020,156 (NA) 594,519 93,272 333,483 443,338 (NA) 171,728 114,565 306,506 239,146 (NA) 165,782 26,351 417,927 337,672 (NA) 257,009 169,541 758,530 480,065 (NA) 460,353 42,787 395,723 269,784 (NA) 220,277 *11,780 75,814 *25,767 (NA) *39,299 *114,974 *286,993 *184,514 (NA) *200,776 14,521 146,092 22,910 (NA) 739,770 Oklahoma. Oregon. Pennsylvania. Rhode Island. South Carolina . 730,503 640,855 485,490 130,046 686,328 175,701 358,680 228,510 83,935 359,834 69,820 148,761 76,705 22,082 116,079 71,458 95,820 83,154 17,062 89,606 34,423 114,099 68,651 44,791 154,149 227,980 235,384 193,879 41,804 319,015 70,531 68,013 114,099 14,985 231,271 *69,769 *14,338 *12,696 *813 *9,818 . *153,032 . *26,006 . 326,822 46,791 63,100 4,307 7,479 South Dakota. Tennessee . Texas. Utah. Vermont. 202,797 1,137,104 1,540,434 451,259 131,317 133,078 283,024

1,045,330 226,251 90,248 44,159 78,345 422,885 93,714 40,684 64,968 112,279 297,817 77,555 26,215 23,951 92,401 324,629 54,983 23,350 64,834 803,472 471,190 211,585 26,007 45,547 210,219 203,698 52,178 15,437 *8,359 *20,154 *27,174 *10,909 *819 . . . . . 4,885 50,608 23,914 13,423 15,062 Virginia. Washington. West Virginia. Wisconsin. Wyoming. 1,142,099 1,030,036 428,646 1,418,591 463,814 469,096 539,035 326,275 607,467 393,984 215,544 160,994 158,734 232,140 34,547 113,859 170,219 77,728 220,905 91,201 139,693 207,823 89,813 154,422 268,236 379,123 435,580 97,553 480,273 44,907 133,986 214,677 56,130 93,996 30,752 *6,264 48,657 . . . *238,872 *172,245 . *380,740 . 293,880 55,421 4,819 330,851 24,923 State where spending took place * Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably    (NA) Not available 1 See Table 12 for a detailed

listing of fishing, auxiliary, and special equipment items. 2 Includes expenditures for magazine subscriptions, membership dues and contributions, land leasing and ownership, and licenses, stamps, tags, and permits. Note: U.S totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as described in Appendix D The Texas Parks and Wildlife Department has expressed concerns regarding the fishing expenditure estimates from the USFWS National Survey. Please contact them at inld@tpwd.stategov or cfish@tpwdstategov for department statistics U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 109 Source: http://www.doksinet Table 61. Participation in Wildlife-Watching Activities by State Residents Both Inside and Outside Their Resident State: 2011 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Participant’s state of residence Total participants Away from home Around the

home Population Number Percent of population Number Percent of population Number Percent of population United States, total . 239,313 71,776 30 22,496 9 68,598 29 Alabama . Alaska. Arizona. Arkansas. California . 3,664 526 5,084 2,238 28,562 1,079 247 1,281 828 6,475 29 47 25 37 23 *340 118 534 *120 2,675 *9 22 11 *5 9 1,073 229 1,222 820 5,939 29 43 24 37 21 Colorado. Connecticut. Delaware. Florida. Georgia. 3,946 2,781 699 14,855 7,459 1,456 1,093 209 3,598 2,206 37 39 30 24 30 621 385 71 1,363 *1,008 16 14 10 9 *14 1,299 1,053 200 3,312 2,054 33 38 29 22 28 Hawaii. Idaho. Illinois. Indiana. Iowa. 995 1,172 9,988 4,965 2,363 161 464 2,784 1,681 780 16 40 28

34 33 103 *220 652 477 215 10 *19 7 10 9 115 439 2,752 1,657 758 12 37 28 33 32 Kansas. Kentucky. Louisiana. Maine . Maryland. 2,163 3,376 3,449 1,066 4,480 776 1,221 840 401 1,224 36 36 24 38 27 168 298 *221 *110 392 8 9 *6 *10 9 751 1,117 794 399 1,203 35 33 23 37 27 Massachusetts. Michigan. Minnesota. Mississippi . Missouri . 5,320 7,787 4,133 2,220 4,667 1,530 3,067 1,498 630 1,645 29 39 36 28 35 453 855 483 *135 622 9 11 12 *6 13 1,490 2,865 1,419 620 1,538 28 37 34 28 33 Montana . Nebraska. Nevada . New Hampshire . New Jersey . 777 1,387 2,024 1,066 6,852 258 362 504 388 1,708 33 26 25 36 25 *96 150 191 89 564 *12 11 9 8 8 235 325 465 387 1,661 30 23 23 36 24 New Mexico. New York .

North Carolina . North Dakota. Ohio. 1,551 15,503 7,264 (NA) 8,999 486 4,081 2,124 (NA) 3,155 31 26 29 (NA) 35 200 1,263 505 (NA) 730 13 8 7 (NA) 8 465 3,856 2,110 (NA) 3,142 30 25 29 (NA) 35 Oklahoma. Oregon. Pennsylvania. Rhode Island. South Carolina . 2,828 3,061 10,036 848 3,555 1,233 1,239 3,329 270 944 44 40 33 32 27 *411 401 734 66 *219 *15 13 7 8 *6 1,225 1,206 3,228 260 915 43 39 32 31 26 South Dakota. Tennessee . Texas. Utah. Vermont. 631 4,945 18,681 2,036 512 267 1,733 4,263 558 273 42 35 23 27 53 *108 682 *977 263 85 *17 14 *5 13 17 267 1,584 4,249 430 270 42 32 23 21 53 Virginia. Washington. West Virginia. Wisconsin. Wyoming.

6,136 5,293 1,464 4,460 424 2,212 1,932 751 2,152 182 36 37 51 48 43 553 693 *255 453 104 9 13 *17 10 25 2,185 1,849 743 2,076 161 36 35 51 47 38 * Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    (NA) Not available Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. US totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as described in Appendix D. 110 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet Table 62. Participation in Wildlife-Watching Activities by State Where Activity Took Place: 2011 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Total participants Away from home Around the home State where activity took place Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent United States, total . 71,776 100 22,496 31 68,598 96 Alabama . Alaska.

Arizona. Arkansas. California . 1,114 640 1,566 852 6,733 100 100 100 100 100 *336 498 732 *137 2,790 *30 78 47 *16 41 1,073 229 1,222 820 5,939 96 36 78 96 88 Colorado. Connecticut. Delaware. Florida. Georgia. 1,782 1,178 243 4,308 2,393 100 100 100 100 100 902 441 89 1,902 1,129 51 37 37 44 47 1,299 1,053 200 3,312 2,054 73 89 82 77 86 Hawaii. Idaho. Illinois. Indiana. Iowa. 358 558 3,019 1,719 837 100 100 100 100 100 295 281 704 *413 212 82 50 23 *24 25 115 439 2,752 1,657 758 32 79 91 96 91 Kansas. Kentucky. Louisiana. Maine . Maryland. 792 1,319 1,010 838 1,362 100 100 100 100 100 169

348 *371 538 421 21 26 *37 64 31 751 1,117 794 399 1,203 95 85 79 48 88 Massachusetts. Michigan. Minnesota. Mississippi . Missouri . 1,828 3,199 1,577 781 1,716 100 100 100 100 100 662 958 509 *262 579 36 30 32 *34 34 1,490 2,865 1,419 620 1,538 81 90 90 79 90 Montana . Nebraska. Nevada . New Hampshire . New Jersey . 402 384 643 630 1,875 100 100 100 100 100 230 155 287 311 605 57 40 45 49 32 235 325 465 387 1,661 58 85 72 61 89 New Mexico. New York . North Carolina . North Dakota. Ohio. 566 4,239 2,432 (NA) 3,197 100 100 100 (NA) 100 261 1,157 703 (NA) 744 46 27 29 (NA) 23 465 3,856 2,110 (NA) 3,142 82 91 87 (NA) 98 Oklahoma. Oregon. Pennsylvania.

Rhode Island. South Carolina . 1,263 1,440 3,598 308 1,103 100 100 100 100 100 *411 537 809 82 378 *33 37 22 27 34 1,225 1,206 3,228 260 915 97 84 90 84 83 South Dakota. Tennessee . Texas. Utah. Vermont. 384 1,955 4,376 717 370 100 100 100 100 100 221 787 1,026 402 177 58 40 23 56 48 267 1,584 4,249 430 270 70 81 97 60 73 Virginia. Washington. West Virginia. Wisconsin. Wyoming. 2,509 2,168 850 2,359 518 100 100 100 100 100 759 891 348 499 435 30 41 41 21 84 2,185 1,849 743 2,076 161 87 85 87 88 31 * Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    (NA) Not available Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. US totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as

described in Appendix D. U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 111 Source: http://www.doksinet Table 63. Participation in Away-From-Home Wildlife Watching by State Where Activity Took Place: 2011 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) State where activity took place Total participants State residents Nonresidents Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent United States, total . 22,496 100 18,529 82 6,769 30 Alabama . Alaska. Arizona. Arkansas. California . *336 498 732 *137 2,790 *100 100 100 *100 100 *301 104 443 *112 2,407 *90 21 61 *82 86 . 395 289 . 383 . 79 39 . 14 Colorado. Connecticut. Delaware. Florida. Georgia. 902 441 89 1,902 1,129

100 100 100 100 100 558 339 48 1,076 *870 62 77 55 57 *77 343 *102 . 825 *258 38 *23 . 43 *23 Hawaii. Idaho. Illinois. Indiana. Iowa. 295 281 704 *413 212 100 100 100 *100 100 88 *184 444 *375 145 30 *66 63 *91 69 *207 *96 *259 . *67 *70 *34 *37 . *31 Kansas. Kentucky. Louisiana. Maine . Maryland. 169 348 *371 538 421 100 100 *100 100 100 135 *232 *167 *101 271 80 *67 *45 *19 64 . *116 . 437 *150 . *33 . 81 *36 Massachusetts. Michigan. Minnesota. Mississippi . Missouri . 662 958 509 *262 579 100 100 100 *100 100 342 *790 *430 *111 465 52 *82 *84 *43 80 320 *168 *79 . *114 48 *18 *16 . *20 Montana . Nebraska. Nevada .

New Hampshire . New Jersey . 230 155 287 311 605 100 100 100 100 100 *71 126 132 *69 436 *31 81 46 *22 72 160 . *154 242 *169 69 . *54 78 *28 New Mexico. New York . North Carolina . North Dakota. Ohio. 261 1,157 703 (NA) 744 100 100 100 (NA) 100 170 913 386 (NA) 696 65 79 55 (NA) 94 *91 244 317 (NA) . *35 21 45 (NA) . Oklahoma. Oregon. Pennsylvania. Rhode Island. South Carolina . *411 537 809 82 378 *100 100 100 100 100 *381 336 *502 35 *211 *93 63 *62 43 *56 . *201 307 *47 *167 . *37 38 *57 *44 South Dakota. Tennessee . Texas. Utah. Vermont. 221 787 1,026 402 177 100 100 100 100 100 *104 485 *899 224 80 *47 62 *88 56 45 117 *303 *127 178 *97 53 *38 *12 44 *55

Virginia. Washington. West Virginia. Wisconsin. Wyoming. 759 891 348 499 435 100 100 100 100 100 460 607 *249 *282 100 61 68 *71 *56 23 299 284 *99 *217 336 39 32 *29 *44 77 * Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably    (NA) Not available Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. US totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as described in Appendix D. 112 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet Table 64. Days of Wildlife Watching Away From Home by State Where Activity Took Place and Participant’s State of Residence: 2011 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Days of activity in state State Total days,

residents and nonresidents Days by residents Days of activity by state residents Total days, in state of residence and other states Days by nonresidents Days in state of residence Days in other states Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent United States, total . 335,625 100 268,412 80 67,213 20 335,625 100 268,412 80 67,213 20 Alabama . Alaska. Arizona. Arkansas. California . *1,525 5,159 11,907 *1,427 27,352 *100 100 100 *100 100 *1,269 1,739 7,696 *1,326 24,683 *83 34 65 *93 90 . 3,420 4,210 . 2,668 . 66 35 . 10 *1,831 1,783 9,637 *1,411 28,574 *100 100 100 *100 100 *1,269 1,739 7,696 *1,326 24,683 *69 98 80 *94 86 . . *1,941 . 3,890 . . *20 . 14 Colorado. Connecticut. Delaware. Florida. Georgia. 6,937 8,964

1,573 16,786 34,309 100 100 100 100 100 4,790 8,085 1,330 8,307 *33,442 69 90 85 49 *97 2,147 *880 . 8,478 *866 31 *10 . 51 *3 5,865 10,930 1,924 11,866 *34,530 100 100 100 100 *100 4,790 8,085 1,330 8,307 *33,442 82 74 69 70 *97 *1,075 2,845 595 *3,558 . *18 26 31 *30 . Hawaii. Idaho. Illinois. Indiana. Iowa. 4,660 3,757 6,434 *2,924 2,547 100 100 100 *100 100 2,675 *3,248 4,098 *2,743 2,235 57 *86 64 *94 88 *1,985 *509 *2,336 . *312 *43 *14 *36 . *12 2,830 *3,639 6,898 *3,552 3,391 100 *100 100 *100 100 2,675 *3,248 4,098 *2,743 2,235 95 *89 59 *77 66 *155 . *2,800 *809 *1,155 *5 . *41 *23 *34 Kansas. Kentucky. Louisiana. Maine . Maryland. 1,019 2,890 *4,916 7,334 4,458 100 100 *100 100 100 780 *1,868 *4,248 *4,675 3,708 77 *65 *86 *64 83 . *1,021 . 2,659 *750 . *35 .

36 *17 1,258 2,974 *5,540 *4,824 4,578 100 100 *100 *100 100 780 *1,868 *4,248 *4,675 3,708 62 *63 *77 *97 81 *478 *1,106 . . *870 *38 *37 . . *19 Massachusetts. Michigan. Minnesota. Mississippi . Missouri . 10,546 10,343 6,974 *3,946 8,200 100 100 100 *100 100 7,797 *9,498 *6,684 *3,608 7,835 74 *92 *96 *91 96 2,750 *845 *290 . *365 26 *8 *4 . *4 9,554 10,418 *7,780 *4,411 9,573 100 100 *100 *100 100 7,797 *9,498 *6,684 *3,608 7,835 82 *91 *86 *82 82 1,758 . *1,097 . *1,737 18 . *14 . *18 Montana . Nebraska. Nevada . New Hampshire . New Jersey . 1,395 2,361 1,619 1,896 6,210 100 100 100 100 100 *625 2,243 1,177 *1,074 5,608 *45 95 73 *57 90 770 . *442 822 *602 55 . *27 43 *10 *1,412 2,732 2,631 1,382 8,207 *100 100 100 100 100 *625 2,243 1,177 *1,074 5,608 *44 82 45 *78 68 . *489 1,454 *308 2,600 .

*18 55 *22 32 New Mexico. New York . North Carolina . North Dakota. Ohio. 5,962 22,814 9,275 (NA) 6,251 100 100 100 (NA) 100 4,371 21,631 6,768 (NA) 6,174 73 95 73 (NA) 99 *1,590 1,182 2,507 (NA) . *27 5 27 (NA) . 4,733 29,118 9,463 (NA) 7,285 100 100 100 (NA) 100 4,371 21,631 6,768 (NA) 6,174 92 74 72 (NA) 85 *361 *7,487 *2,695 (NA) . *8 *26 *28 (NA) . Oklahoma. Oregon. Pennsylvania. Rhode Island. South Carolina . *3,084 7,268 9,554 1,230 4,254 *100 100 100 100 100 *2,964 5,294 *7,217 815 *2,650 *96 73 *76 66 *62 . *1,974 2,337 *416 *1,604 . *27 24 *34 *38 *3,128 6,673 *7,863 1,094 *3,361 *100 100 *100 100 *100 *2,964 5,294 *7,217 815 *2,650 *95 79 *92 74 *79 . *1,379 . 279 . . *21 . 26 . South Dakota. Tennessee . Texas. Utah. Vermont.

1,559 6,424 11,840 5,169 2,602 100 100 100 100 100 *1,090 4,443 *10,441 2,642 1,908 *70 69 *88 51 73 *469 *1,981 *1,399 2,527 *693 *30 *31 *12 49 *27 *1,170 6,521 *11,193 3,127 2,092 *100 100 *100 100 100 *1,090 4,443 *10,441 2,642 1,908 *93 68 *93 84 91 . *2,078 . *485 *184 . *32 . *16 *9 Virginia. Washington. West Virginia. Wisconsin. Wyoming. 4,552 9,641 3,648 6,080 3,125 100 100 100 100 100 2,697 8,311 *3,254 *4,999 1,119 59 86 *89 *82 36 1,855 1,330 *394 *1,082 2,006 41 14 *11 *18 64 5,848 13,740 *4,995 *5,773 1,676 100 100 *100 *100 100 2,697 8,311 *3,254 *4,999 1,119 46 60 *65 *87 67 3,150 *5,429 . . *557 54 *40 . . *33 * Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably    (NA) Not available Note: Detail does not add to total because of nonresponse. US totals include responses from

participants residing in the District of Columbia, as described in Appendix D U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 113 Source: http://www.doksinet Table 65. Expenditures for Wildlife-Watching Activities by State Where Spending Took Place: 2011 (Population 16 years old and older. Expenditures in thousands of dollars) State where spending took place Trip-related expenditures Expenditures for equipment Total expenditures Total trip-related Food and lodging Transportation Other trip costs Total equipment Wildlifewatching equipment1 Auxiliary equipment1 Special equipment1 Expenditures for other items2 United States, total . 54,890,272 17,274,675 9,349,439 6,006,860 1,918,376 27,150,920 11,323,179 1,555,374 14,272,368 10,464,677 Alabama . Alaska. Arizona. Arkansas. California . 734,204 2,058,355 935,880

216,074 3,777,677 *41,191 1,970,345 391,198 *34,520 1,781,680 *12,168 1,052,372 194,925 *21,808 933,483 *27,359 559,450 176,576 *12,384 663,484 . 358,522 19,697 . 184,713 668,276 79,485 336,081 156,574 1,485,977 205,102 42,200 153,714 130,345 689,999 . *30,249 *9,624 . 203,591 . . . . *592,386 *24,738 *8,524 208,600 . 510,019 Colorado. Connecticut. Delaware. Florida. Georgia. 1,432,084 934,703 169,788 3,041,333 1,802,423 615,636 227,380 36,069 1,732,652 839,036 353,088 110,505 17,873 890,458 499,054 232,716 67,546 15,646 619,555 325,328 29,832 49,328 *2,550 222,639 *14,654 722,249 487,381 103,269 788,430 889,500 173,569 194,705 41,391 475,771 552,517 *27,294 *42,576 *3,583 *31,088 . . *250,100 . *281,572 . 94,199 219,942 30,450 520,250 *73,887 Hawaii. Idaho. Illinois. Indiana. Iowa. 668,504 432,041 1,306,258 751,343 711,168 627,700

82,479 166,123 *206,357 64,058 291,313 *29,524 69,757 *75,968 *21,563 161,888 *52,108 73,868 *105,843 38,820 *174,500 . *22,497 *24,546 *3,675 14,603 292,182 785,622 478,201 535,840 13,150 111,633 279,555 311,413 136,695 . . *16,412 *151,057 *12,723 . . . . . 26,201 *57,380 354,513 66,785 111,270 Kansas. Kentucky. Louisiana. Maine . Maryland. 208,415 773,221 542,752 798,854 483,421 *45,599 125,358 *222,145 514,145 104,421 *31,572 62,455 *124,839 347,602 52,292 *13,199 40,780 *57,122 122,931 47,525 . *22,122 . 43,612 *4,605 56,925 167,075 277,084 172,113 333,762 50,966 127,922 205,180 102,630 203,752 *5,855 . . *4,980 *8,655 . . . . . 105,891 480,788 *43,523 112,596 45,237 Massachusetts. Michigan. Minnesota. Mississippi . Missouri . 1,277,898 1,220,815 621,290 342,422 940,818 286,092 416,562 228,217 *90,493 210,934 199,653 233,162 *93,443 *37,648

102,373 72,675 151,611 114,518 *43,128 104,728 13,765 *31,789 *20,255 . *3,833 325,967 662,703 169,982 238,311 606,603 252,447 428,804 133,721 109,337 385,224 *22,159 . *8,882 . *11,392 . . . . . 665,838 141,550 223,092 *13,617 123,282 Montana . Nebraska. Nevada . New Hampshire . New Jersey . 400,797 513,297 682,028 281,190 986,278 291,910 86,719 114,366 101,813 228,123 78,188 37,379 62,091 63,685 119,222 72,284 26,323 47,764 31,262 96,801 *141,438 *23,017 *4,511 *6,866 *12,100 104,210 409,799 275,886 111,320 407,554 57,216 74,551 52,938 71,447 255,080 . . *3,594 *7,845 *36,352 . . . . . *4,677 16,778 291,776 68,057 350,601 New Mexico. New York . North Carolina . North Dakota. Ohio. 327,117 4,151,789 929,661 (NA) 738,806 146,937 659,871 367,309 (NA) 87,066 106,077 357,330 202,953 (NA) 37,548 38,740 190,566 151,292 (NA) 45,488 2,120 *111,976 *13,064 (NA) .

136,597 2,423,787 449,260 (NA) 457,027 77,186 1,072,128 366,507 (NA) 326,560 *7,940 *129,447 *30,245 (NA) . . . . (NA) . 43,583 1,068,131 113,092 (NA) 194,714 Oklahoma. Oregon. Pennsylvania. Rhode Island. South Carolina . 474,662 1,697,222 1,270,888 200,480 467,253 *107,919 482,241 266,669 78,920 260,838 *36,629 275,422 203,405 23,731 196,463 *43,151 196,880 58,372 20,728 54,740 . *9,939 . *34,460 *9,635 281,227 1,018,967 788,587 92,137 191,288 198,315 253,194 314,038 28,841 132,988 . *28,155 *67,809 *1,746 . . . . . . *85,516 196,014 215,632 29,423 *15,127 South Dakota. Tennessee . Texas. Utah. Vermont. 166,995 942,572 1,823,758 585,405 288,507 134,082 498,440 478,080 295,723 49,506 70,135 397,766 253,565 125,937 19,845 54,421 85,791 196,653 92,783 26,257 *9,526 *14,883 *27,862 *77,003 *3,403 30,452 390,742 919,971 238,012 113,416 22,878 225,362

590,272 92,629 37,509 . *32,497 *25,487 *10,627 *4,457 . . . . *71,451 *2,461 53,390 425,708 *51,671 125,585 Virginia. Washington. West Virginia. Wisconsin. Wyoming. 958,607 3,173,371 325,778 1,488,857 350,256 299,762 506,658 100,326 234,760 321,169 157,750 310,010 *47,295 144,379 157,429 129,698 157,634 *42,747 81,894 155,218 12,313 39,014 . *8,488 8,522 493,321 2,386,353 183,696 1,080,632 22,166 349,008 248,525 126,116 419,479 21,261 *27,800 *77,929 *41,168 . . . . . . . 165,524 280,360 *41,756 173,464 *6,920 * Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably    (NA) Not available 1 See Table 40 for a detailed listing of wildlife-watching, auxiliary, and special equipment items. 2 Includes expenditures for magazine subscriptions, membership dues and contributions, and land leasing and ownership. Note: U.S totals include responses from

participants residing in the District of Columbia, as described in Appendix D 114 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet Appendix A U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 115 Source: http://www.doksinet Appendix A. Definitions Annual household incomeTotal 2011 income of household members before taxes and other deductions. Around-the-home wildlife watchingActivity within 1 mile of home with one of six primary purposes: (1) taking special interest in or trying to identify birds or other wildlife; (2) photographing wildlife; (3) feeding birds or other wildlife; (4) maintaining natural areas of at least one-quarter acre for the benefit of wildlife; (5) maintaining plantings (such as shrubs and agricultural crops) for the benefit of wildlife; and (6) visiting parks and natural

areas to observe, photograph, or feed wildlife. Auxiliary equipmentEquipment owned primarily for wildlife-associated recreation. For the sportspersons section, these include sleeping bags, packs, duffel bags, tents, binoculars and field glasses, special fishing and hunting clothing, foul weather gear, boots and waders, maintenance and repair of equipment, and processing and taxidermy costs. For the wildlifewatching section, these include tents, tarps, frame packs, backpacking and other camping equipment, and blinds. For both sportspersons and wildlife watchers, it also includes electronic auxiliary equipment such as Global Positioning Systems. Away-from-home wildlife watching Trips or outings at least 1 mile from home for the primary purpose of observing, photographing, or feeding wildlife. Trips to zoos, circuses, aquariums, and museums are not included Big gameBear, deer, elk, moose, wild turkey, and similar large animals that are hunted. Census Divisions East North Central Illinois

Indiana Michigan Ohio Wisconsin East South Central Alabama Kentucky Mississippi Tennessee Middle Atlantic New Jersey New York Pennsylvania Mountain Arizona Colorado Idaho Montana Nevada New Mexico Utah Wyoming New England Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Pacific Alaska California Hawaii Oregon Washington South Atlantic Delaware District of Columbia Florida 116 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation Georgia Maryland North Carolina South Carolina Virginia West Virginia West North Central Kansas Iowa Minnesota Missouri Nebraska North Dakota South Dakota West South Central Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas DayAny part of a day spent participating in a given activity. For example, if someone hunted two hours one day and three hours another day, it would be reported as two days of hunting. If someone hunted two hours in the morning and three hours in the afternoon of the same day, it would be considered one day of

hunting. EducationThe highest completed grade of school or year of college. ExpendituresMoney spent in 2011 for wildlife-related recreation trips in the United States, wildlife-related recreational equipment purchased in the United States, and other items. The “other items” were books, magazines, and DVDs; membership dues and contributions, land leasing or owning; hunting and fishing licenses; and plantings, all for the purpose of wildliferelated recreation. Expenditures included both money spent by participants for themselves and the value of gifts they received. U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet FishingThe sport of catching or attempting to catch fish with a hook and line, bow and arrow, or spear; it also includes catching or gathering shellfish (clams, crabs, etc.); and the noncommercial seining or netting of fish, unless the fish are for use as bait. For example, seining for smelt is fishing, but seining for bait minnows is not

included as fishing. Rifles, shotguns, muzzleloaders, and handguns Archery equipment Telescopic sights Decoys and game calls Ammunition Hand loading equipment Hunting dogs and associated costs Fishing equipmentItems owned primarily for fishing: Rods, reels, poles, and rodmaking components Lines and leaders Artificial lures, flies, baits, and dressing for flies or lines Hooks, sinkers, swivels, and other items attached to a line, except lures and baits Tackle boxes Creels, stringers, fish bags, landing nets, and gaff hooks Minnow traps, seines, and bait containers Depth finders, fish finders, and other electronic fishing devices Ice fishing equipment Other fishing equipment FreshwaterReservoirs, lakes, ponds, and the nontidal portions of rivers and streams. Great Lakes fishingFishing in Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, St. Clair, Erie, and Ontario, their connecting waters such as the St. Mary’s River system, Detroit River, St. Clair River, and the Niagara River, and the St. Lawrence

River south of the bridge at Cornwall, New York. Great Lakes fishing includes fishing in tributaries of the Great Lakes for smelt, steelhead, and salmon. HomeThe starting point of a wildlife-related recreational trip. It may be a permanent residence or a temporary or seasonal residence such as a cabin. HuntingThe sport of shooting or attempting to shoot wildlife with firearms or archery equipment. Hunting equipmentItems owned primarily for hunting: Other hunting equipment Land leasing and owningLeasing or owning land either singly or in cooperation with others for the primary purpose of fishing, hunting, or wildlife watching on it. Maintain natural areasTo set aside 1/4 acre or more of natural environment, such as wood lots or open fields, for the primary purpose of benefiting wildlife. Maintain plantingsTo introduce or encourage the growth of food and cover plants for the primary purpose of benefiting wildlife. Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)A Metropolitan Statistical Area is a

grouping of one or more counties or equivalent entities that contain at least one urbanized area of 50,000 or more inhabitants. The “Outside MSA” classification include census-defined Micropolitan Statistical Areas (or Micro areas). A Micro area is defined as a grouping of one or more counties or equivalent entities that contain at least one urban cluster of at least 10,000 but less than 50,000 inhabitants. Refer to <wwwcensusgov /population/metro/about/>, for a more detailed definition of the Metropolitan Statistical Area. Migratory birdsBirds that regularly migrate from one region or climate to another such as ducks, geese, and doves and other birds that may be hunted. Multiple responsesThe term used to reflect the fact that individuals or their characteristics fall into more than one reporting category. An example of a big game hunter who hunted for deer and elk demonstrates the effect of multiple responses. In this case, adding the number of deer hunters (one) and elk

hunters (one) would overstate the number of big game hunters (one) because deer and elk hunters are not U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau mutually exclusive categories. In contrast, for example, total participants is the sum of male and female participants, because “male” and “female” are mutually exclusive categories. NonresidentsIndividuals who do not live in the State being reported. For example, a person living in Texas who watches whales in California is a nonresidential wildlife-watcher in California. NonresponseA term used to reflect the fact that some Survey respondents provide incomplete sets of information. For example, a Survey respondent may have been unable to identify the primary type of hunting for which a gun was bought. Total hunting expenditure estimates will include the gun purchase, but it will not appear as spending for big game or any other type of hunting. Nonresponses result in reported totals that are greater than the sum of their

parts. ObserveTo take special interest in or try to identify birds, fish or other wildlife. Other animalsCoyotes, crows, foxes, groundhogs, prairie dogs, raccoons, alligators, and similar animals that can be legally hunted and are not classified as big game, small game, or migratory birds. They may be classified as unprotected or predatory animals by the State in which they are hunted. Feral pigs are classified as “other animals” in all States except Hawaii, where they are considered big game. ParticipantsIndividuals who engage in fishing, hunting, or a wildlifewatching activity. Unless otherwise stated, a person has to have hunted, fished, or wildlife watched in 2011 to be considered a participant. PlantingsSee “Maintain plantings.” Primary purposeThe principal motivation for an activity, trip, or expenditure. Private landLand owned by a business, nongovernmental organization, private individual, or a group of individuals such as an association or club. Public landLand that is

owned by local governments (such as county parks and municipal watersheds), 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 117 Source: http://www.doksinet State governments (such as State parks and wildlife management areas), or the federal government (such as National Forests, Recreational Areas, and Wildlife Refuges). ResidentsIndividuals who lived in the State being reported. For example, a person who lives in California and watches whales in California is a residential wildlife watcher in California. RuralAll territory, population, and housing units located outside of urbanized areas and urban clusters, as determined by the U.S Census Bureau SaltwaterOceans, tidal bays and sounds, and the tidal portions of rivers and streams. Screening interviewsThe first Survey contact with a sample household. Screening interviews are conducted with a household representative to identify respondents who are eligible for in-depth interviews. Screening interviews

gather data such as age and sex about individuals in the households. Further information on screening interviews is available on page vii in the “Survey Background and Method” section of this report. Small gameGrouse, pheasants, quail, rabbits, squirrels, and similar small animals for which States have small game seasons and bag limits. Special equipmentBig-ticket equipment items that are owned primarily for wildlife-related recreation: Bass boats Other types of motor boats Canoes and other types of nonmotor boats Boat motors, boat trailer/hitches, and other boat accessories Pickups, campers, vans, travel or tent trailers, motor homes, house trailers, recreational vehicles (RVs) Cabins Off-the-road vehicles such as trail bikes, all terrain vehicles (ATVs), dune buggies, four-wheelers, 4x4 vehicles, and snowmobiles Other special equipment SpendersIndividuals who spent money on fishing, hunting, or wildlifewatching activities or equipment and also participated in those activities.

SportspersonsIndividuals who engaged in fishing, hunting, or both. TripAn outing involving fishing, hunting, or wildlife watching. A trip may begin from an individual’s principal residence or from another place, such as a vacation home or the home of a relative. A trip may last an hour, a day, or many days. Type of fishingThere are three types of fishing: (1) freshwater except Great Lakes, (2) Great Lakes, and (3) saltwater. Type of huntingThere are four types of hunting: (1) big game, (2) small game, (3) migratory bird, and (4) other animal. Unspecified expenditureAn item that was purchased for use in both fishing and hunting, rather than primarily one or the other. Auxiliary equipment, special equipment, magazines and books, and membership dues and contributions are the items for which a purchase could be categorized as “unspecified.” UrbanAll territory, population, and housing units located within boundaries that encompass densely settled territory, consisting of core census

block groups or blocks that have a population density of at least 1,000 people per square mile and surrounding census blocks that have an overall density of at least 500 people per square mile. Under certain conditions, less densely settled territory may be included, as determined by the Census Bureau. Visit parks or natural areasA visit to places accessible to the public and that are owned or leased by a governmental entity, nongovernmental organization, business, or a private individual or group such as an association or club. WildlifeAnimals such as birds, fish, insects, mammals, amphibians, and reptiles that are living in natural or wild environments. Wildlife does not include animals living in aquariums, zoos, and other artificial surroundings or domestic animals such as farm animals or pets. 118 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation Wildlife observed, photographed, or fedExamples of species that wildlife watchers observe, photograph, and/

or feed are (1) Wild birdssongbirds such as cardinals, robins, warblers, jays, buntings, and sparrows; birds of prey such as hawks, owls, eagles, and falcons; waterfowl such as ducks, geese, and swans; other water birds such as shorebirds, herons, pelicans, and cranes; and other birds such as pheasants, turkeys, road runners, and woodpeckers; (2) Land mammals large land mammals such as bears, bison, deer, moose, and elk; small land mammals such as squirrels, foxes, prairie dogs, and rabbits; (3) Fish such as salmon, sharks, and groupers; (4) Marine mammals such as whales, dolphins, and manatees; and (5) Other wildlife such as butterflies, turtles, spiders, and snakes. Wildlife-related recreation Recreational fishing, hunting, and wildlife watching. Wildlife watchingThere are six types of wildlife watching: (1) closely observing, (2) photographing, (3) feeding, (4) visiting parks or natural areas, (5) maintaining plantings, and (6) maintaining natural areas. These activities must be the

primary purpose of the trip or the around-the-home undertaking. Wildlife-watching equipmentItems owned primarily for observing, photographing, or feeding wildlife: Binoculars and spotting scopes Cameras, video cameras, special lenses, and other photographic equipment Film and developing Commercially prepared and packaged wild bird food Other bulk food used to feed wild birds Food for other wildlife Nest boxes, bird houses, feeders, and baths Day packs, carrying cases, and special clothing Other items such as field guides and maps U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet Appendix B U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 119 Source: http://www.doksinet Appendix B. 2010 Participation of 6- to 15-Year-Olds and Historical Participation of Sportspersons: Data From Screening Interviews The 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated

Recreation was carried out in two phases. The first (or screening) phase began in April 2011. The main purpose of this phase was to collect information about all persons 16 years old and older in order to develop a sample of potential sportspersons and wildlife watchers for the second (or detailed) phase. However, information was also collected on the number of persons 6 to 15 years old who participated in wildlife-related recreation activities in 2010. It is important to emphasize that the information reported from the 2011 screen relates to activity only up to and including 2010. Also, these data are reported by one household respondent speaking for all household members rather than the actual participants. In addition, these data are based on long-term recall (at least a 12-month recall), which has been found in Survey research (see Investigation of Possible Recall/Reference Period Bias in National Surveys of Fishing, Hunting and Wildlife-Associated Recreation, December 1989,

Westat, Inc.) to add bias to the resulting estimates. In many cases, longer recall periods result in overestimating participation and expenditures for wildlife-related recreation. Tables B-1 through B-4 report data on first-time participation and the most recent year of hunting and fishing for participants 6 years of age and older. Tables B-5 through B-8 report data specifically on 6- to 15-year-old participants in 2010. Detailed expenditures and recreational activity data were not gathered for the 6- to 15-year-old participants. Table B-9 lists the trend data for 6- to 15-year-old participants. 120 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation Because of differences in methodologies of the screening and the detailed phases of the 2011 Survey, the estimates of the two phases are not comparable. Only participants 16 years old and older were eligible for the detailed phase. The screening phase covered activity for 2010 or earlier; the detailed phase has

estimates for only 2011. The detailed phase was a series of interviews of the actual participants conducted at 4- and 8-month intervals. The screening phase was a single interview of one household respondent who reported household events with one year or more recall. The shorter recall period of the detailed phase enabled better data accuracy. U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet Table B-1. Anglers and Hunters Participating for the First Time in 2010 by Age Group (Population 6 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Fishing for first time Age group Total anglers in 2010 55,792 3,103 3,825 4,451 1,750 5,106 8,525 8,792 9,467 6,337 4,435 Total, all ages. 6 to 8 years . 9 to 11 years . 12 to 15 years . 16 to 17 years . 18 to 24 years . 25 to 34 years .

35 to 44 years . 45 to 54 years . 55 to 64 years . 65 years or older. Hunting for first time Number Percent of anglers in age group Total hunters in 2010 Number Percent of hunters in age group 4,261 938 646 492 167 227 633 597 323 109 129 8 30 17 11 10 4 7 7 3 2 3 17,060 174 533 1,319 571 1,820 2,578 2,699 3,482 2,424 1,460 1,365 108 154 366 *68 186 160 *156 *127 . . 8 62 29 28 *12 10 6 *6 *4 . . * Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably Note: Data reported on this table are from screening interviews in which one adult household member responded for all household members. The screening interview required the respondent to recall 12 months worth of activity. Table B-2. Anglers and Hunters Participating in 2009 but Not in 2010 by Age Group (Population 6 years old and older. Numbers in

thousands) Anglers Age group Total, all ages. 6 to 8 years . 9 to 11 years . 12 to 15 years . 16 to 17 years . 18 to 24 years . 25 to 34 years . 35 to 44 years . 45 to 54 years . 55 to 64 years . 65 years or older. Hunters Number Percent Number Percent 12,084 572 589 1,052 452 1,274 1,771 1,913 2,093 1,425 944 100 5 5 9 4 11 15 16 17 12 8 2,930 . *86 *92 *102 289 546 537 550 429 292 100 . *3 *3 *3 10 19 18 19 15 10 * Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably Note: Data reported on this table are from screening interviews in which one adult household member responded for all household members. The screening interview

required the respondent to recall 12 months worth of activity. Table B-3. Most Recent Year of Hunting by Age Group (Population 6 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Age group Total, all ages. 6 to 11 years . 12 to 15 years . 16 to 17 years . 18 to 24 years . 25 to 34 years . 35 to 44 years . 45 to 54 years . 55 to 64 years . 65 years or older. Total, all persons who hunted in 2010 or earlier year Most recent year of hunting 2010 Percent Number 48,941 867 1,550 800 3,357 6,469 7,291 10,215 9,113 9,279 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 17,060 707 1,319 571 1,820 2,578 2,699 3,482 2,424 1,460 Number Percent Number Percent 1,084 . . . *152 225 216 226 97 132 2 . . . *5 3 3 2 1 1 1,048 . . . 121

145 133 288 93 226 2 . . . 4 2 2 3 1 2 2007 Total, all ages. 6 to 11 years . 12 to 15 years . 16 to 17 years . 18 to 24 years . 25 to 34 years . 35 to 44 years . 45 to 54 years . 55 to 64 years . 65 years or older. 2009 Number Percent 2008 Number Percent Number Percent 35 2,945 82 *93 85 *92 71 *102 54 293 40 546 37 539 34 553 27 435 16 293 Most recent year of hunting 6 *11 *6 *13 9 8 7 5 5 3 1,665 . . *88 177 298 305 439 170 157 3 . . *11 5 5 4 4 2 2 Number Percent Number Percent 818 . . . *89 152 *132 116 189 104 2 . . . *3 2 *2 1 2 1 23,945 . . . 680 2,496 3,201 4,970 5,667 6,869 49 . . . 20 39 44 49 62 74 2006 2005 Before 2005 * Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    Sample

size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably Note: Data reported on this table are from screening interviews in which one adult household member responded for all household members. The screening interview required the respondent to recall 12 months worth of activity. U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 121 Source: http://www.doksinet Table B-4. Most Recent Year of Fishing by Age Group (Population 6 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Total, all persons who fished in 2010 or earlier year Age group Total, all ages. 6 to 11 years . 12 to 15 years . 16 to 17 years . 18 to 24 years . 25 to 34 years . 35 to 44 years . 45 to 54 years . 55 to 64 years .

65 years or older. Most recent year of fishing 2010 2009 Number Percent Number 126,710 9,021 7,327 3,082 10,982 18,236 18,799 22,840 19,247 17,177 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 55,804 6,928 4,451 1,750 5,106 8,525 8,793 9,467 6,346 4,438 Number Percent Number Percent 3,672 159 140 136 483 704 575 700 412 362 3 2 2 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 4,174 *157 446 *97 628 678 645 655 420 448 3 *2 6 *3 6 4 3 3 2 3 2007 Total, all ages. 6 to 11 years . 12 to 15 years . 16 to 17 years . 18 to 24 years . 25 to 34 years . 35 to 44 years . 45 to 54 years . 55 to 64 years . 65 years or older. Percent 2008 Number Percent Number Percent 44 12,224 77 1,163 61 1,052 57 457 46

1,327 47 1,793 47 1,923 41 2,121 33 1,441 26 947 Most recent year of fishing 10 13 14 15 12 10 10 9 7 6 5,925 372 553 194 737 955 764 1,102 705 542 5 4 8 6 7 5 4 5 4 3 Number Percent Number Percent 2,557 *37 174 115 254 422 398 521 375 263 2 *(Z) 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 40,869 188 475 300 2,104 4,769 5,521 8,077 9,401 10,036 32 2 6 10 19 26 29 35 49 58 2006 2005 Before 2005 * Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    (Z) Less than 05 percent Note: Data reported on this table are from screening interviews in which one adult household member responded for all household members. The screening interview required the respondent to recall 12 months worth of activity. Table B-5. Anglers and Hunters 6 to 15 Years Old: 2010 (Population 6 to 15 years old. Numbers in thousands) Total, 6 to 15 years old 12 to 15 years old 9 to 11 years old 6 to 8 years old Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total sportspersons, fished or hunted.

11,673 100 4,702 100 3,861 100 3,109 100 Total anglers .   Fished only.    Fished and hunted. 11,379 9,647 1,732 97 83 15 4,451 3,384 1,067 95 72 23 3,825 3,328 497 99 86 13 3,103 2,935 168 100 94 5 Total hunters. 2,026 17 1,319 28   Hunted only. 293 3 251 5    Hunted and fished. 1,732 15 1,067 23 * Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably 533 *36 497 14 *1 13 174 . 168 6 . 5 Sportspersons Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. Data reported on this table are from screening interviews in which one adult household member responded for all household members 6 to 15 years old. The screening interview required the respondent to recall 12 months worth of activity Includes persons who fished or hunted

only in other countries. Table B-6. Wildlife-Watching Participants 6 to 15 Years Old by Wildlife-Watching Activity: 2010 (Population 6 to 15 years old. Numbers in thousands) Total, 6 to 15 years old Activity Total participants . Away from home. Around the home.    Observe wildlife.   Photograph wildlife.    Feed wild birds or other    wildlife .    Maintain plantings or natural    areas . Percent of Number participants 12 to 15 years old Percent of Percent of population Number participants 9 to 11 years old Percent of Percent of population Number participants 6 to 8 years old Percent of Percent of population Number participants Percent of population 12,654 5,287 11,130 9,621 2,246 100 42 88 76 18 31 13 27 24 6 4,611 2,001 4,002 3,310 846 100 43 87 72 18 28 12 24 20 5 4,688 1,793 4,182 3,741 954 100 38 89 80 20 38 14 33 30 8 3,356 1,492 2,947 2,571 446 100

44 88 77 13 28 13 25 22 4 4,436 35 11 1,412 31 9 1,744 37 14 1,279 38 11 1,718 14 4 517 11 3 813 17 7 389 12 3 Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. Columns showing percent of participants are based on the first row of each column Columns showing percent of population in age group are based on the U.S population in each age category, including those who did not participate in wildlife-watching activities Data reported on this table are from screening interviews in which one adult household member responded for all household members 6 to 15 years old. The screening interview required the respondent to recall 12 months worth of activity. Includes persons who participated only in other countries 122 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet Table B-7. Selected Characteristics of Anglers and Hunters 6 to 15 Years Old:

2010 (Population 6 to 15 years old. Numbers in thousands) U.S population Sportspersons, fished or hunted Characteristic Fished only Number Percent Number Percent who participated Total persons. 40,735 100 11,673 29 100 9,647 24 100 Population Density of Residence Urban. Rural. 30,138 10,596 74 26 7,329 4,344 24 41 63 37 6,444 3,203 21 30 67 33 Population Size of Residence Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) .    1,000,000 or more.    250,000 to 999,999.    50,000 to 249,999. Outside MSA. 38,520 21,283 8,804 8,433 2,214 95 52 22 21 5 10,666 4,786 2,521 3,358 1,007 28 22 29 40 45 91 41 22 29 9 8,968 4,272 2,102 2,595 679 23 20 24 31 31 93 44 22 27 7 Census Geographic Division New England. Middle Atlantic.

East North Central. West North Central. South Atlantic. East South Central. West South Central. Mountain. Pacific. 1,726 5,034 6,072 2,645 7,606 2,407 5,365 3,168 6,711 4 12 15 6 19 6 13 8 16 465 1,146 2,315 1,242 2,212 850 1,133 1,001 1,308 27 23 38 47 29 35 21 32 19 4 10 20 11 19 7 10 9 11 441 1,042 1,842 924 1,875 635 842 870 1,176 26 21 30 35 25 26 16 27 18 5 11 19 10 19 7 9 9 12 Age 6 to 8 years . 9 to 11 years . 12 to 15 years . 11,866 12,488 16,380 29 31 40 3,109 3,861 4,702 26 31 29 27 33 40 2,935 3,328 3,384 25 27 21 30 35 35 Sex Male, total.    6 to 8 years .    9 to 11 years .    12 to 15

years . 21,420 5,925 6,818 8,678 53 15 17 21 7,202 1,731 2,413 3,058 34 29 35 35 62 15 21 26 5,634 1,589 2,001 2,044 26 27 29 24 58 16 21 21 Female, total.    6 to 8 years .    9 to 11 years .    12 to 15 years . 19,315 5,942 5,670 7,702 47 15 14 19 4,470 1,378 1,448 1,645 23 23 26 21 38 12 12 14 4,013 1,346 1,327 1,340 21 23 23 17 42 14 14 14 Ethnicity Hispanic . Non-Hispanic . 7,846 32,889 19 81 1,173 10,500 15 32 10 90 1,137 8,510 14 26 12 88 Race White. African American . Asian American. All others. 28,458 5,116 2,055 5,105 70 13 5 13 9,889 557 227 1,000 35 11 11 20 85 5 2 9 8,037 482 209 919 28 9 10 18 83 5 2 10 4,686 2,236 2,073 1,777

2,045 2,939 7,146 4,599 4,452 3,281 5,501 12 5 5 4 5 7 18 11 11 8 14 917 364 364 391 660 842 2,009 1,973 2,077 1,058 1,019 20 16 18 22 32 29 28 43 47 32 19 8 3 3 3 6 7 17 17 18 9 9 796 326 316 294 519 725 1,661 1,457 1,737 905 911 17 15 15 17 25 25 23 32 39 28 17 8 3 3 3 5 8 17 15 18 9 9 Annual Household Income Less than $20,000. $20,000 to $24,999. $25,000 to $29,999. $30,000 to $34,999. $35,000 to $39,999. $40,000 to $49,999. $50,000 to $74,999. $75,000 to $99,999. $100,000 to $149,999. $150,000 or more . Not reported . See footnotes at end of table. U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Percent Number Percent who participated Percent 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated

Recreation 123 Source: http://www.doksinet Table B-7. Selected Characteristics of Anglers and Hunters 6 to 15 Years Old: 2010Continued (Population 6 to 15 years old. Numbers in thousands) Hunted only Characteristic Fished and hunted Number Percent who participated Percent Number Percent who participated Percent Total persons. 293 1 100 1,732 4 100 Population Density of Residence Urban. Rural. *118 176 *(Z) 2 *40 60 767 965 3 9 44 56 Population Size of Residence Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) .    1,000,000 or more.    250,000 to 999,999.    50,000 to 249,999. Outside MSA. 242 *53 . *155 *52 1 *(Z) . *2 *2 82 *18 . *53 *18 1,456 462 386 609 276 4 2 4 7 12 84 27 22 35 16 Census Geographic Division New England.

Middle Atlantic. East North Central. West North Central. South Atlantic. East South Central. West South Central. Mountain. Pacific. . . *99 . *73 . . . . . . *2 . *1 . . . . . . *34 . *25 . . . . *23 *61 374 295 264 200 274 122 119 *1 *1 6 11 3 8 5 4 2 *1 *4 22 17 15 12 16 7 7 Age 6 to 8 years . 9 to 11 years . 12 to 15 years . . *36 251 . *(Z) 2 . *12 86 168 497 1,067 1 4 7 10 29 62 Sex Male, total.    6 to 8 years .    9 to 11 years .    12 to 15 years . 170 . . 151 1 . . 2 58 . . 51 1,399 138 398 863 7 2 6 10 81 8 23 50 Female, total.

   6 to 8 years .    9 to 11 years .    12 to 15 years . *124 . . *101 *1 . . *1 *42 . . *34 333 . 99 204 2 . 2 3 19 . 6 12 Ethnicity Hispanic . Non-Hispanic . . 293 . 1 . 100 *36 1,697 *(Z) 5 *2 98 Race White. African American . Asian American. All others. 292 . . . 1 . . . 100 . . . 1,560 *75 . *79 5 *1 . *2 90 *4 . *5 Annual Household Income Less than $20,000. $20,000 to $24,999. $25,000 to $29,999. $30,000 to $34,999. $35,000 to $39,999. $40,000 to $49,999. $50,000 to $74,999. $75,000 to $99,999. $100,000 to

$149,999. $150,000 or more . Not reported . . . . . . . . *91 *40 *45 . . . . . . . . *2 *1 *1 . . . . . . . . *31 *14 *15 . *110 . *40 *72 *134 112 310 425 300 *108 93 *2 . *2 *4 *7 4 4 9 7 *3 2 *6 . *2 *4 *8 6 18 25 17 *6 5 * Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably    (Z) Less than 05 percent Note: Percent who participated columns show the percent of each row’s population who participated in the activity named by the column (the percent of those living in urban areas who fished only, etc.) Percent columns show the percent of each column’s participants who are described by the row heading (the percent of those who fished only who lived in urban areas, etc.) Data reported on this table are from screening interviews in which one adult household member responded for all household members The screening interview required the

respondent to recall 12 months worth of activity. 124 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet Table B-8. Selected Characteristics of Wildlife-Watching Participants 6 to 15 Years Old: 2010 (Population 6 to 15 years old. Numbers in thousands) Participants Characteristic U.S population Total Away from home Percent Number Percent who participated Around the home Percent Number Percent who participated Percent Number Percent Number Percent who participated Total persons. 40,735 100 12,654 31 100 5,287 13 100 11,130 27 100 Population Density of Residence Urban. Rural. 30,138 10,596 74 26 8,458 4,196 28 40 67 33 3,682 1,605 12 15 70 30 7,294 3,836 24 36 66 34 Population Size of Residence Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) .    1,000,000 or

more.    250,000 to 999,999.    50,000 to 249,999. Outside MSA. 38,520 21,283 8,804 8,433 2,214 95 52 22 21 5 11,953 6,085 2,856 3,012 701 31 29 32 36 32 94 48 23 24 6 5,002 2,437 1,223 1,342 285 13 11 14 16 13 95 46 23 25 5 10,509 5,372 2,431 2,707 621 27 25 28 32 28 94 48 22 24 6 Census Geographic Division New England. Middle Atlantic. East North Central. West North Central. South Atlantic. East South Central. West South Central. Mountain. Pacific. 1,726 5,034 6,072 2,645 7,606 2,407 5,365 3,168 6,711 4 12 15 6 19 6 13 8 16 593 1,434 2,204 1,003 2,392 590 1,451 999 1,989 34 28 36 38 31 24 27 32 30 5 11 17 8 19 5 11 8 16 274 430 904 455 1,012 299 420 541 953 16 9 15 17 13 12 8 17 14

5 8 17 9 19 6 8 10 18 521 1,309 2,004 846 2,079 565 1,282 822 1,701 30 26 33 32 27 23 24 26 25 5 12 18 8 19 5 12 7 15 Age 6 to 8 years . 9 to 11 years . 12 to 15 years . 11,866 12,488 16,380 29 31 40 3,356 4,688 4,611 28 38 28 27 37 36 1,492 1,793 2,001 13 14 12 28 34 38 2,947 4,182 4,002 25 33 24 26 38 36 Sex Male, total.    6 to 8 years .    9 to 11 years .    12 to 15 years . 21,420 5,925 6,818 8,678 53 15 17 21 6,690 1,601 2,571 2,518 31 27 38 29 53 13 20 20 2,808 676 1,006 1,126 13 11 15 13 53 13 19 21 5,819 1,405 2,230 2,184 27 24 33 25 52 13 20 20 Female, total.    6 to 8 years .    9 to 11 years .    12 to 15 years . 19,315 5,942 5,670 7,702 47 15 14 19 5,964 1,755 2,117

2,092 31 30 37 27 47 14 17 17 2,479 816 787 876 13 14 14 11 47 15 15 17 5,312 1,542 1,952 1,818 28 26 34 24 48 14 18 16 Ethnicity Hispanic . Non-Hispanic . 7,846 32,889 19 81 1,430 11,224 18 34 11 89 510 4,777 6 15 10 90 1,278 9,852 16 30 11 89 Race White. African American . Asian American. All others. 28,458 5,116 2,055 5,105 70 13 5 13 10,346 768 460 1,081 36 15 22 21 82 6 4 9 4,226 324 258 480 15 6 13 9 80 6 5 9 9,178 704 388 861 32 14 19 17 82 6 3 8 Annual Household Income Less than $20,000. $20,000 to $24,999. $25,000 to $29,999. $30,000 to $34,999. $35,000 to $39,999. $40,000 to $49,999. $50,000 to $74,999. $75,000 to $99,999. $100,000 to $149,999.

$150,000 or more . Not reported . 4,686 2,236 2,073 1,777 2,045 2,939 7,146 4,599 4,452 3,281 5,501 12 5 5 4 5 7 18 11 11 8 14 998 516 574 538 384 1,076 2,687 1,824 1,809 1,301 947 21 23 28 30 19 37 38 40 41 40 17 8 4 5 4 3 9 21 14 14 10 7 392 248 208 115 198 504 1,046 730 816 663 367 8 11 10 6 10 17 15 16 18 20 7 7 5 4 2 4 10 20 14 15 13 7 825 425 518 534 375 952 2,316 1,617 1,567 1,140 861 18 19 25 30 18 32 32 35 35 35 16 7 4 5 5 3 9 21 15 14 10 8 Note: Percent who participated columns show the percent of each row’s population who participated in the activity named by the column (the percent of those living in urban areas who fished only, etc.) Percent columns show the percent of each column’s participants who are described by the row heading (the percent of those who fished only who lived in urban areas, etc.) Data reported on this table are from screening interviews in which one adult household member

responded for all household members The screening interview required the respondent to recall 12 months worth of activity. U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 125 Source: http://www.doksinet Table B-9. Participants in Wildlife-Related Recreation 6 to 15 Years Old by State Residents Both Inside and Outside Their Resident State: 2010 (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Participant’s state of residence Total participants Sportspersons Wildlife-watching participants Population Number Percent of population Number Percent of population Number Percent of population United States, total . 40,735 17,956 44 11,673 29 12,654 31 Alabama . Alaska. Arizona. Arkansas. California .

621 97 955 393 5,127 219 60 328 174 1,886 35 61 34 44 37 182 48 221 *155 902 29 49 23 *39 18 134 42 206 *112 1,431 22 43 22 *29 28 Colorado. Connecticut. Delaware. Florida. Georgia. 674 446 112 2,213 1,425 303 209 49 990 601 45 47 44 45 42 200 120 38 672 297 30 27 34 30 21 219 150 26 646 390 32 34 24 29 27 Hawaii. Idaho. Illinois. Indiana. Iowa. 155 227 1,737 870 385 50 172 763 540 217 32 76 44 62 56 25 130 605 424 191 16 57 35 49 50 41 *113 549 344 127 26 *50 32 40 33 Kansas. Kentucky. Louisiana. Maine . Maryland.

384 554 620 145 738 214 222 183 86 271 56 40 29 59 37 161 206 *97 67 161 42 37 *16 46 22 131 116 *140 70 217 34 21 *23 48 29 Massachusetts. Michigan. Minnesota. Mississippi . Missouri . 789 1,279 677 414 776 320 600 414 199 466 41 47 61 48 60 172 449 345 191 363 22 35 51 46 47 249 413 *264 *71 339 32 32 *39 *17 44 Montana . Nebraska. Nevada . New Hampshire . New Jersey . 116 243 367 156 1,132 90 117 156 74 470 78 48 43 47 42 80 94 71 52 213 69 39 19 33 19 *65 66 130 52 377 *56 27 35 34 33 New Mexico. New York . North Carolina . North Dakota.

Ohio. 283 2,399 1,249 (NA) 1,479 110 722 721 (NA) 648 39 30 58 (NA) 44 79 523 490 (NA) 483 28 22 39 (NA) 33 59 479 513 (NA) 479 21 20 41 (NA) 32 Oklahoma. Oregon. Pennsylvania. Rhode Island. South Carolina . 505 476 1,504 123 589 226 201 810 43 290 45 42 54 35 49 209 119 410 26 191 41 25 27 21 32 87 164 578 31 192 17 35 38 25 33 South Dakota. Tennessee . Texas. Utah. Vermont. 106 817 3,846 476 67 72 333 1,446 266 49 68 41 38 56 72 62 271 672 179 29 59 33 17 38 43 *55 268 1,112 167 41 *52 33 29 35 61 Virginia. Washington. West Virginia.

Wisconsin. Wyoming. 1,009 857 214 707 69 432 391 157 483 57 43 46 73 68 83 205 214 *150 353 *41 20 25 *70 50 *59 332 311 *45 419 41 33 36 *21 59 59 (NA) Not available. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. US totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as described in Appendix D. Data reported on this table are from screening interviews in which one adult household member responded for all household members 6 to 15 years old The screening interview required the respondent to recall 12 months worth of activity. Includes persons who fished or hunted only in other countries 126 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet Table B-10. Anglers and Hunters 6 to 15 Years Old by State Residents Participating Both Inside and Outside Their Resident

State: 2010 (Population 6 to 15 years old. Numbers in thousands) Sportsperson’s state of residence Fished or hunted Fished only Hunted only Number Percent of population Fished and hunted Population Number Percent of population Number Percent of population Number Percent of population United States, total . 40,735 11,673 29 9,647 24 293 1 1,732 4 Alabama . Alaska. Arizona. Arkansas. California . 621 97 955 393 5,127 182 48 221 *155 902 29 49 23 *39 18 *127 44 196 *94 825 *20 45 20 *24 16 . . . . . . . . . . *55 . . *60 *77 *9 . . *15 *2 Colorado. Connecticut. Delaware. Florida. Georgia. 674 446 112 2,213 1,425 200 120

38 672 297 30 27 34 30 21 193 118 35 614 *262 29 27 31 28 *18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . *47 *30 . . . *2 *2 Hawaii. Idaho. Illinois. Indiana. Iowa. 155 227 1,737 870 385 25 130 605 424 191 16 57 35 49 50 22 125 574 387 167 14 55 33 44 43 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *22 . . . . *6 Kansas. Kentucky. Louisiana. Maine . Maryland. 384 554 620 145 738 161 206 *97 67 161 42 37 *16 46 22 105 138 . *56 155 27 25 . *39 21 . . . . . . . . . . *49 *54 *34 . . *13 *10 *5 . . Massachusetts. Michigan. Minnesota. Mississippi . Missouri .

789 1,279 677 414 776 172 449 345 191 363 22 35 51 46 47 169 *281 *221 *148 293 21 *22 *33 *36 38 . . . . . . . . . . . . *121 *42 68 . . *18 *10 9 Montana . Nebraska. Nevada . New Hampshire . New Jersey . 116 243 367 156 1,132 80 94 71 52 213 69 39 19 33 19 *45 77 66 46 210 *38 32 18 30 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . New Mexico. New York . North Carolina . North Dakota. Ohio. 283 2,399 1,249 (NA) 1,479 79 523 490 (NA) 483 28 22 39 (NA) 33 67 489 396 (NA) 375 24 20 32 (NA) 25 . . . (NA) . . . . (NA) . *12 . . (NA) . *4 . . (NA) . Oklahoma. Oregon. Pennsylvania.

Rhode Island. South Carolina . 505 476 1,504 123 589 209 119 410 26 191 41 25 27 21 32 190 101 343 26 *133 38 21 23 21 *23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *36 . . . . *6 South Dakota. Tennessee . Texas. Utah. Vermont. 106 817 3,846 476 67 62 271 672 179 29 59 33 17 38 43 *39 222 504 149 25 *36 27 13 31 37 . . . . . . . . . . . *48 *161 *30 . . *6 *4 *6 . Virginia. Washington. West Virginia. Wisconsin. Wyoming. 1,009 857 214 707 69 205 214 *150 353 *41 20 25 *70 50 *59 160 184 *111 *226 *30 16 21 *52 *32 *44 . . . . . . . . . . *31 . . . . *3 . . . . * Estimate based on a sample

size of 10–29.    Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably    (NA) Not available Note: U.S totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as described in Appendix D Data reported on this table are from screening interviews in which one adult household member responded for all household members 6 to 15 years old. The screening interview required the respondent to recall 12 months worth of activity. Includes persons who fished or hunted only in other countries U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 127 Source: http://www.doksinet Table B-11. Participants in Wildlife-Watching Activities 6 to 15 Years Old by State Residents Participating Both Inside and Outside Their Resident State: 2010 (Population 6 to 15 years old. Numbers in thousands) Participants Participant’s state of residence Total Away from home Around the home

Population Number Percent of population Number Percent of population Number Percent of population United States, total . 40,735 12,654 31 5,287 13 11,130 27 Alabama . Alaska. Arizona. Arkansas. California . 621 97 955 393 5,127 134 42 206 *112 1,431 22 43 22 *29 28 *44 *15 103 . 661 *7 *15 11 . 13 132 37 178 *88 1,232 21 38 19 *22 24 Colorado. Connecticut. Delaware. Florida. Georgia. 674 446 112 2,213 1,425 219 150 26 646 390 32 34 24 29 27 94 66 *12 271 *144 14 15 *10 12 *10 182 129 21 520 374 27 29 19 24 26 Hawaii. Idaho. Illinois.

Indiana. Iowa. 155 227 1,737 870 385 41 *113 549 344 127 26 *50 32 40 33 *27 *99 244 *96 65 *18 *44 14 *11 17 36 *90 484 332 104 23 *40 28 38 27 Kansas. Kentucky. Louisiana. Maine . Maryland. 384 554 620 145 738 131 116 *140 70 217 34 21 *23 48 29 *49 *57 . *33 123 *13 *10 . *22 17 113 105 *136 61 197 29 19 *22 42 27 Massachusetts. Michigan. Minnesota. Mississippi . Missouri . 789 1,279 677 414 776 249 413 *264 *71 339 32 32 *39 *17 44 114 *198 *149 . 114 14 *15 *22 . 15 219 375 *199 *70 317 28 29 *29 *17 41 Montana . Nebraska.

Nevada . New Hampshire . New Jersey . 116 243 367 156 1,132 *65 66 130 52 377 *56 27 35 34 33 *42 *36 *81 *28 110 *36 *15 *22 *18 10 *63 *48 81 50 356 *54 *20 22 32 31 New Mexico. New York . North Carolina . North Dakota. Ohio. 283 2,399 1,249 (NA) 1,479 59 479 513 (NA) 479 21 20 41 (NA) 32 33 *234 *287 (NA) 231 12 *10 *23 (NA) 16 50 375 390 (NA) 394 18 16 31 (NA) 27 Oklahoma. Oregon. Pennsylvania. Rhode Island. South Carolina . 505 476 1,504 123 589 87 164 578 31 192 17 35 38 25 33 *48 *60 *86 13 *30 *9 *13 *6 11 *5 *70 155 578 27 189 *14 33 38 22 32 South Dakota.

Tennessee . Texas. Utah. Vermont. 106 817 3,846 476 67 *55 268 1,112 167 41 *52 33 29 35 61 *40 *187 *318 *60 *20 *37 *23 *8 *13 *30 *44 258 989 145 35 *41 32 26 30 52 Virginia. Washington. West Virginia. Wisconsin. Wyoming. 1,009 857 214 707 69 332 311 *45 419 41 33 36 *21 59 59 118 190 . *135 *29 12 22 . *19 *42 313 241 *45 419 *33 31 28 *21 59 *48 * Estimate based on a sample size of 10–29.    Sample size too small (less than 10) to report data reliably    (NA) Not available Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. US totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as described in Appendix D. Data reported on this

table are from screening interviews in which one adult household member responded for all household members 6 to 15 years old The screening interview required the respondent to recall 12 months worth of activity. Includes persons who fished or hunted only in other countries 128 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet Table B-12. Participation by 6-to-15-Year-Olds in 1980, 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, and 2010 (Numbers in thousands) 1980 Participant 1985 Percent change from Number of previous participants survey Percent of 6-to-15year-old population 1990 Percent change from Number of previous participants survey Percent of 6-to-15year-old population Percent change from Number of previous participants survey Percent of 6-to-15year-old population Total sportspersons. Anglers . Hunters.

12,141 11,787 1,962 (NA) (NA) (NA) 34 33 6 12,558 12,243 1,799 3 4 –8 36 35 5 14,011 13,790 1,730 12 13 –4 39 39 5 Total wildlife watchers. Around the home. Away from home. (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 1995 (NA) (NA) (NA) 17,789 16,151 6,615 (NA) (NA) (NA) 2000 51 46 19 17,136 15,406 7,311 –4 –5 11 48 43 21 Percent change from Number of previous participants survey Percent of 6-to-15year-old population Percent change from Number of previous participants survey Percent of 6-to-15year-old population Percent change from Number of previous participants survey Percent of 6-to-15year-old population 2005 Total sportspersons. Anglers . Hunters. 15,019 14,808 1,720 7 7 –1 39 38 4 13,369 13,145 1,741 –11 –11 1 33 32 4 12,318 12,110 1,773 –8 –8 2 30 30 4 Total wildlife

watchers. Around the home. Away from home. 17,449 15,425 8,314 2 (Z) 14 45 40 21 15,066 13,542 6,091 –14 –12 –27 37 33 15 13,587 12,055 5,850 –10 –11 –4 34 30 14 Percent change from Number of previous participants survey Percent of 6-to15-year-old population 2010 Total sportspersons. Anglers . Hunters. 11,673 11,379 2,026 –5 –6 14 29 28 5 Total wildlife watchers. Around the home. Away from home. 12,654 11,130 5,287 –7 –8 –11 31 27 13 (NA) Not Available.    (Z) Less than 05 percent U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 129 Source: http://www.doksinet Source: http://www.doksinet Appendix C U.S Fish and Wildlife

Service and US Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 131 Source: http://www.doksinet Appendix C. Significant Methodological Changes From Previous Surveys and Regional Trends The 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation (FHWAR) was designed to continue the data collection of the 1955 to 2006 Surveys. While complete comparability between any two Surveys cannot be achieved, this appendix compares major findings of all the Surveys and presents trends for the major categories of wildlife-related recreation where feasible. Differences among the Surveys are discussed in the following two sections. The principal characteristics of the 1955 to 2011 Surveys are summarized in Table C-1. The table shows the scope and design of all 12 Surveys. This appendix provides trend information in two sections (1991 to 2011 and 1955 to 1985). A significant change was made in 1991 in the recall period used in the

detailed phase of the FHWAR Surveys. The recall period in 1991 was shortened from the 12 months used in previous Surveys to 4 months in order to improve the accuracy of the data collected. As a result of that change, the Surveys conducted since 1991 cannot be compared with those conducted earlier. The 1955 to 1985 Surveys required respondents to recall their recreation activities for the survey year at the beginning of the following year. The 1991 to 2011 Surveys went to the respondents two or three times during the survey year to get their activity information. The change in the recall period was due to a study1 of the effect of the respondent recall length Investigation of Possible Recall/Reference Period Bias in National Surveys of Fishing, Hunting and WildlifeAssociated Recreation, December 1989, Westat, Inc. 1 questionnaires were programmed into computers, and the interviewer keyed in the responses at the time of the interview. on survey estimates. The study found significant

differences in FHWAR Survey results using annual recall periods versus shorter recall periods. Longer recall periods lead to higher estimates. Even when everything else was held constant, such as questionnaire content and sample design, increasing the respondent’s recall period resulted in significantly higher estimates for the same phenomenon. The recall study also found that the extent of recall bias varied for different types of fishing and hunting participation and expenditures. For example, annual recall respondents gave an estimate of average annual days of saltwater fishing that was 46 percent higher than the trimester recall estimate, while the annual recall estimate of average annual saltwater fishing trips was 30 percent higher than the trimester recall estimate. This means there is no single correction factor for all survey estimates when calculating trends from Surveys using different recall periods. Reliable trends analysis needs to use data compiled from surveys in

which the important elements, such as the sample design and recall period, are not significantly different. 1991 to 2011 Significant Methodological Differences The most significant design differences in the five Surveys are as follows: 1. The 1991 Survey data was collected by interviewers filling out paper questionnaires. The data entries were keyed in a separate operation after the interview. The 1996, 2001, 2006, and 2011 Survey data were collected by the use of computer-assisted interviews. The 132 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 2. The 1991 Survey screening phase was conducted in January and February of 1991, when a household member of the sample households was interviewed on behalf of the entire household. The screening interviews for the 1996, 2001, and 2006 Surveys were conducted April through June of their survey years in conjunction with the first wave of the detailed interviews. The 2011 Survey also conducted screening

interviews and the first detailed interviews April through June of 2011, but furthermore had an additional screening and detailed effort from February 2012 to the end of May 2012. The April–June 2011 screening effort had a high noncontact rate because of poor results using sample telephone numbers obtained from a private firm. Census went back to the noncontacted component of the original sample in February-May 2012 and interviewed a subsample, requiring annual recall for those respondents. The Wave 3 screen sample was 12,484 of the total 48,600 household screen sample. A modification of the 2011 sampling scheme was to oversample counties that had relatively high proportions of hunting license purchases. The screening interviews for all five Surveys consisted primarily of demographic questions and wildlife-related recreation questions concerning activity in the previous year (1990, 1995, etc.) and intentions for recreating in the survey year. U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US

Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet Table C-1. Major Characteristics of Surveys: 1955 to 2011 Characteristic Survey design: Screening interview mode and population of interest. 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 Combined with Personal interview, 12 detailed phase years old and older Personal interview, 9 years old and older Mail questionnaire, 9 years old and older Telephone interview, 6 years old and older Telephone/personal interview, 6 years old and older Personal interview, 12 years old and older. Substantial participants1 Personal interview, 12 years old and older. Substantial participants1 Personal interview, 12 years old and older. Substantial participants2 Detailed interview mode and population of interest. Personal interview, 12 years old and older Mail questionnaire, 9 Personal interview, 16 years old and older years old and older Respondent’s recall period. 1 year 1 year 1 year 1 year 1 year 1 year

Sample sizes: Screening phase (households). 20,000 18,000 16,000 24,000 106,294 116,025 Detailed phase (individuals):    Fishing and hunting.    Wildlife watching3. 9,328 (X) 10,300 (X) 6,400 (X) 8,700 (X) 20,211 (X) 30,291 5,997 Response rates: Screening phase . (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 95 percent 95 percent Detailed phase:    Fishing and hunting. (NA) 93 percent (NA) (NA) 37 percent 90 percent    Wildlife watching3. (X) (X) (X) (X) (X) 95 percent Level of reporting. National National National National State and National State and National Data collection agent. Private contractor U.S Census Bureau U.S Census Bureau U.S Census Bureau Private contractor U.S Census Bureau See footnotes at end of table. U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 133 Source:

http://www.doksinet Table C-1. Major Characteristics of Surveys: 1955 to 2011Continued Characteristic 1985 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011 Telephone/personal interview, 6 years old and older Telephone/personal interview, 6 years old and older Telephone/personal interview, 6 years old and older Telephone/personal interview, 6 years old and older Telephone/personal interview, 6 years old and older Telephone/personal interview, 6 years old and older Personal interview, 16 years old and older Telephone/personal interview, 16 years old and older Telephone/personal interview, 16 years old and older Telephone/personal interview, 16 years old and older Telephone/personal interview, 16 years old and older Telephone/personal interview, 16 years old and older Respondent’s recall period. 1 year 4 months 4–8 months 4–8 months 4–8 months 4–12 months Sample sizes: Screening phase (households). 102,694 102,804 44,000 52,508 66,688 30,400

Detailed phase (individuals):    Fishing and hunting.    Wildlife watching3. 28,011 26,671 23,179 22,723 13,222 9,802 25,070 15,303 21,938 11,279 11,330 9,329 Response rates: Screening phase . 93 percent 95 percent 71 percent 75 percent 90 percent 77 percent Detailed phase:    Fishing and hunting. 92 percent 95 percent 80 percent 88 percent 77 percent 67 percent    Wildlife watching3. 94 percent 95 percent 82 percent 90 percent 78 percent 66 percent Level of reporting. State and National State and National State and National State and National State and National State and National Data collection agent. U.S Census Bureau U.S Census Bureau U.S Census Bureau U.S Census Bureau U.S Census Bureau U.S Census Bureau Survey design: Screening interview mode and population of interest. Detailed interview mode and population of interest. (NA) Not

available. 1 (X) Not applicable; wildlife-watching (nonconsumptive) interviews were not conducted prior to 1980. Spent $5.00 or more or participated 3 days or more during the year 2 Spent $7.50 or more or participated 3 days or more during the year 3 Termed “nonconsumptive” in 1980, 1985, and 1991 Surveys. 134 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet In the 1991 Survey, an attempt was made to contact every sample person in all three detailed interview waves. In 1996, 2001, 2006, and 2011 respondents who were interviewed in the first detailed interview wave were not contacted again until the third wave (unless they were part of the other subsample, i.e, a respondent in both the sportsperson and wildlife watching subsamples could be in the first and third wave of sportsperson interviewing and the second and third wave of wildlife watching interviewing). Also,

all interviews in the second wave were conducted only by telephone. In-person interviews were only conducted in the first and third waves. The 2011 wave 3 screen phase was composed of both telephone and in-person interviews. Section I. Important Instrument Changes in the 1996 Survey 1. The 1991 Survey collected information on all wildlife-related recreation purchases made by participants without reference to where the purchase was made. The 1996 Survey asked in which state the purchase was made. 2. In 1991, respondents were asked what kind of fishing they did, i.e, Great Lakes, other freshwater, or saltwater, and then were asked in what states they fished. In 1996, respondents were asked in which states they fished and then were asked what kind of fishing they did. This method had the advantage of not asking about, for example, saltwater fishing when they only fished in a noncoastal state. 3. In 1991, respondents were asked how many days they “actually” hunted or fished for a

particular type of game or fish and then how many days they “chiefly” hunted or fished for the same type of game or fish rather than another type of game or fish. To get total days of hunting or fishing for a particular type of game or fish, the “actually” day response was used, while to get the sum of all days of hunting or fishing, the “chiefly” days were summed. In 1996, respondents were asked their total days of hunting or fishing in the country and each state, then how many days they hunted or fished for a particular type of game or fish. 4. Trip-related and equipment expenditure categories were not the same for all Surveys. “Guide fee” and “Pack trip or package fee” were two separate trip-related expenditure items in 1991, while they were combined into one category in the 1996 Survey. “Boating costs” was added to the 1996 hunting and wildlife-watching trip-related expenditure sections. “Heating and cooking fuel” was added to all of the trip-related

expenditure sections. “Spearfishing equipment” was moved from a separate category to the “other” list. “Rods” and “Reels” were two separate categories in 1991 but were combined in 1996. “Lines, hooks, sinkers, etc.” was one category in 1991 but split into “Lines” and “Hooks, sinkers, etc.” in 1996 “Food used to feed other wildlife” was added to the wildlife-watching equipment section, “Boats” and “Cabins” were added to the wildlife-watching special equipment section, and “Land leasing and ownership” was added to the wildlife-watching expenditures section. 5. Questions asking sportspersons if they participated as much as they wanted were added in 1996. If the sportspersons said no, they were asked why not. 6. The 1991 Survey included questions about participation in organized fishing competitions; anglers using bows and arrows, nets or seines, or spearfishing; hunters using pistols or handguns and target shooting in preparation for hunting.

These questions were not asked in 1996. 7. The 1996 Survey included questions about catch and release fishing and persons with disabilities participating in wildliferelated recreation. These questions were not part of the 1991 Survey. 8. The 1991 Survey included questions about average distance traveled to recreation sites. These questions were not included in the 1996 Survey. U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 9. The 1996 Survey included questions about the last trip the respondent took. Included were questions about the type of trip, where the activity took place, and the distance and direction to the site visited. These questions were not asked in 1991. 10. The 1991 Survey collected data on hunting, fishing, and wildlife watching by U.S residents in Canada. The 1996 Survey collected data on fishing and wildlife-watching by U.S residents in Canada. Section II. Important instrument changes in the 2001 Survey 1. The 1991 and 1996 single race category “Asian or

Pacific Islander” was changed to two categories “Asian” and “Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander”. In 1991 and 1996, the respondent was required to pick only one category, while in 2001 the respondent could pick any combination of categories. The next question stipulated that the respondent could only be identified with one category and then asked what that category was. 2. The 1991 and 1996 land leasing and ownership sections asked the respondent to combine the two types of land use into one and give total acreage and expenditures. In 2001, the two types of land use were explored separately. 3. The 1991 and 1996 wildlifewatching sections included questions on birdwatching for aroundthe-home participants only The 2001 Survey added a question on birdwatching for away-from-home participants. Also, questions on the use of birding life lists and how many species the respondent can identify were added. 4. “Recreational vehicles” was added to the sportspersons and

wildlifewatchers special equipment section. “House trailer” was added to the sportspersons special equipment section. 5. Total personal income was asked in the detailed phase of the 1996 Survey. This was changed to total 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 135 Source: http://www.doksinet Table C-2. Anglers and Hunters by Census Division: 1991, 1996, 2001, 2006, and 2011 (U.S population 16 years old and older Numbers in thousands) Area and sportsperson 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011 Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent 189,964 39,979 35,578 14,063 100 21 19 7 201,472 39,694 35,246 13,975 100 20 17 7 212,298 37,805 34,067 13,034 100 18 16 6 229,245 33,916 29,952 12,510 100 15 13 5 239,313 37,397 33,112 13,674 100 16 14 6 10,180 1,658 1,545 444 100 16 15 4 10,306 1,673 1,520 465 100 16 15 5 10,575 1,504 1,402 386 100 14 13 4 11,233 1,353 1,246 374 100 12 11 3 11,593 1,441

1,355 420 100 12 12 4 29,216 4,508 3,871 1,746 100 15 13 6 29,371 4,192 3,627 1,453 100 14 12 5 29,806 3,810 3,250 1,633 100 13 11 5 31,518 3,214 2,550 1,520 100 10 8 5 32,392 3,966 3,496 1,558 100 12 11 5 32,188 7,202 6,264 2,789 100 22 19 9 33,121 6,912 6,006 2,712 100 21 18 8 34,082 6,400 5,655 2,421 100 19 17 7 35,609 5,975 5,190 2,376 100 17 15 7 36,199 6,766 5,861 2,688 100 19 16 7 13,504 4,143 3,647 1,709 100 31 27 13 13,875 3,977 3,416 1,917 100 29 25 14 14,430 4,239 3,836 1,710 100 29 27 12 15,458 3,836 3,284 1,779 100 25 21 12 15,860 3,980 3,591 1,661 100 25 23 10 33,682 6,996 6,441 2,083 100 21 19 6 36,776 7,282 6,636 2,050 100 20 18 6 39,286 6,957 6,451 1,875 100 18 16 5 43,965 6,633 6,116 1,884 100 15 14 4 46,417 6,749 6,163 1,870 100 15 13 4 11,667 2,984 2,635 1,279 100 26 23 11 12,459 2,907 2,514 1,301 100 23 20 10 12,976 2,865 2,543 1,164 100 22 20 9 13,722 2,689 2,436 1,101 100 20 18 8 14,206 3,010 2,444 1,531 100 21

17 11 19,926 5,125 4,592 1,843 100 26 23 9 21,811 5,093 4,616 1,812 100 23 21 8 23,337 4,924 4,375 1,988 100 21 19 9 25,407 4,499 3,952 1,810 100 18 16 7 27,195 4,855 4,298 1,909 100 18 16 7 10,092 2,488 2,079 1,069 100 25 21 11 11,966 2,761 2,411 1,061 100 23 20 9 13,308 2,757 2,443 1,020 100 21 18 8 15,651 2,372 2,084 868 100 15 13 6 17,013 2,976 2,586 1,043 100 17 15 6 29,508 4,875 4,505 1,101 100 17 15 4 31,787 4,897 4,501 1,203 100 15 14 4 34,498 4,349 4,111 837 100 13 12 2 36,681 3,345 3,094 798 100 9 8 2 38,438 3,654 3,319 996 100 10 9 3 UNITED STATES. Total population . Sportspersons . Anglers . Hunters. New England. Total population . Sportspersons . Anglers . Hunters.

Middle Atlantic. Total population . Sportspersons . Anglers . Hunters. East North Central. Total population . Sportspersons . Anglers . Hunters. West North Central. Total population . Sportspersons . Anglers . Hunters. South Atlantic. Total population . Sportspersons . Anglers . Hunters. East South Central. Total population .

Sportspersons . Anglers . Hunters. West South Central. Total population . Sportspersons . Anglers . Hunters. Mountain. Total population . Sportspersons . Anglers . Hunters. Pacific. Total population . Sportspersons . Anglers . Hunters. 136 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet Table C-3. Wildlife-Watching Participants by

Census Division: 1991, 1996, 2001, 2006, and 2011 (U.S population 16 years old and older Numbers in thousands) Area and wildlife watcher 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011 Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent 189,964 76,111 29,999 73,904 100 40 16 39 201,472 62,868 23,652 60,751 100 31 12 30 212,298 66,105 21,823 62,928 100 31 10 30 229,245 71,132 22,977 67,756 100 31 10 30 239,313 71,776 22,496 68,598 100 30 9 29 10,180 4,598 1,856 4,544 100 45 18 45 10,306 3,710 1,443 3,586 100 36 14 35 10,575 3,875 1,155 3,765 100 37 11 36 11,233 4,489 1,340 4,310 100 40 12 38 11,593 3,954 1,187 3,858 100 34 10 33 29,216 10,556 4,166 10,282 100 36 14 35 29,371 8,185 2,960 8,023 100 28 10 27 29,806 8,740 2,849 8,452 100 29 10 28 31,518 8,723 2,729 8,451 100 28 9 27 32,392 9,118 2,561 8,744 100 28 8 27 32,188 14,511 5,572 14,175 100 45 17 44 33,121 11,731 4,501 11,297 100 35 14 34 34,082 11,631 3,571 11,196 100 34 10 33

35,609 12,215 3,792 11,845 100 34 11 33 36,199 12,840 3,168 12,492 100 35 9 35 13,504 6,924 2,654 6,722 100 51 20 50 13,875 5,089 1,927 4,900 100 37 14 35 14,430 6,206 2,059 5,938 100 43 14 41 15,458 6,741 2,163 6,447 100 44 14 42 15,860 5,479 1,783 5,201 100 35 11 33 33,682 13,047 4,450 12,813 100 39 13 38 36,776 11,252 3,992 10,964 100 31 11 30 39,286 11,395 3,469 10,911 100 29 9 28 43,965 12,862 3,208 12,432 100 29 7 28 46,417 13,315 4,393 12,767 100 29 9 28 11,667 4,864 1,592 4,765 100 42 14 41 12,459 3,904 1,118 3,795 100 31 9 30 12,976 4,514 1,086 4,390 100 35 8 34 13,722 4,931 1,758 4,683 100 36 13 34 14,206 4,663 1,456 4,394 100 33 10 31 19,926 7,035 2,459 6,817 100 35 12 34 21,811 5,933 2,096 5,773 100 27 10 26 23,337 5,747 1,822 5,490 100 25 8 24 25,407 6,764 2,127 6,319 100 27 8 25 27,195 7,164 1,728 7,087 100 26 6 26 10,092 4,437 2,215 4,145 100 44 22 41 11,966 4,099 1,967 3,855 100 34 16 32 13,308 4,619 2,019 4,282 100 35 15

32 15,651 4,968 2,004 4,605 100 32 13 29 17,013 5,189 2,230 4,716 100 30 13 28 29,508 10,139 5,035 9,641 100 34 17 33 31,787 8,966 3,648 8,558 100 28 11 27 34,498 9,377 3,793 8,504 100 27 11 25 36,681 9,439 3,856 8,664 100 26 11 24 38,438 10,054 3,990 9,337 100 26 10 24 UNITED STATES. Total population . Total wildlife watchers. Away from home. Around the home. New England. Total population . Total wildlife watchers. Away from home. Around the home. Middle Atlantic. Total population . Total wildlife watchers. Away from home. Around the home. East North Central. Total

population . Total wildlife watchers. Away from home. Around the home. West North Central. Total population . Total wildlife watchers. Away from home. Around the home. South Atlantic. Total population . Total wildlife watchers. Away from home. Around the home. East South Central. Total population . Total wildlife watchers. Away from home. Around the home. West South Central. Total population . Total wildlife watchers. Away from home.

Around the home. Mountain. Total population . Total wildlife watchers. Away from home. Around the home. Pacific. Total population . Total wildlife watchers. Away from home. Around the home. U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 137 Source: http://www.doksinet household income in the 2001 Survey. 6. A question was added to the triprelated expenditures section to ascertain how much of the total was spent in the respondent’s state of residence when the respondent participated in hunting, fishing, or wildlife watching out-of-state. 7. Boating questions were added to the fishing

section. The respondent was asked about the extent of boat usage for the three types of fishing. 8. The 1996 Survey included questions about the months around-thehome wildlife watchers fed birds These questions were not repeated in the 2001 Survey. 9. The contingent valuation sections of the three types of wildlife-related recreation were altered, using an open-ended question format instead of 1996’s dichotomous choice format. economic evaluation bid questions were rephrased, from “What is the most your [species] hunting in [State name] could have cost you per trip last year before you would NOT have gone [species] hunting at all in 2001, not even one trip, because it would have been too expensive?”, for the hunters, for example, to “What is the cost that would have prevented you from taking even one such trip in 2006? In other words, if the trip cost was below this amount, you would have gone [species] hunting in [State name], but if the trip cost was above this amount, you

would not have gone.” 5. Questions concerning hunting, fishing, or wildlife watching in other countries were taken out of the Survey. 6. Questions about the reasons for not going hunting or fishing, or not going as much as expected, were deleted. Section III. Important instrument changes in the 2006 Survey 7. Disability of participants questions were taken out. 1. A series of boating questions was added. The new questions dealt with anglers using motorboats and/ or nonmotorboats, length of boat used most often, distance to boat launch used most often, needed improvements to facilities at the launch, whether or not the respondent completed a boating safety course, who the boater fished with most often, and the source and type of information the boater used for his or her fishing. 8. Determination of the types of sites for wildlife watching was discontinued. 2. Questions regarding catch and release fishing were added. They were whether or not the respondent caught and released

fish and, if so, the percent of fish released. 3. The proportion of hunting done with a rifle or shotgun, as contrasted with muzzleloader or archery equipment, was asked. 4. In the contingent valuation section, where the value of wildlife-related recreation was determined, two quality-variable questions were added: the average length of certain fish caught and whether a deer, elk, or moose was killed. Plus the 4. “Feral pig” was recategorized from big game to other animals for all states except Hawaii. 5. “Ptarmigan” was included as its own small game category, instead of lumped in “other.” 6. In previous Surveys, “Moose” was included as its own category only for Alaska. For 2011, “Moose” was included as its own big game category, instead of lumped in “other,” for all fifty states. 7. In previous Surveys, “Wolf” was included as its own category only for Alaska. For 2011, “Wolf” was included as its own other animal category, instead of lumped in

“other,” for all fifty states. 8. The household income categories were modified. The top categories were changed from “$100,000 or more” to “$100,000 to $149,999” and “$150,000 or more.” 9. The “Steelhead” category was deleted from the saltwater fish species section, with the idea that it would be included in “other.” 10. The 2006 around-the-home wildlife-watching category that quantified visitors of ”public parks or areas” was rewritten to wildlife watching at “parks or natural areas.” This change was to make clear that respondents should include recreating at quasi-governmental and private areas. 9. The birding questions regarding the use of birding life lists and the ability to identify birds based on their sight or sounds were deleted. 10. Public transportation costs were divided into two sections, “public transportation by airplane” and “other public transportation, including trains, buses, and car rentals, etc.” 11. The 2006 wildlife

watching equipment category “Film and developing” was rewritten to “Film and photo processing.” Section IV. Important instrument changes in the 2011 Survey 1955 to 1985 Significant Methodological Differences 1. The series of boating questions added in 2006 was deleted. 1955 to 1970 Surveys 2. Questions about target shooting and the usage of a shooting range in preparation for hunting were added. The types of weapon used at the shooting range were quantified. 3. Questions about plantings expenditures for the purpose of hunting were added. 138 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation The 1955 to 1970 Surveys included only substantial participants. Substantial participants were defined as people who participated at least three days and/or spent at least $5 (the 1955–1965 Surveys) or $7.50 (the 1970 Survey) during the surveyed year. Under most circumstances, the Surveys may be compared for totals, but the effects of differences should be

considered when comparing the details of the Surveys. U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet did not take the trip chiefly to hunt waterfowl. In 1970, all respondents who reported that they had hunted waterfowl during 1970, regardless of trip purpose, were included in the total. The number of hunters who did not take trips chiefly to hunt waterfowl in 1970 was 1,054,000. The 1960, 1965, and 1970 Surveys differed from the 1955 National Survey in classification of expenditures as outlined below: 1. Alaska and Hawaii were not included in the 1955 Survey. 2. Expenditure categories were more detailed in 1970 than in earlier Surveys. 3. The 1960 to 1970 classification of some expenditures differs from the 1955 Survey in the following respects: a. “Boats and boat motors” shown under “auxiliary equipment” were included in “equipment, other” in 1955. b. “Entrance and other privilege fees” asked separately were included in “trip

expenditures, other” in 1955. c. “Snacks and refreshments” not included with “food” expenditures in the 1960 to 1970 reports were under “trip expenditures, other” in 1955. d. Starting in 1960, expenditures on equipment, magazines, club dues, licenses, and similar items were classified by the one sport activity for which expenditures were chiefly made. In 1955, these expenditures were evenly divided among all the activities in which the sportsperson took part. 1975 Survey In contrast to previous Surveys which covered substantial participants 12 years old and older, the 1975 Survey based all the estimates on responses from individuals 9 years of age and older and did not select respondents based upon substantial participation as defined above. As a result, individuals who participated fewer than three days or spent less than $7.50 on hunting or fishing were included in the estimates of participants, days of activity, and expenditures. Categories of hunting and fishing

expenditures differed from the previous four Surveys in that only major categories were reported. For example, hunting equipment expenditures were not further delineated by subcategory. Similarly, no detail was provided within the category of fishing equipment expenditures. Expenses for items such as daily entrance fees, magazines, club dues, and dogs were categorized as “other” in the 1975 report. Surveys. The expenditure categories in 1980 and 1985 are similar to the 1970 categories with the addition of fish finders, motor homes, and camper trucks as separate categories. The definition of fishing included the use of nets or seines and spearfishing. An extensive wildlife watching section was added in 1980, necessitating a separate detailed phase subsample. As in the 1970 and 1975 Surveys, the 1980 and 1985 Surveys used a twophase process to gather information from households and individuals. In the first phase, household respondents were asked to identify each participant six

years of age and older who resided in their household. In comparison, the 1975 and 1970 Surveys screened households for participants who were nine years of age and older. In the second phase, the detailed interview phase, interviews were conducted in person for the 1985, 1980, and 1970 Surveys and were conducted by mail for the 1975 Survey. Participants were included in the detailed phase of the Survey if they were at least 12 years old in 1970, 9 years old in 1975, and 16 years old in 1980 and 1985. As a result, the population of hunters and anglers was more narrowly defined in 1980 and 1985. However, estimates of sportspersons 6 years old and older, 9 years old and older, and 12 years old and older, derived from the screening phase, are available for comparison with past Surveys. e. Compared with 1955, the 1960 to 1970 Surveys reported fewer expenditures within the “other” category because selected items were transferred to more appropriate categories. In addition to the above

differences, the 1975 Survey gathered data on species sought for the favorite hunting and fishing activity. This data replaced the “chiefly” category where hunting or fishing was the primary purpose of the trip or day of activity. Data omitted in the 1975 Survey that were included in previous Surveys include the respondents’ population density of residence, occupation, and level of education. f. 1980 to 1985 Surveys Section II. Historical trends The 1980 and 1985 Surveys were similar. Each measured participants, rather than substantial participants. Questions were incorporated into the 1980 and 1985 Survey questionnaires to facilitate the construction of categories of data for comparisons with earlier Surveys. The use of “chiefly” to delimit primary purpose appeared in the 1970 and prior Surveys, and its use was continued in the 1980 and 1985 This trends section covers the period from 1955 to 1985. The methodology of these Surveys differed (see above), but approximate

correction factors were estimated. Expenditures on alcoholic beverages were reported separately in the 1970 Survey. 4. The number of waterfowl hunters in the 1970 Survey is not comparable with those reported in the 1960 and 1965 Surveys. In 1960 and 1965, respondent sportspersons were not included in the waterfowl hunter total if they reported that they went waterfowl hunting but U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Regional Trends Section I. Most recent trends This trends section covers the period from 1991 to 2011. The 1991, 1996, 2001, 2006, and 2011 Surveys used similar methodologies, making all published information for the five Surveys directly comparable. 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 139 Source: http://www.doksinet Table C-4. Comparison of Major Findings of the National Surveys: 1955 to 1985 (U.S population 12 years old and older Numbers in thousands) Sportspersons 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985

Total sportspersons. Anglers . Freshwater. Saltwater. 24,917 20,813 18,420 4,557 30,435 25,323 21,677 6,292 32,881 28,348 23,962 8,305 36,277 33,158 29,363 9,460 45,773 41,299 36,599 13,738 46,966 41,873 35,782 11,972 49,827 45,345 39,122 12,893 Hunters. Small game. Big game. Waterfowl. 11,784 9,822 4,414 1,986 14,637 12,105 6,277 1,955 13,583 10,576 6,566 1,650 14,336 11,671 7,774 2,894 17,094 14,182 11,037 4,284 16,758 12,496 11,047 3,177 16,340 11,130 12,576 3,201 Expenditures1 . Anglers . Freshwater. Saltwater. 11,401,464 7,655,522 5,700,187 1,955,336 13,948,974 9,743,971 7,476,454 2,267,512 14,991,502

9,952,411 7,231,851 2,720,574 19,618,548 13,699,311 10,315,966 3,383,345 33,398,677 23,498,506 17,333,212 6,165,294 34,517,421 23,387,469 16,663,239 5,581,976 42,058,860 28,585,686 18,942,060 7,191,387 Hunters. Small game. Big game. Waterfowl. 3,745,942 1,975,707 1,295,357 474,878 4,204,997 2,629,360 1,251,800 323,840 3,814,303 2,093,137 1,424,711 296,452 5,919,236 2,612,390 2,631,532 675,315 9,900,171 4,525,942 4,238,341 1,135,889 10,812,058 3,335,852 5,638,395 766,033 10,256,668 2,342,860 5,345,606 783,315 Days . Fishing. Freshwater. Saltwater. 566,870 397,447 338,826 58,621 658,308 465,769 385,167 80,602 708,578 522,759 426,922 95,837 909,876 706,187 592,494 113,694 1,459,551 1,058,075 890,576 167,499 1,300,983

952,420 788,392 164,040 1,415,379 1,064,986 895,027 171,055 Hunting. Small game. Big game. Waterfowl. 169,423 118,630 30,834 19,959 192,539 138,192 39,190 15,158 185,819 128,448 43,845 13,526 203,689 124,041 54,536 25,113 401,476 269,653 100,600 31,223 348,543 225,793 117,406 26,179 350,393 214,544 135,447 25,933 1 In 1985 dollars. Note: Methodological differences described in the text make the estimates in this table not comparable with the estimates in Tables C-2 and C-3. 140 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet Table C-5. Anglers and Hunters by Census Division: 1955 to 1985 (U.S population 12 years old and older Numbers in thousands) Year Sportsperson, fished or hunted Population Anglers Hunters Number Percent Number

Percent Number Percent Number Percent UNITED STATES. 1955. 1960. 1965. 1970. 1975. 1980. 1985. 118,366 131,226 141,928 155,230 171,860 184,691 195,659 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 24,917 30,435 32,881 36,277 45,773 46,966 49,827 21.1 23.2 23.2 23.4 26.6 25.4 25.5 20,813 25,323 28,348 33,158 41,299 41,873 45,345 17.6 19.3 20.0 21.4 24.0 22.7 23.2 11,784 14,637 13,585 14,336 17,094 16,758 16,340 10.0 11.2 9.6 9.2 9.9 9.1 8.4 New England. 1955. 1960. 1965. 1970. 1975. 1980.

1985. 7,919 8,349 9,256 8,652 9,910 10,205 10,554 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 1,224 1,368 1,650 1,579 2,004 1,974 2,058 15.4 16.4 17.8 18.3 20.2 19.3 19.5 1,002 1,205 1,488 1,430 1,861 1,788 1,914 12.7 14.4 16.0 16.5 18.8 17.5 18.1 589 517 583 582 566 572 552 7.4 6.2 6.3 6.7 5.7 5.6 5.2 Middle Atlantic. 1955. 1960. 1965. 1970. 1975. 1980. 1985. 24,869 26,493 27,346 28,244 30,449 30,256 31,099 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 3,539 3,432 3,602 4,539 5,919 5,181 5,565 14.2 13.0 13.2 16.1 19.4 17.1 17.9 2,811 2,569 2,760 4,504 5,097 4,332 4,820 11.3 9.7 10.1 14.4 16.7 14.3 15.5 1,608 1,723 1,631 1,731 2,096 2,001 1,972 6.5 6.5 6.0 6.1 6.9 6.6 6.3 East

North Central. 1955. 1960. 1965. 1970. 1975. 1980. 1985. 25,733 26,833 28,124 31,550 32,796 33,526 33,747 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 5,489 6,316 6,214 7,284 9,049 8,725 8,973 21.3 32.5 22.1 23.1 27.6 26.0 26.6 4,583 5,317 5,336 6,699 8,181 7,891 8,270 17.8 19.8 19.0 21.2 24.9 23.5 24.5 2,538 2,985 2,563 2,812 3,392 2,955 2,814 9.9 11.1 9.1 8.9 10.3 8.8 8.3 West North Central. 1955. 1960. 1965. 1970. 1975. 1980. 1985. 9,201 10,149

11,681 12,904 13,564 13,826 14,137 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 2,913 3,383 3,678 4,000 4,524 4,770 5,140 31.7 33.3 31.5 31.0 33.3 34.5 36.4 2,346 2,855 3,226 3,579 4,089 4,220 4,681 25.5 28.1 27.6 27.7 30.1 30.5 33.1 1,534 1,709 1,620 1,783 1,863 1,965 1,971 16.7 16.8 13.9 13.8 13.7 14.2 13.9 South Atlantic. 1955. 1960. 1965. 1970. 1975. 1980. 1985. 14,336 17,798 20,593 23,539 27,127 30,512 33,636 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 3,223 4,423 5,626 5,461 7,110 7,769 8,721 22.5 24.9 27.3 23.2 26.2 25.5 25.9 2,805 3,695 5,054 5,129 6,479 7,086 8,056 19.6 20.8 24.5 21.8 23.9 23.2 24.0 1,449 2,045 1,900 1,904 2,494 2,444 2,467 10.1 11.5 9.2 8.1 9.2 8.0 7.3 7,959 9,277 9,652 9,862 10,798 11,771 12,364

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 1,963 2,778 2,587 2,660 3,007 3,614 3,671 24.7 29.9 26.8 27.0 27.8 30.7 29.7 1,665 2,207 2,201 2,464 2,689 3,173 3,308 20.9 23.8 22.8 25.0 24.9 27.0 26.8 989 1,510 1,294 1,162 1,355 1,567 1,441 12.4 16.3 13.4 11.8 12.5 13.3 11.7 East South Central. 1955. 1960. 1965. 1970. 1975. 1980. 1985. See footnote at end of table. U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 141 Source: http://www.doksinet Table C-5. Anglers and Hunters by Census Division: 1955 to 1985Continued (U.S population 12 years old and older Numbers in thousands) Year Population Sportsperson, fished or hunted Anglers Hunters

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent West South Central 1955. 1960. 1965. 1970. 1975. 1980. 1985. 10,250 11,837 12,724 14,624 16,628 19,136 21,184 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 2,560 3,666 3,713 4,380 5,781 5,862 6,418 25.0 31.0 29.2 30.0 34.8 30.6 30.3 2,237 3,133 3,278 4,006 5,267 5,136 5,704 21.8 26.5 25.8 27.4 31.7 26.8 26.9 1,165 1,750 1,571 1,918 2,563 2,456 2,572 11.4 14.8 12.3 13.1 15.4 12.8 12.1 Mountain 1955. 1960. 1965. 1970. 1975. 1980. 1985.

4,529 5,222 5,029 5,656 7,576 9,160 10,215 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 1,369 1,646 1,565 2,044 2,570 2,903 3,128 30.2 31.5 31.1 36.1 33.9 31.7 30.6 1,112 1,372 1,261 1,769 2,252 2,500 2,765 24.6 26.3 25.1 31.3 29.7 27.3 27.1 796 1,120 988 980 1,159 1,268 1,241 17.6 21.4 19.6 17.3 15.3 13.8 12.1 Pacific 1955. 1960. 1965. 1970. 1975. 1980. 1985. 13,570 15,268 17,523 20,199 23,012 26,299 38,725 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 2,637 3,422 4,246 4,332 5,811 6,168 6,154 19.4 22.4 24.2 21.4 25.2 23.5 21.4 2,252 2,971 3,744 4,030 5,386 5,747 5,829 16.6 19.5 21.4 20.0 23.4 21.9 20.3 1,116 1,279 1,433 1,466 1,607 1,531 1,310 8.2 8.4 8.2 7.3 7.0 5.0 4.6 Note: Methodological differences described in the text make the estimates in this

table not comparable with the estimates in Tables C-2 and C-3. 142 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet Appendix D U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 143 Source: http://www.doksinet Appendix D. Sample Design and Statistical Accuracy This appendix is presented in two parts. The first part is the U.S Census Bureau Source and Accuracy Statement. This statement describes the sampling design for the 2011 Survey and highlights the steps taken to produce estimates from the completed questionnaires. The statement explains the use of standard errors and confidence intervals. It also provides comprehensive information about errors characteristic of surveys and formulas and parameters to calculate an approximate standard error or confidence interval for each number published

in this report. The second part, Tables D-1 through D-11, reports approximate standard errors and 95-percent confidence intervals for selected measures of participation and expenditures for wildlife-related recreation. Source and Accuracy Statement for the 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation SOURCE OF DATA The estimates in this report are based on data collected in the 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation (FHWAR) conducted by the Census Bureau and sponsored by the U.S Fish and Wildlife Service. The eligible universe for the FHWAR is the civilian noninstitutionalized and nonbarrack military population living in the United States. The institutionalized population, which is excluded from the population universe, is composed primarily of the population in correctional institutions and nursing homes (98 percent of the 4 million institutionalized people in Census 2010). The 2011 FHWAR was designed to provide

state-level estimates of the number of participants in recreational hunting and fishing and in wildlife watching activities (e.g, wildlife observation) Information was collected on the number of participants, where and how often they participated, the type of wildlife encountered, and the amounts of money spent on wildlife-related recreation. The FHWAR was conducted in two stages: an initial screening of households to identify likely sportspersons and wildlife-watching participants and a series of follow-up interviews of selected persons to collect detailed data about their wildlife-related recreation during 2011. SAMPLE DESIGN The 2011 FHWAR sample was selected from the Census Bureau’s master address file (MAF). The FHWAR is a multistage probability sample, with coverage in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. In the first stage of the sampling process, primary sampling units (PSUs) are selected for sample. The PSUs are defined to correspond to the Office of Management and

Budget definitions of Core Based Statistical Area definitions and to improve efficiency in field operations. The United States is divided into 2,025 PSUs. These PSUs are grouped into 824 strata. Within each stratum, a single PSU is chosen for the sample, with its probability of selection proportional to its population as of the 2000 decennial census. This PSU represents the entire stratum from which it was selected. In the case of strata consisting of only one PSU, the PSU is chosen with certainty. Within the selected PSUs, the FHWAR sample was selected from the MAF. 144 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation FHWAR Screening Sample The total screening sample in the United States consisted of 48,600 households. Interviewing for the screen was conducted during April, May, and June 2011. Due to a high noncontact rate, an additional personal visit screening interview, for a subsample of noncontact cases, occurred again in February, March, April, or

May 2012. Of all housing units in sample, about 42,800 were determined to be eligible for interview. Interviewers obtained interviews at 30,400 of these units for a national response rate of 71 percent.1 The national weighted response rate was 77 percent. The interviewers asked screening questions for all household members 6 years old and older. Noninterviews occur when the occupants are not found at home after repeated calls or are unavailable for some other reason. Data for the FHWAR sportspersons sample and wildlife-watchers sample were collected in three waves.2 The first wave started in April 2011, the second in September 2011, and the third in January 2012. In the sportspersons sample, all persons who hunted or fished in 2011 by the time of the screening interview were interviewed in the first wave. The remaining sportspersons in sample were interviewed in the second wave. The reference period was the preceding 4 months for waves 1 and 2. In wave 3, the reference period was

either 4, 8, or 12 months depending on when the sample person was first interviewed. Response rates are calculated by using APPOR’s RR2 formula. 2 The sample cases selected due to high noncontact rates were only interviewed once. They received a screener and, if they had some form of participation, a detailed questionnaire. These participants did not get three waves of interviewing. The reference period for these sampled cases was between 13 and 16 months. 1 U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet Detailed Samples again in January or February 2012.4 Likely sportspersons and inactive sportspersons were also interviewed twicefirst in September or October 2011, then in January or February 2012. Persons in the nonparticipant group were not eligible for a detailed interview. About 16,400 persons were designated for interviews in the United States. The detailed sportspersons sample sizes varied by state to get reliable state-level estimates.

During each interview period, about 31 percent of the designated persons were not found at home or were unavailable for some other reason. Overall, about 11,300 detailed sportspersons interviews were completed at a response rate of 69 percent. Two independent detailed samples were chosen from the FHWAR screening sample. One consisted of sportspersons (people who hunt or fish) and the other of wildlife watchers (people who observe, photograph, or feed wildlife). A. Sportspersons The Census Bureau selected the detailed samples based on information reported during the screening phase. Based on information collected from the household respondent, every person 16 years old and older in the FHWAR screening sample was assigned to a sportspersons stratum. The criteria for the strata included time devoted to hunting or fishing in previous years, participation in hunting or fishing in 2011 by the time of the screening interview, and intentions to participate in hunting and fishing activities

during the remainder of 2011.3 The four sportspersons categories were: likely to in the remainder of 2011. 4. Infrequenta person who had not participated in 2010 or 2011, but was somewhat likely or somewhat unlikely to participate in the remainder of 2011. 5. Nonparticipanta person who had not participated in 2010 or 2011 AND was very unlikely to participate during the remainder of 2011. Persons were selected for the detailed sample based on these groupings, but persons in the nonparticipant group were not eligible for a detailed interview. A subsample of each of the other groups was selected to receive a detailed interview with the chance of selection diminishing as the likelihood of participation diminished. Wildlife-watching participants were given the detailed interview twice.5 Some received their first detailed interview at the same time as the screening interview (in April, May, or June 2011). The rest received their first detailed interview in September or October 2011. All

wildlifewatching participants received their second interview in January or February 2012. Some respondents were given the screener and detailed interview in February, March, April, or May 2012. About 13,900 persons were designated for interviews in the United States. The detailed wildlife-watching sample sizes varied by state to get reliable state-level estimates. During each interview period, about 33 percent of the designated persons were not found at home or were unavailable for some other reason. Overall, about 9,300 detailed wildlife watcher interviews were completed at a response rate of 67 percent. B. Wildlife Watchers The wildlife-watching detailed sample was also selected based on information reported during the screening phase. Based on information collected from the household respondent, every person 16 years old and older was assigned to a stratum. The criteria for the strata included time devoted to wildlifewatching activities in previous years, participation in

wildlifewatching activities in 2011 by the time of the screening interview, and intentions to participate in wildlife-watching activities during the remainder of 2011. The five wildlife-watching categories were: 1. Activea person who had already participated in hunting or fishing in 2011 at the time of the screener interview. 2. Likelya person who had not participated in 2011 at the time of the screener, but had participated in 2010 OR was likely to participate in 2011. 3. Inactivea person who had not participated in 2010 or 2011 AND was somewhat unlikely to participate in 2011. 1. Activea person who had already participated in 2011 at the time of the screening interview. 4. Nonparticipanta person who had not participated in 2010 or 2011 AND was very unlikely to participate in 2011. 2. Avida person who had not yet participated in 2011, but in 2010 had taken trips to participate in wildlife-watching activities for 21 or more days or had spent $300 or more. Due to the high

noncontact rates in wave 1, all persons in the active, likely, and inactive groups were selected with certainty. 3. Averagea person who had not yet participated in 2011, but in 2010 had taken trips to wildlife watch for less than 21 days and had spent less than $300 OR had not participated in wildlifewatching activities but was very Active sportspersons were given the detailed interview twiceat the time of the screening interview (in April, May, or June 2011) and ESTIMATION PROCEDURE Several stages of adjustments were used to derive the final 2011 FHWAR person weights. A brief description of the major components of the weights is given below. All statistics for the popuThe sample cases selected due to high noncontact rates were given the detailed wildlife-watching interview once. 5 The sample cases selected due to high noncontact rates were not assigned a sportsperson stratum. 3 The sample cases selected due to high noncontact rates were given the detailed sportsperson interview

once. 4 U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 145 Source: http://www.doksinet lation 6 to 15 years of age were derived from the screening interview. Statistics for the population 16 years old and older come from both the screening and detailed interviews. Estimates that come from the screening sample are presented in Appendix B. A. Screening Sample Every interviewed person in the screening sample received a screening weight that was the product of the following factors: 1. Base Weight The base weight is the inverse of the household’s probability of selection. 2. Household Noninterview Adjustment. The noninterview adjustment inflates the weight assigned to interviewed households to account for households eligible for interview but for which no interview was obtained. 3. First-Stage Adjustment The 824 areas designated for our samples were selected from 2,025 such areas of the United States.

Some sample areas represent only themselves and are referred to as self-representing. The remaining areas represent other areas similar in selected characteristics and are thus designated non-selfrepresenting. The first-stage factor reduces the component of variation arising from sampling the non-self-representing areas. 4. Second-Stage Adjustment This adjustment brings the estimates of the total population into agreement with census-based estimates of the civilian noninstitutionalized and nonbarrack military populations for each state. B. Sportspersons Sample Every interviewed person in the sportspersons detailed sample received a weight that was the product of the following factors: 1. Screening Weight This is the person’s final weight from the screening sample. selected for the detailed sample for whom no interview was obtained. A person was considered a noninterview if he or she was not interviewed in the third wave of interviewing. 2. Sportspersons Stratum Adjustment This

factor inflates the weights of persons selected for the detailed sample to account for the subsampling done within each sportsperson stratum. 3. Sportspersons Noninterview Adjustment. This factor adjusts the weights of the interviewed sportspersons to account for sportspersons selected for the detailed sample for whom no interview was obtained. A person was considered a noninterview if he or she was not interviewed in the third wave of interviewing. 4. Sportspersons Ratio Adjustment Factor. This is a ratio adjustment of the detailed sample to the screening sample within the sportspersons sampling strata. This adjustment brings the population estimates of persons aged 16 years old and older from the detailed sample into agreement with the same estimates from the screening sample, which was a much larger sample. C. Wildlife-Watchers Sample Every interviewed person in the wildlife-watchers detailed sample received a weight that was the product of the following factors: 1. Screening Weight

This is the person’s final weight from the screening sample. 2. Wildlife-Watchers Stratum Adjustment. This factor inflates the weights of persons selected for the detailed sample to account for the subsampling done within each wildlife watcher stratum. 3. Wildlife-Watchers Noninterview Adjustment. This factor adjusts the weights of the interviewed wildlife-watching participants to account for wildlife watchers 146 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 4. Wildlife-Watchers Ratio Adjustment Factor This is a ratio adjustment of the detailed sample to the screening sample within the wildlife-watchers sampling strata. This adjustment brings the population estimates of persons aged 16 years old and older from the detailed sample into agreement with the same estimates from the screening sample, which was a much larger sample. ACCURACY OF THE ESTIMATES A sample survey estimate has two types of error: sampling and nonsampling. The accuracy of an

estimate depends on both types of error. The nature of the sampling error is known given the survey design; the full extent of the nonsampling error is unknown. NONSAMPLING ERROR For a given estimator, the difference between the estimate that would result if the sample were to include the entire population and the true population value being estimated is known as nonsampling error. There are several sources of nonsampling error that may occur during the development or execution of the survey. It can occur because of circumstances created by the interviewer, the respondent, the survey instrument, or the way the data are collected and processed. For example, errors could occur because: • The interviewer records the wrong answer, the respondent provides incorrect information, the respondent estimates the requested information, or an unclear survey question is misunderstood by the respondent (measurement error). • Some individuals who should have been included in the survey frame

were missed (coverage error). U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet • Responses are not collected from all those in the sample or the respondent is unwilling to provide information (nonresponse error). • Values are estimated imprecisely for missing data (imputation error). • Forms may be lost; data may be incorrectly keyed, coded, or recoded, etc. (processing error) The Census Bureau employs quality control procedures throughout the production process, including the overall design of surveys, the wording of questions, and the review of the work of interviewers and coders to minimize these errors. Two types of nonsampling error that can be examined to a limited extent are nonresponse and undercoverage. Nonresponse. The effect of nonresponse cannot be measured directly, but one indication of its potential effect is the nonresponse rate. For the FHWAR screener interview in the United States, the household-level nonresponse rate was

29 percent. The person-level nonresponse rate for the detailed sportsperson interview in the United States was an additional 31 percent and for the wildlife watchers it was 33 percent. Since the screener nonresponse rate is a household-level rate and the detailed interview nonresponse rate is a person-level rate, we cannot combine these rates to derive an overall nonresponse rate. Since it is unlikely the nonresponding households to the FHWAR have the same number of persons as the households successfully interviewed, combining these rates would result in an overestimate of the “true” person-level overall nonresponse rate for the detailed interviews. Coverage. Overall screener undercoverage is estimated to be about 13 percent. Ratio estimation to independent population controls, as described previously, partially corrects for the bias due to survey undercoverage. However, biases exist in the estimates to the extent that missed persons in missed households or missed persons in

interviewed households have different characteristics from those of interviewed persons in the same age group. Comparability of Data. Data obtained from the 2011 FHWAR and other sources are not entirely comparable. This results from differences in interviewer training and experience and in differing survey processes. This is an example of nonsampling variability not reflected in the standard errors. Therefore, caution should be used when comparing results from different sources. (See Appendix C) A Nonsampling Error Warning. Since the full extent of the nonsampling error is unknown, one should be particularly careful when interpreting results based on small differences between estimates. The Census Bureau recommends that data users incorporate information about nonsampling errors into their analyses, as nonsampling error could impact the conclusions drawn from the results. Caution should also be used when interpreting results based on a relatively small number of cases. Summary

measures (such as medians and percentage distributions) probably do not reveal useful information when computed on a subpopulation smaller than 90,000 for screener data, 100,000 for the detailed sportsperson data, and 235,000 for the wildlife-watchers data. SAMPLING ERROR Since the FHWAR estimates come from a sample, they may differ from figures from an enumeration of the entire population using the same questionnaires, instructions, and enumerators. For a given estimator, the difference between an estimate based on a sample and the estimate that would result if the sample were to include the entire population is known as sampling error. Standard errors, as calculated by methods described in “Standard Errors and Their Use,” are primarily measures of the magnitude of sampling error. However, they may include some nonsampling error. Standard Errors and Their Use. The sample estimate and its standard error enable one to construct a confidence interval. A confidence interval is a

range that has a known probability of including the average result of all possible samples. For example, if all possible samples were surveyed under essentially the same general conditions and using the same sample design, and if an estimate and its standard error were calculated from each sample, then approximately 95 percent of the intervals from 1.96 standard errors below U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau the estimate to 1.96 standard errors above the estimate would include the average result of all possible samples. A particular confidence interval may or may not contain the average estimate derived from all possible samples. However, one can say with specified confidence that the interval includes the average estimate calculated from all possible samples. Standard errors may also be used to perform hypothesis testing, a procedure for distinguishing between population parameters using sample estimates. The most common type of hypothesis is that the population

parameters are different. An example would be comparing the proportion of anglers to the proportion of hunters. Tests may be performed at various levels of significance. A significance level is the probability of concluding that the characteristics are different when, in fact, they are the same. For example, to conclude that two characteristics are different at the 0.05 level of significance, the absolute value of the estimated difference between characteristics must be greater than or equal to 1.96 times the standard error of the difference. This report uses 95-percent confidence intervals and 0.05 level of significance to determine statistical validity. Consult standard statistical textbooks for alternative criteria. Estimating Standard Errors. The Census Bureau uses replication methods to estimate the standard errors of FHWAR estimates. These methods primarily measure the magnitude of sampling error. However, they do measure some effects of nonsampling error as well. They do not

measure systematic biases in the data associated with nonsampling error. Bias is the average over all possible samples of the differences between the sample estimates and the true value. Generalized Variance Parameters. While it is possible to compute and present an estimate of the standard error based on the survey data for each estimate in a report, there are a number of reasons why this is not done. A presentation of the individual standard errors would be of limited use, since one could not possibly predict all of the combinations of results that may be of interest to data users. Additionally, data users have access to FHWAR microdata files, and it is impossible to 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 147 Source: http://www.doksinet compute in advance the standard error for every estimate one might obtain from those data sets. Moreover, variance estimates are based on sample data and have variances of their own. Therefore, some methods

of stabilizing these estimates of variance, for example, by generalizing or averaging over time, may be used to improve their reliability. Experience has shown that certain groups of estimates have similar relationships between their variances and expected values. Modeling or generalizing may provide more stable variance estimates by taking advantage of these similarities. The generalized variance function is a simple model that expresses the variance as a function of the expected value of the survey estimate. The parameters of the generalized variance function are estimated using direct replicate variances. These generalized variance parameters provide a relatively easy method to obtain approximate standard errors for numerous characteristics. Table D-5 provides the generalized variance parameters for FHWAR data. Methods for using the parameters to calculate standard errors of various estimates are given in the next sections. Standard Errors of Estimated Numbers. The approximate

standard error, , of an estimated number shown in this report can sx estimated number shown in this report can Standard Errors of Estimated Numbers. The approximate standard , of an sx Standard Errors of Estimated Numbers. The approximate standard(1) error, sx,error, oftoan estimated shown inofthis report be obtained using the following formulas. Formula is used calculate thenumber standard errors levels of sportspersons, be obtained using the following formulas. Formula (1)used is used to calculate the standard errors of levels of sportspersons, can be obtained using the following formulas. Formula (1) is to calculate the standard errors of levels of sportspersons, anglers, and wildlife-watchers. and wildlife-watchers. anglers,anglers, and wildlife watchers. = sx ax 2 + bx (1) (1) Here, x is the Here, size of the estimate and and b are thea parameters in parameters the tables associated with the particular characteristic. is the theaestimate and andthe b are the the tables

associated with the particular characteristic. Here, x is thex size ofsize the of estimate and a and b are parameters in the in tables associated with the particular characteristic. Formula (2) isFormula used for(2) standard errors of aggregates, trips, days, and expenditures. isfor used for standard ofi.e, aggregates, i.e, trips, days, and expenditures. Formula (2) is used standard errors errors of aggregates, i.e, trips, days, and expenditures. s= x cx y 2 ax 2 + bx + (2) (2) xsize is the again the estimate; is the the a, estimate; a,the b, andthe c are the in the tables Here, x Here, is again of the estimate; ythe is the base ofy the estimate; and b,and anda,cand in parameters the tables xHere, isthe again size ofsize the of estimate; y is the base ofbase the of estimate; b,are and c parameters are parameters in theassocitables associ-associated with the particular characteristic. ated with the particular characteristic. ated with the particular characteristic. the

Computation the Standard Error of an Estimated Number Illustration ofIllustration the Computation of the Standard Error of an Estimated Number Illustration of the of Computation of the of Standard Error of an Estimated Number 1anin this report shows thatpersons 33,916,000 persons 16 years old and older either fiorshed or hunted in the United in SupposeTable there1Table were estimated 37,397,000 age 16 years oldold andand older who either fished or hunted United in this report shows that 33,916,000 persons 16 years older either fished hunted in in thethe United States States in Using formula (1) with the parameters a = -0.000027 and b = 6,125 from table D-7, the approximate standard error of States in2006. 2011.2006 Using formula (1) with the parameters a = –0.000070 and b = 16,823 from table D-5, the approximate stanUsing formula (1) with the parameters a = -0.000027 and b = 6,125 from table D-7, the approximate standard error of the estimate number of 33,916,000 sportspersons 16

years old and older is dard error of the estimated number of 37,397,000 sportspersons age 16 years old and older is the estimate number of 33,916,000 sportspersons 16 years old and older is 2 s x− = − 0.000027 × 33,000 ,9162,000 + 6×,125 × 33,000 ,916,= 000 420,330 sx = 0.000027 × 33,916 + 6,125 33,916 420= ,330 The 95-percent confidence interval the estimate number of sportspersons 16 old years old and is older from 33,092,000 to The 95-percent confidence interval for thefor estimate number of sportspersons 16 years and older fromis33,092,000 to 34,740,000, ie., 33,916,000 ± 1.96 x 420,330. Therefore, a conclusion that the average estimate derived from all possible The 95-percent confidence interval for the estimated number of sportspersons 16 years old and older is from 35,968,000 to 34,740,000, ie., 33,916,000 ± 196 x 420,330 Therefore, a conclusion that the average estimate derived from all possible samples lies within a range computed thiswould would be correct for

roughly 95 percent of all possible samples. 38,826,000, i.e, 37,397,000 1.96 x 728,857. away conclusion that theroughly average estimate derived from allsamples. possible samples lies within a ±range computed inTherefore, thisin way be correct for 95 percent of all possible samples lies within a range computed in this way would be correct for roughly 95 percent of all possible samples. 1 shows that 12,510,000 16 old years old and engaged older engaged in 219,925,000 of participation in 2006. Table 1Table shows that 12,510,000 huntershunters 16 years and older in 219,925,000 days ofdays participation in 2006. Using Using (2) with the parameters a = -0.000235, b = -85,241, and c = 22,698 from table D-9, the approximate standard error on Supposeformula thereformula were an estimated 13,674,000 hunters age 16 years old and older who engaged in 281,884,000 days of partici(2) with the parameters a = -0.000235, b = -85,241, and c = 22,698 from table D-9, the approximate standard error on

219,925,000 estimated days on an estimated base of 12,510,000 hunters is pation in 2011. Using formula (2) with the parameters a = –0.000284, b = –127,863, and c = 46,699 from table D-5, the 219,925,000 estimated days on an estimated base of 12,510,000 hunters is approximate standard error on 281,884,000 estimated days on an estimated base of 13,674,000 hunters is 22×,698 219,000 ,9252,000 2 2 22,+698 219×,925 2 s = − 0 . 000235 × 219 , 925 , 000 − 85 , 241 × 219 , 925 , 000 = 7,000 ,592,000 x− 0.000235 × 219,925,000 − 85,241 × 219,925,000 + sx = = 7,592 12 , 510 , 000 12,510,000 The 95-percent confidence interval the estimate of 219,925,000 from 205,044,000 to 234,806,000, ie., 219,925,000 The 95-percent confidence interval on theon estimate of 219,925,000 days isdays fromis205,044,000 to 234,806,000, ie., 219,925,000 ± 1.96 x 7,592,000. Again, a conclusion that the average estimate derived from all possible samples lies within ± 1.96 x 7,592,000 Again, a

conclusion that the average estimate derived from all possible samples lies within a rangea range computed this way on would be correct roughly 95days percent of all possible samples. The 95-percent confidence interval estimate offor 281,884,000 253,295,000 to 310,473,000, i.e, computed in thisin way would bethe correct for roughly 95 percent of isallfrom possible samples. 281,884,000 ± 1.96 x 14,586,000 Again, a conclusion that the average estimate derived from all possible samples lies within Standard of Estimated Percentages. The of estimated percentage, computed using sample data for both a range Standard computed in thisErrors would be correct for roughly 95 reliability percent allanpossible samples. Errors ofway Estimated Percentages. The reliability of anofestimated percentage, computed using sample data for both numerator and denominator, depends on the size of the percentage and its base. Estimated percentages are relatively numerator and denominator, depends on the size of

the percentage and its base. Estimated percentages are relatively more more reliable than the Percentages. corresponding estimates the numerators the percentages, particularly if the data percentages 50 percent Standard Errors of Estimated The reliability of an estimated percentage, computed using sample forare both reliable than the corresponding estimates of the of numerators of the of percentages, particularly if the percentages 50are percent or more. When the numerator and the denominator of the percentage are in different categories, use the parameter numerator and denominator, depends on the size of the percentage and its base. Estimated percentages are relatively more or more. When the numerator and the denominator of the percentage are in different categories, use the parameter in the in the tables indicated the numerator. reliabletables than the corresponding estimates of the numerators of the percentages, particularly if the percentages are 50 percent indicated by theby

numerator. or more. When the numerator and the denominator of the percentage are in different categories, use the parameter in the be obtained the formula The standard tables indicated byapproximate the numerator. cansx,p, becan obtained by useby of use the of formula The approximate standard error, serror, x,p, ,p ,p bp(−100 bp(100 p) − p) s x , p =s x , p = x x (3) (3) Here, x is the total number of sportspersons, hunters, etc., which is the base of the percentage; p is the percentage (0 ≤ p ≤ Here, x is the total numberHunting, of sportspersons, hunters, etc., which is the baseU.S of Fish the percentage; p is the percentage (0 ≤ p ≤ 148 2011 National Wildlife-Associated Recreation Service Census Bureau 100);Survey and bofisFishing, the parameterand in the tables associated with the characteristic inand theWildlife numerator ofand theU.S percentage. 100); and b is the parameter in the tables associated with the characteristic in the numerator of the percentage.

Illustration the Computation the Standard of an Estimated Percentage Illustration of the of Computation of the of Standard ErrorError of an Estimated Percentage or more. When the numerator and the denominator of the percentage are in different categories, use the parameter in the Source: http://www.doksinet tables indicated by the numerator can beby obtained by formula use of the formula The approximate standard error, The approximate standard error, sx,p, can be sobtained use of the x,p, (3) Here, x is the total of sportspersons, hunters, which of the percentage; p is the percentage Here, x is the total number of number sportspersons, hunters, etc., whichetc., is the base is ofthe thebase percentage; p is the percentage ; and b is (0 ≤ p ≤ 100); b is theassociated parameterwith in the associated the characteristic in the numerator of the percentage. the parameter in and the tables thetables characteristic in with the numerator of the percentage. Illustration of the

Computation of the Standard Error of an Estimated Illustration of the Computation of the Standard Error of an Estimated PercentagePercentage Table 1 shows that of the 12,510,000 hunters percent hunted migratory birds. From table D-7, Suppose there were an estimated 13,674,000 hunters age1616years yearsold oldand andolder, older18.3 of whom 18.9 percent hunted migratory appropriate parameter bisparameter 5,756. Using formula (3), the approximate standard errorstandard on the estimate birds. Fromthe table D-5, the bappropriate is 15,798. Using formula (3), the approximate error on of the18.3 esti-percent is mate of 18.9 percent is 5,756 × 18.3 × (100 − 183) s = = 0.83 x , p 150 2006 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, U.S Fish & Wildlife Service (,510 × 18.and 5,756 3 × Wildlife-Associated 100 18.3−) 183)Recreation (100 .3 ×,−000 s x , p =s = 5,756 ×1218 = 0.83= 083 Consequently, the 95-percent confidence interval estimate percentage of migratory bird hunters 16 years

old and older x , p for the 12 ,510 12,000 ,estimate 510,000percentage of migratory bird hunters 16 years old and older Consequently, the 95-percent confi dence interval for the is from 16.3 percent to 21.5 percent, i.e, 18.9 ± 1.96 x 1.33 is from 16.7 to 19.9 ie. 183for ± 1.96 x 0.83 percentage of migratory bird hunters 16 years old and older Consequently, the percent 95-percent confipercent, dence interval the estimate Consequently, the 95-percent confidence interval for the estimate percentage of migratory bird hunters 16 years old and older is from 16.7ofpercent to 19.9 The percent, ie. 183 ± 1.96 x difference 0.83 Standard Error a Difference. standard error of the between two sample estimates is approximately equal to is from 16.7 percent to 19.9 percent, ie. 183 ± 1.96ofxthe 0.83 Standard Error of a Difference. The standard error difference between two sample estimates is approximately equal to Standard Error of a Difference. The standard error of the difference between

two sample estimates is approximately equal to Standard Error of a Difference. The standard error of the difference between two sample estimates is approximately (4) equal to s= s 2 + s 22 (4) x − y s=x +estimates s y The estimates (4) where and standard are the standard of the estimates xsyxand y. can be numbers, percentages, xx− and y sx the sy where sx and sy are errors of errors the estimates y. The can be numbers, percentages, ratios, etc.ratios, This etc. This will represent the actual standard error quite accurately for the difference between estimates of the same characteristic and are thestandard standarderror errors of the estimates anddifference y. The estimates can be numbers, ratios, etc. This in two willwhere represent thesyactual quite accurately forxthe between estimates of numbers, the percentages, same characteristic in two sx where and sy or arefor thethe standard errors of the separate estimates x and y. The estimates can be percentages, ratios, etc.

This different areas, difference between and uncorrelated characteristics in the same area. However, there is sx will represent actual standardbetween error quite accurately for the difference between in estimates ofarea. the same characteristic different areas, or the for the difference separate and uncorrelated characteristics the same However, ifcharacteristic there isiniftwo will represent the actual standard error quite accurately for the difference between estimates of the same in two a high positive (negative) correlation between the two characteristics, the formula will overestimate (underestimate) the true different areas, or for the difference between separate and uncorrelated characteristics in the same area. However, if there is a high positive (negative) correlation between the two characteristics, the formulacharacteristics will overestimate (underestimate) the true if there is different areas, or for the difference between separate and uncorrelated in the same area.

However, standard error. a higherror. positive (negative) correlation between the two characteristics, the formula will overestimate (underestimate) the true standard a high positive (negative) correlation between the two characteristics, the formula will overestimate (underestimate) the true standard error. standard error. Illustration of the Computation of the Standard of a Difference Illustration of the Computation of the Standard Error of Error a Difference Illustration of the Computation of the Standard Error of a Difference Computation of the Standard Error of a Difference InIllustration Table 8, an of of thethe 11,655,000 females in the age range 18-24, 726,000 or 6.2 percent sportspersons. Suppose there were estimated 13,608,000 females in the age of range of 18-24 of whom 726,000are or 5.3 percent wereSimilarly, of the 11,638,000 males in the same age range, 1,929,000 or 16.6 percent are sportspersons. The apparent difference In Table 8, of the 11,655,000 females in the age

range of 18-24, 726,000 or 6.2 percent are sportspersons. Similarly,orbetween of the sportspersons. Similarly, suppose there were an estimated 12,909,000 males in the same age rangeare of sportspersons. whom 2,160,000 In percent Table 8,of offemale the 11,655,000 females in theisage range of 18-24, 726,000 or(3) 6.2and percent Similarly, of the the and male participants 10.4 percent. Using formula theapparent appropriate b parameter from table males in the same age range, 1,929,000 orbetween 16.6 percent are sportspersons. The difference between 16.711,638,000 percent were sportspersons. The apparent difference the percentage of female and male sportspersons is 11.4 11,638,000 males in standard the same errors age range, 1,929,000 or 16.6 percent are sportspersons. The apparent Using difference between D-7, the approximate of 6.2 percent and 16.6 percent are 0.55 and 0.85, respectively. formula (4), the the percent of female and participants bisparameter 10.4 percent Using formula (3)

and the appropriate b parameter from table percent. Using formula (3) andmale the table D-5, the approximate errors ofb 5.3 percent the percent of female andappropriate male participants is 10.4from percent. Using formula (3) andstandard the appropriate parameter from table approximate standard error of the estimated difference of 10.4 percent is approximate errors of 6.2 percent and 16.6(4), percent are 0.55 andstandard 0.85, respectively formula (4), the and D-7, 16.7 the percent areapproximate 0.79 standard and 1.35, respectively. formula the percent approximate errorrespectively. of theUsing estimated differD-7, the standard errors ofUsing 6.2 percent and 16.6 are 0.55 and 085, Using formula (4), the standard error of the estimated difference of 10.4 enceapproximate of 11.4 percent is 2 percent 2 is approximate standard error of the estimated difference of 10.4 percent is 2 sx − y = 0.55 + 085 = 102 . 2 2 2 sx − y = s 0.=55 0+55 0.85 102 .2 = 102 + 0= .85 . y The 95-percent

confidence interval on thex −difference between 18-24 year old female and male sportspersons is from 8.4 to 15.8 to 176, ie, 167 ± 196 x 045 12.4, i.e, 10.4 ± 1.96 x 1.02 Since the interval does not18-24 contain zero, can conclude 95 percentis 95-percent confidence interval on difference the difference between year oldwe female and male malewith sportspersons isconfi fromdence 8.4 tothat the TheThe 95-percent confidence interval oninterval the between 18to 24-year-old female and sportspersons from The 95-percent confi dence on the difference between 18-24 year old of female and male sportspersons is8.3 from 8.4 to percentage of 18-24 year old female sportspersons is less than the percentage 18-24 year old male sportspersons. 12.4, i.e, 10.4 ± 1.96 x 1.02 Since the interval does not contain zero, we can conclude with 95 percent confi dence that to 14.5, ie, 11.4ie, ± 1.96 interval not does contain wezero, can conclude with 95 percent that thethethat the 12.4, 10.4x±156 1.96 Since

x 1.02theSince the does interval notzero, contain we can conclude with 95confidence percent confi dence percentage of 18-24 year old female female sportspersons sportspersons is is less less than than the the percentage percentage of of 1818-24 year old male sportspersons. percentage of 18to 24-year-old to 24-year-old male sportspersons. percentage of 18-24 year old Averages. female sportspersons is less thanforthe percentage ofanglers, 18-24 year maleinsportspersons. Standard Errors of Estimated Certain mean values sportspersons, etc.,old shown the report were calculated as the ratio of two numbers. For example, average days per angler is calculated as: Standard Errors of Estimated Averages. Certain mean values for sportspersons, anglers, etc., shown inreport the report were calcuStandard Errors of Estimated Averages. Certain mean values for sportspersons, anglers, etc., shown in the calcuStandard Errors of Estimated Averages. Certain mean values for sportspersons, anglers, etc.,

shown in were the report were calcuas ratio the ratio of two numbers. For example, average days per angler is calculated as: latedlated as the of two numbers. For example, average days per angler is calculated as: total days lated as the ratio of two numbers. For xexample, average days per angler is calculated as: = x yxtotal days total anglers total days = = y total anglers total anglers Standard errors for these averages may bey approximated by the use of formula (5) below. Standard errors for these averages may be approximated by use the use of formula (5) below. Standard errors for these be approximated by the of the formula below. Standard errorsaverages for thesemay averages may be approximated by use of(5)formula (5) below. 2 2 ss x  sx   s y  +   2− 2r x y (5)   yx xs  2 ys  xy s s x y (5) (5) x sx y = +  y  − 2r xy  x between y cient y In formula (5), r represents the correlation coeffi the

numerator and the denominator of the estimate. In the   15.8 to 17.6, i.e, 16.7 ± 1.96 x 0.45 above formula, use 0.7 as an estimate of r. In formula (5), r represents the correlation coefficient between the numerator and the denominator of the estimate. In the sx y = In formulaIn (5), r represents the correlation coefficientcoeffi between numerator and the denominator of the estimate. the formula (5), r represents the correlation cientthe between the numerator and the denominator of theIn estimate. In the above formula, use 0.7anasestimate an estimate of r. above formula, use 0.7 as of r. above formula, use 0.7 as an estimate of r. Illustration of the Computation of the Standard Error of an Estimated Average Illustration of the Computation of the Standard Error of an Estimated Average Illustration thethe Computation theangler Standard Error anolder Estimated Average Table 2 showsofthat average daysofper 16 years oldof and for all fi shing was 17.3 days Using formulas (1) and

U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S Census Bureau error on total 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 149 (2) above, we compute the standard days, 516,781,000, and total anglers, be 15,828,079 Table 2 shows that the average days per angler 16 years old and older for all fishing was 17.329,952,000, days. Usingtoformulas (1) andand Table 2 shows that the average days per angler 16 years old and older for all fi shing was 17.3 days. Using formulas 399,342, respectively. The approximate standard on the estimated 17.3 days isto be 15,828,079 and (1) and (2) above, we compute the standard error on total days, error 516,781,000, and totalaverage anglers,of29,952,000, (2) above, we compute the standard error on total days, 516,781,000, and total anglers, 29,952,000, to be 15,828,079 and 399,342, respectively. The approximate standard error on the estimated average of 173 days is Source: http://www.doksinet Illustration of the Computation of the

Standard Error of an Estimated Average Suppose that the estimated number of the average days per angler age 16 years old and older for all fishing was 16.7 days Using formulas (1) and (2) above, we compute the standard error on total days, 553,841,000, and total anglers, 33,112,000, to be 20,329,124 and 693,033, respectively. The approximate standard error on the estimated average of 167 days is Therefore, the 95-percent confidence interval on the estimated average of 16.7 days is from 15.8 to 176, ie, 167 ± 196 x 045 15.8 to 176, ie, 167 ± 196 x 045 150 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet Table D–1. Approximate Standard Errors and 95-Percent Confidence Intervals for Selected Fishing Estimates: 2011 Anglers, days, and expenditures Estimate Standard error Lower 95 percent Upper 95 percent 33,112 27,547 27,060 1,665 8,889 693 640 635 167 379 31,754

26,292 25,815 1,338 8,145 34,470 28,802 28,305 1,992 9,633 553,841 455,862 443,223 19,661 99,474 20,329 18,246 17,872 2,989 6,523 513,996 420,100 408,194 13,803 86,689 593,686 491,624 478,252 25,519 112,259 16.7 16.5 16.4 11.8 11.2 0.4 0.5 0.5 1.3 0.5 15.9 15.6 15.4 9.3 10.2 17.6 17.5 17.3 14.3 12.2 41,788,936 25,732,493 23,782,678 1,867,098 10,266,904 2,152,483 1,392,372 1,294,461 321,774 842,314 37,570,069 23,003,444 21,245,535 1,236,420 8,615,969 46,007,803 28,461,542 26,319,821 2,497,776 11,917,839 1,262 934 879 1,121 1,155 50 39 36 140 70 1,164 858 807 847 1,018 1,360 1,010 950 1,396 1,292 ANGLERS (thousands) Total . Freshwater . Freshwater, except Great Lakes. Great Lakes . Saltwater . DAYS OF FISHING (thousands) Total . Freshwater .

Freshwater, except Great Lakes . Great Lakes . Saltwater . Average Days Per Angler Total . Freshwater . Freshwater, except Great Lakes . Great Lakes . Saltwater . FISHING EXPENDITURES (thousands of dollars) Total . Freshwater . Freshwater, except Great Lakes . Great Lakes . Saltwater . Average Expenditure Per Angler (dollars) Total . Freshwater . Freshwater, except Great Lakes . Great

Lakes . Saltwater . U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 151 Source: http://www.doksinet Table D–2. Approximate Standard Errors and 95-Percent Confidence Intervals for Selected Hunting Estimates: 2011 Hunters, days, and expenditures Estimate Standard error Lower 95 percent Upper 95 percent 13,674 11,570 4,506 2,583 2,168 451 417 264 201 184 12,789 10,753 3,988 2,189 1,807 14,559 12,387 5,024 2,977 2,529 281,884 212,116 50,884 23,263 34,434 14,587 11,905 4,426 2,580 4,561 253,293 188,783 42,208 18,206 25,495 310,475 235,449 59,560 28,320 43,373 20.6 18.3 11.3 9.0 15.9 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 1.5 19.1 16.9 9.9 7.6 12.9 22.1 19.8 12.7 10.4 18.8 33,702,017 16,853,654 2,560,859 1,808,030 857,607 2,434,362 1,301,699 294,923 258,986 145,374 28,930,668 14,302,324 1,982,810 1,300,418 572,674 38,473,366

19,404,984 3,138,908 2,315,642 1,142,540 2,465 1,457 568 700 396 134 85 48 73 50 2,201 1,291 473 556 298 2,728 1,622 663 844 493 HUNTERS (thousands) Total . Big game . Small game . Migratory birds . Other animals . DAYS OF HUNTING (thousands) Total . Big game . Small game . Migratory birds . Other animals . Average Days Per Hunter Total . Big game . Small game . Migratory birds .

Other animals . HUNTING EXPENDITURES (thousands of dollars) Total . Big game . Small game . Migratory birds . Other animals . Average Expenditure Per Hunter (dollars) Total . Big game . Small game. Migratory birds . Other animals . 152 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet Table D–3. Approximate Standard Errors and 95-Percent Confidence Intervals for Selected Fishing

and Hunting Expenditure Estimates: 2011 (Thousands of dollars) Expenditures Estimate Standard error Lower 95 percent Upper 95 percent Total . Trip-related, total. Food and lodging . Transportation . Other trip costs . 89,761,524 32,210,653 11,592,622 11,029,451 9,588,580 4,417,179 1,611,890 600,321 567,248 507,643 81,103,853 29,051,348 10,415,993 9,917,645 8,593,600 98,419,195 35,369,958 12,769,251 12,141,257 10,583,560 Equipment, total . Fishing. Hunting . Auxiliary . Special . 43,227,403 6,179,132 8,182,297 3,736,648 25,129,326 1,973,222 346,771 580,360 266,416 2,818,767 39,359,887 5,499,462

7,044,792 3,214,473 19,604,543 47,094,919 6,858,802 9,319,802 4,258,823 30,654,109 Other, total. Magazines, books, DVDs . Membership dues and contributions . Land leasing and ownership . Licenses, stamps, tags, and permits . 13,620,867 319,781 1,122,787 10,563,362 1,614,937 653,752 26,571 107,185 1,363,654 83,880 12,339,513 267,702 912,705 7,890,601 1,450,533 14,902,221 371,860 1,332,869 13,236,123 1,779,341 Total . Trip-related, total. Food and lodging . Transportation . Other trip costs . 41,788,936 21,789,465 7,711,318 6,261,536 7,816,610 2,152,483 1,130,303 415,250 335,609 421,072 37,570,069 19,574,071 6,897,427 5,603,743 6,991,309 46,007,803 24,004,859 8,525,209

6,919,329 8,641,911 Equipment, total . Fishing . Auxiliary . Special . 15,506,433 6,141,895 1,106,865 8,257,673 811,537 346,725 115,939 1,196,090 13,915,821 5,462,314 879,625 5,913,337 17,097,045 6,821,476 1,334,105 10,602,009 Other, total. Magazines, books, DVDs . Membership dues and contributions . Land leasing and ownership . Licenses, stamps, tags, and permits . 4,493,037 108,308 321,990 3,434,097 628,642 249,307 12,923 51,720 771,086 33,876 4,004,395 82,978 220,619 1,922,768 562,245 4,981,679 133,638 423,361 4,945,426 695,039 Total . Trip-related, total . Food and lodging .

Transportation . Other trip costs . 33,702,017 10,427,189 3,881,304 4,767,915 1,771,970 2,434,362 777,308 300,335 361,834 212,437 28,930,668 8,903,666 3,292,647 4,058,720 1,355,593 38,473,366 11,950,712 4,469,961 5,477,110 2,188,347 Equipment, total . Hunting . Auxiliary . Special . 13,972,490 7,738,324 1,844,880 4,389,286 948,614 602,758 185,407 1,195,275 12,113,206 6,556,919 1,481,483 2,046,546 15,831,774 8,919,729 2,208,277 6,732,026 Other, total. Magazines, books, DVDs . Membership dues and contributions . Land leasing and ownership . Licenses, stamps, tags, and permits . 9,308,340 107,272 382,817 7,129,265 986,385 613,476

13,470 57,968 1,039,867 71,671 8,105,927 80,871 269,199 5,091,126 845,910 10,510,753 133,673 496,435 9,167,404 1,126,860 FISHING AND HUNTING EXPENDITURES Fishing Expenditures Hunting Expenditures U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 153 Source: http://www.doksinet Table D–4. Approximate Standard Errors and 95-Percent Confidence Intervals for Selected Wildlife-Watching Estimates: 2011 Participants and expenditures Estimate Standard error Lower 95 percent Upper 95 percent Total . Away from home . Observe wildlife . Photograph wildlife. Feed wildlife . 71,776 22,496 19,808 12,354 5,399 1,196 762 719 578 388 69,431 21,003 18,398 11,222 4,639 74,121 23,989 21,218 13,486 6,159 Around the

home . Observe wildlife . Photograph wildlife. Feed wildlife . Visit public parks or natural areas . Maintain plantings or natural areas . 68,598 45,046 25,370 52,817 12,311 13,399 1,180 1,020 804 1,083 577 600 66,284 43,046 23,795 50,695 11,181 12,223 70,912 47,046 26,945 54,939 13,441 14,575 335,625 268,798 110,459 59,255 28,425 24,209 13,146 9,604 279,911 221,349 84,693 40,432 391,339 316,247 136,225 78,078 14.9 13.6 8.9 11.0 0.98 0.95 0.83 1.35 13.0 11.7 7.3 8.3 16.8 15.4 10.6 13.6 Total . Trip–related, total . Food and lodging . Transportation . Other trip costs . 54,890,272

17,274,675 9,349,439 6,006,860 1,918,376 3,146,979 1,431,121 822,822 505,292 214,540 48,722,193 14,469,677 7,736,707 5,016,488 1,497,879 61,058,351 20,079,673 10,962,171 6,997,232 2,338,873 Equipment and other, total . Equipment, total . Wildlife watching equipment . Auxiliary equipment . Special equipment . 37,615,597 27,150,921 11,323,179 1,555,374 14,272,368 2,194,526 1,544,420 671,280 207,202 3,249,460 33,314,326 24,123,857 10,007,471 1,149,258 7,903,427 41,916,868 30,177,985 12,638,887 1,961,490 20,641,309 Other, total. Magazines, books, DVDs . Membership dues and contributions . Land leasing and ownership . Plantings . 10,464,677 420,395 2,163,568 5,676,794 2,203,920

739,717 43,842 227,318 1,723,393 254,626 9,014,832 334,465 1,718,024 2,298,943 1,704,853 11,914,522 506,325 2,609,112 9,054,645 2,702,987 WILDLIFE–WATCHING PARTICIPANTS (thousands) DAYS OF PARTICIPATION IN AWAY-FROM-HOME ACTIVITIES (thousands) Total . Observe wildlife . Photograph wildlife. Feed wildlife . Average Days of Participation in Away-From-Home Activities Total . Observe wildlife . Photograph wildlife. Feed wildlife . EXPENDITURES (thousands) 154 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet Table D–5. Approximate Standard Errors and

95-Percent Confidence Interval for Participants in Wildlife-Related Recreation by Participant’s State of Residence: 2011 (Numbers in thousands) Participant’s state of residence Total participants Standard error Lower 95 percent Upper 95 percent United States, total . 90,108 1,310 87,541 92,675 Alabama . Alaska . Arizona . Arkansas . California . 1,490 337 1,660 1,119 7,360 174 23 113 91 378 1,149 292 1,438 941 6,620 1,831 382 1,882 1,297 8,100 Colorado . Connecticut . Delaware . Florida . Georgia .

1,854 1,204 260 4,652 2,752 118 73 18 274 310 1,622 1,062 225 4,115 2,145 2,086 1,346 295 5,189 3,359 Hawaii . Idaho . Illinois . Indiana. Iowa. 222 638 3,493 2,131 1,097 18 68 226 204 73 188 505 3,050 1,732 954 256 771 3,936 2,530 1,240 Kansas . Kentucky . Louisiana . Maine . Maryland . 1,011 1,470 1,380 520 1,396 69 130 164 45 93 875 1,216 1,059 431 1,213 1,147 1,724 1,701 609 1,579 Massachusetts . Michigan . Minnesota .

Mississippi . Missouri . 1,779 3,709 2,107 1,017 2,105 106 245 186 101 135 1,571 3,228 1,742 819 1,841 1,987 4,190 2,472 1,215 2,369 Montana . Nebraska . Nevada . New Hampshire . New Jersey . 334 499 594 470 2,057 31 42 58 30 113 272 416 481 412 1,835 396 582 707 528 2,279 New Mexico . New York . North Carolina . North Dakota. Ohio. 592 5,143 2,717 (NA) 4,078 53 390 223 (NA) 261 487 4,378 2,280 (NA) 3,567 697 5,908 3,154 (NA) 4,589 Oklahoma .

Oregon. Pennsylvania . Rhode Island . South Carolina . 1,549 1,396 4,063 309 1,299 119 106 348 18 123 1,317 1,187 3,381 274 1,059 1,781 1,605 4,745 344 1,539 South Dakota. Tennessee . Texas . Utah . Vermont . 371 2,121 5,888 784 316 43 162 404 52 22 287 1,803 5,097 682 273 455 2,439 6,679 886 359 Virginia . Washington . West Virginia . Wisconsin . Wyoming .

2,580 2,311 868 2,499 250 161 156 95 172 18 2,265 2,005 683 2,161 215 2,895 2,617 1,053 2,837 285 (NA) Not available. U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 155 Source: http://www.doksinet Table D–6. Parameters a and b for Calculating Approximate Standard Errors of Sportspersons, Anglers, Hunters, and Wildlife-Watching Participants (These parameters are to be used only to calculate estimates of standard error s for characteristics developed from the screening sample) State 6 years old and older 6 to 15 years old only a b a b United States, total . –0.000043 12,272 –0.000387 15,783 Alabama . Alaska . Arizona . Arkansas . California . –0.001517 –0.001275 –0.000765 –0.001766

–0.000236 6,503 795 4,622 4,647 7,936 –0.009621 –0.010120 –0.003646 –0.014655 –0.002632 5,974 986 3,484 5,761 13,492 Colorado . Connecticut . Delaware . Florida . Georgia . –0.000805 –0.000429 –0.000758 –0.000354 –0.000756 3,719 1,384 614 6,040 6,717 –0.006685 –0.004817 –0.009410 –0.004700 –0.003496 4,508 2,149 1,051 10,400 4,981 Hawaii . Idaho . Illinois . Indiana. Iowa. –0.000603 –0.001708 –0.000633 –0.000849 –0.000988 694 2,389 7,425 4,951 2,714 –0.007618 –0.017208 –0.005382 –0.012557 –0.008723 1,184 3,904 9,348 10,925 3,356 Kansas . Kentucky .

Louisiana . Maine . Maryland . –0.001014 –0.001476 –0.000840 –0.001824 –0.000570 2,584 5,802 3,418 2,210 2,976 –0.009102 –0.009316 –0.014093 –0.016808 –0.008290 3,499 5,165 8,744 2,441 6,120 Massachusetts . Michigan . Minnesota . Mississippi . Missouri . –0.000394 –0.001153 –0.001905 –0.001191 –0.000858 2,406 10,458 9,166 3,137 4,672 –0.003000 –0.009872 –0.015878 –0.012208 –0.004859 2,365 12,626 10,749 5,053 3,768 Montana . Nebraska . Nevada . New Hampshire . New Jersey . –0.001690 –0.001546 –0.000431 –0.000920 –0.000359 1,418 2,519 1,029 1,125 2,868

–0.015626 –0.015670 –0.007455 –0.015100 –0.003386 1,816 3,805 2,739 2,356 3,831 New Mexico . New York . North Carolina . North Dakota. Ohio. –0.000706 –0.000416 –0.000905 (NA) –0.000807 1,294 7,444 7,706 (NA) 8,454 –0.006025 –0.005818 –0.008882 (NA) –0.006870 1,703 13,956 11,091 (NA) 10,159 Oklahoma . Oregon. Pennsylvania . Rhode Island . South Carolina . –0.001132 –0.001359 –0.000593 –0.000308 –0.000739 3,772 4,806 6,843 300 3,060 –0.008501 –0.010991 –0.005995 –0.003287 –0.005611 4,297 5,226 9,017 405 3,303 South Dakota. Tennessee . Texas . Utah .

Vermont . –0.001620 –0.000730 –0.000807 –0.001050 –0.001401 1,194 4,204 18,178 2,638 811 –0.034414 –0.003532 –0.004712 –0.008515 –0.014942 3,643 2,887 18,120 4,056 1,003 Virginia . Washington . West Virginia . Wisconsin . Wyoming . –0.000533 –0.000640 –0.001618 –0.002449 –0.002057 3,805 3,938 2,714 12,656 1,013 –0.004771 –0.006644 –0.015297 –0.016762 –0.029622 4,816 5,691 3,266 11,855 2,038 (NA) Not available. 156 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet Table D–7. Parameters a and b for Calculating Approximate Standard Errors for Levels for the Detailed Sportspersons Sample State Sportspersons and anglers 16 years old and

older Hunters 16 years old and older a b a b United States, total . –0.000070 16,823 –0.000066 15,798 Alabama . Alaska . Arizona . Arkansas . California . –0.002013 –0.003854 –0.001928 –0.006403 –0.000352 7,375 2,028 9,801 14,328 10,066 –0.001789 –0.002828 –0.001483 –0.008765 –0.000199 6,556 1,488 7,539 19,615 5,673 Colorado . Connecticut . Delaware . Florida . Georgia . –0.001432 –0.001549 –0.001485 –0.000737 –0.001334 5,651 4,309 1,038 10,943 9,948 –0.000959 –0.000814 –0.000692 –0.000364 –0.000897 3,784 2,264 484 5,407 6,692 Hawaii . Idaho .

Illinois . Indiana. Iowa. –0.001157 –0.010247 –0.001679 –0.002038 –0.002068 1,151 12,009 16,769 10,118 4,887 –0.000846 –0.004564 –0.002058 –0.002294 –0.002076 842 5,348 20,557 11,391 4,905 Kansas . Kentucky . Louisiana . Maine . Maryland . –0.002932 –0.003245 –0.003723 –0.003040 –0.001084 6,342 10,954 12,838 3,241 4,855 –0.002590 –0.002763 –0.001421 –0.003340 –0.000949 5,602 9,328 4,899 3,561 4,252 Massachusetts . Michigan . Minnesota . Mississippi . Missouri . –0.000437 –0.002590 –0.004611

–0.006731 –0.001315 2,325 20,167 19,060 14,944 6,139 –0.000367 –0.001899 –0.001598 –0.006339 –0.001437 1,950 14,792 6,606 14,075 6,706 Montana . Nebraska . Nevada . New Hampshire . New Jersey . –0.006507 –0.001667 –0.001056 –0.002879 –0.000704 5,056 2,313 2,136 3,070 4,827 –0.005775 –0.001801 –0.001108 –0.000896 –0.000287 4,488 2,498 2,241 956 1,967 New Mexico . New York . North Carolina . North Dakota. Ohio. –0.002617 –0.001079 –0.001281 (NA) –0.001605 4,059 16,730 9,305 (NA) 14,444 –0.000648 –0.000725 –0.001279 (NA) –0.001351 1,006 11,247 9,290 (NA) 12,159 Oklahoma . Oregon.

Pennsylvania . Rhode Island . South Carolina . –0.005114 –0.002276 –0.001820 –0.000764 –0.002655 14,461 6,968 18,266 649 9,438 –0.002771 –0.001995 –0.001269 –0.000291 –0.001677 7,836 6,108 12,740 247 5,961 South Dakota. Tennessee . Texas . Utah . Vermont . –0.009550 –0.002018 –0.001644 –0.001969 –0.003247 6,028 9,981 30,704 4,009 1,662 –0.011761 –0.000754 –0.001150 –0.002043 –0.003046 7,424 3,728 21,490 4,159 1,559 Virginia . Washington . West Virginia . Wisconsin . Wyoming . –0.000965 –0.001320 –0.002455 –0.002985

–0.004945 5,920 6,986 3,594 13,311 2,095 –0.001933 –0.000561 –0.001928 –0.003141 –0.005055 11,864 2,971 2,822 14,006 2,141 (NA) Not available. U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 157 Source: http://www.doksinet Table D–8. Parameters a, b, and c for Calculating Approximate Standard Errors for Expenditures for the Detailed Sportspersons Sample State Sportspersons and anglers 16 years old and older Hunters 16 years old and older a b c a b c United States, total . 0.001159 –575,615 45,670 0.001923 –978,460 44,416 Alabama . Alaska . Arizona . Arkansas . California . 0.021918 0.068721 0.072204 0.190512 0.041958 –163,227 –3,823 –64,996

–51,366 323,332 21,197 2,765 7,713 5,554 11,979 0.026237 0.086885 0.112668 0.208269 0.056429 –310,700 –80,157 32,711 3,305 1,177,647 20,618 2,587 4,512 4,958 6,717 Colorado . Connecticut . Delaware . Florida . Georgia . 0.038767 0.062963 0.138101 0.031125 0.133758 15,704 –54,211 –7,091 129,668 –35,054 8,931 6,250 1,280 13,980 10,761 0.080446 0.156423 0.206480 0.044416 0.180457 –49,174 –403,680 –291 –273,423 –30,025 5,370 4,065 823 13,786 9,196 Hawaii . Idaho . Illinois . Indiana. Iowa. 0.099271 0.197816 0.016086 0.084408 0.110741 –1,810 –5,230 –95,430 56,304 –6,756 905 3,806

23,661 7,293 5,107 0.154210 0.216778 0.059422 0.113115 0.110417 –1,865 170,971 –369,151 42,035 –42,038 677 2,339 14,496 5,378 6,849 Kansas . Kentucky . Louisiana . Maine . Maryland . 0.119262 0.032291 0.125543 0.073133 0.069557 –8,287 –262,907 72,794 –64,912 –8,036 3,770 19,693 4,657 4,685 7,163 0.130458 0.050336 0.123353 0.133009 0.119862 –38,144 –549,944 –129,712 –24,957 –92,688 4,212 21,014 6,086 2,602 6,155 Massachusetts . Michigan . Minnesota . Mississippi . Missouri . 0.041124 0.071988 0.056048 0.143495 0.027623 13,503 –130,103 –43,079 –50,131 –7,268 3,733 28,404 17,112 8,984 10,503

0.092555 0.026267 0.064508 0.146486 0.066759 –231 –153,883 –189,054 14,053 –24,068 2,727 33,794 15,975 8,097 8,944 Montana . Nebraska . Nevada . New Hampshire . New Jersey . 0.178611 0.100459 0.040428 0.127497 0.027546 –16,817 –1,618 –34,230 6,106 11,544 2,622 2,551 2,962 2,383 6,195 0.105263 0.119872 0.141457 0.176749 0.036515 –209,610 –19,296 –114,260 14,447 –45,032 3,801 2,785 1,968 1,443 6,045 New Mexico . New York . North Carolina . North Dakota. Ohio. 0.036052 0.152342 0.029116 (NA) 0.128010 –17,835 –343,859 –209,241 (NA) –37,131 4,123 17,854 18,945 (NA) 20,232 0.147509 0.209665 0.064157 (NA)

0.216544 –35,750 –176,671 –163,564 (NA) –1,019,186 2,313 10,911 13,190 (NA) 18,675 Oklahoma . Oregon. Pennsylvania . Rhode Island . South Carolina . 0.098427 0.010568 0.039841 0.077596 0.180012 –170,608 7,416 –43,889 –203.9579 –120,717 14,307 9,002 24,057 657 6,857 0.276027 0.011236 0.037830 0.110230 0.181351 126,332 96,792 –316,859 –39,344 –87,421 2,101 7,900 27,692 696 5,445 South Dakota . Tennessee . Texas . Utah . Vermont . 0.114248 0.051884 0.049244 0.063366 0.271264 –43,160 –61,213 –64,415 –20,537 –10,725 4,683 15,306 42,177 4,266 1,629 0.102506 0.073335 0.077228 0.066238 0.339375

–203,831 –522,076 –819,919 –2,994 –128,675 6,355 17,760 50,873 4,293 1,810 Virginia . Washington . West Virginia . Wisconsin . Wyoming . 0.034590 0.067952 0.173583 0.045614 0.037366 –93,405 22,119 –44,746 –215,022 –31,308 11,648 7,169 4,014 29,192 2,986 0.037134 0.080042 0.117366 0.057107 0.032006 –222,277 –119,224 –52,107 164,685 –10,196 13,083 6,687 4,868 22,483 3,038 (NA) Not available. 158 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet Table D–9. Parameters a, b, and c for Calculating Approximate Standard Errors for Days or Trips for the Detailed Sportspersons Sample State Sportspersons and anglers 16 years old and older Hunters 16 years old and older a b c

a b c United States, total . 0.000068 –160,414 51,951 –0.000284 –127,863 46,699 Alabama . Alaska . Arizona . Arkansas . California . –0.006409 0.040044 0.010858 0.029081 0.018455 –33,141 –1,378 –12,760 –47,335 62,656 16,434 2,306 16,639 22,178 11,126 –0.001309 0.014819 0.094988 –0.069327 0.002617 –24,163 –3,686 –10,415 –298,461 35,822 13,815 3,262 13,604 51,645 14,331 Colorado . Connecticut . Delaware . Florida . Georgia . 0.012264 0.010321 0.202009 0.030335 –0.016400 –4,831 –20,427 –718 –13,138 –22,749 7,675 7,687 940 12,228 29,830 0.057492 0.178663 0.322859 0.050279 0.034924 –4,094 1,319 –120

–17,145 –19,534 6,123 1,609 316 11,045 26,050 Hawaii . Idaho . Illinois . Indiana. Iowa . 0.011790 0.044270 –0.005565 0.079426 0.012302 –1,565 113 –7,990 –2,044 –22,937 1,950 10,482 21,553 8,077 13,314 0.134936 0.221214 –0.015684 0.088709 0.074986 –560 –2,323 –60,913 7,770 –46,595 912 5,468 34,960 5,819 14,146 Kansas . Kentucky . Louisiana . Maine . Maryland . 0.061820 0.023655 0.105459 0.026901 0.023534 –2,259 –6,641 53,216 –3,659 –8,872 4,674 17,832 2,251 4,612 6,975 0.158439 0.015712 0.124945 –0.011197 0.039987 10,639 –15,751 55,464 –41,449 –4,806 277 21,050 167 8,337 5,572 Massachusetts .

Michigan . Minnesota . Mississippi . Missouri . 0.032450 0.006455 0.000310 0.001714 0.004697 –2,312 –21,327 –20,823 –39,317 –8,884 3,371 31,990 26,365 19,444 10,776 0.038816 –0.023017 0.008351 0.020445 –0.002402 –2,548 –23,908 –106,597 –27,887 9,637 3,080 33,169 30,823 17,239 8,938 Montana . Nebraska . Nevada . New Hampshire . New Jersey . 0.055324 0.037329 0.005007 0.112057 0.030384 –1,581 –2,510 –8,090 177 –392 4,356 3,593 4,055 1,530 4,901 –0.059715 0.034127 0.008052 0.259509 0.103886 –48,367 –72 600 1,299 9 13,442 2,640 2,787 402 2,432 New Mexico . New York . North Carolina . North Dakota.

Ohio . –0.011244 0.046461 0.013151 (NA) 0.008805 –8,297 –16,384 –7,442 (NA) 44,579 9,568 18,549 16,655 (NA) 17,178 0.230217 0.060195 –0.007341 (NA) –0.000533 –2,553 14,380 –5,733 (NA) –55,316 3,300 6,931 18,773 (NA) 25,603 Oklahoma . Oregon. Pennsylvania . Rhode Island . South Carolina . 0.010053 0.017087 0.050758 0.046582 0.039217 17,862 –5,837 –16,535 –1,416 –3,630 15,896 8,095 18,668 914 7,815 0.135080 0.009877 0.056836 0.102558 0.020949 27,988 –8,838 –15,548 –994 –8,305 6,568 8,179 18,131 499 10,720 South Dakota . Tennessee . Texas . Utah . Vermont . –0.000329 0.084448 0.114686 0.009602 0.042093

–9,205 –9,998 –85,855 –5,402 –2,395 11,194 12,576 44,518 7,922 2,132 0.070309 0.203468 0.128279 0.007556 0.067655 –4,221 –3,342 –71,291 –7,585 –2,349 7,158 5,689 38,430 7,951 1,435 Virginia. Washington . West Virginia . Wisconsin . Wyoming . 0.079698 0.095993 0.042905 0.014256 –0.003362 778 –3,056 –11,238 –12,514 –3,606 4,363 4,652 6,458 22,081 4,480 0.112100 0.084185 0.012519 0.021117 –0.030790 9,122 –13,640 –13,442 –19,455 –4,007 1,340 6,129 7,608 18,855 4,809 (NA) Not available. U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 159 Source: http://www.doksinet Table D–10. Parameters a and b for Calculating Approximate Standard Errors for Levels of Wildlife-Watching Participants for the Detailed

Wildlife-Watching Sample State Away–from–home participants Wildlife–watching participants1 a b a b United States, total . –0.000134 32,078 –0.000119 28,477 Alabama . Alaska . Arizona . Arkansas . California . –0.003523 –0.004221 –0.001319 –0.003939 –0.000739 12,908 2,221 6,703 8,814 21,116 –0.009869 –0.005350 –0.001925 –0.003938 –0.000937 36,163 2,815 9,787 8,814 26,764 Colorado . Connecticut . Delaware . Florida . Georgia . –0.003019 –0.002392 –0.001438 –0.001411 –0.003335 11,913 6,653 1,005 20,956

24,875 –0.003309 –0.002609 –0.002547 –0.001591 –0.007832 13,057 7,256 1,780 23,634 58,421 Hawaii . Idaho . Illinois . Indiana. Iowa. –0.002051 –0.007948 –0.001219 –0.002020 –0.003386 2,041 9,315 12,172 10,030 8,000 –0.001805 –0.008539 –0.001994 –0.006775 –0.003220 1,797 10,006 19,916 33,637 7,607 Kansas . Kentucky . Louisiana . Maine . Maryland . –0.003728 –0.002201 –0.001619 –0.003739 –0.000762 8,064 7,431 5,582 3,986 3,414 –0.003222 –0.005428 –0.009544 –0.006455 –0.001982 6,969 18,327 32,914 6,881 8,879

Massachusetts . Michigan . Minnesota . Mississippi . Missouri . –0.001036 –0.003032 –0.005468 –0.005131 –0.002842 5,512 23,610 22,603 11,393 13,264 –0.001839 –0.003331 –0.006274 –0.005454 –0.003139 9,783 25,940 25,934 12,110 14,653 Montana . Nebraska . Nevada . New Hampshire . New Jersey . –0.004110 –0.003608 –0.005369 –0.002275 –0.000795 3,194 5,004 10,865 2,425 5,449 –0.004772 –0.004078 –0.004111 –0.002428 –0.001272 3,708 5,656 8,319 2,589 8,715 New Mexico . New York . North

Carolina . North Dakota. Ohio. –0.003021 –0.002450 –0.003857 (NA) –0.001006 4,686 37,975 28,014 (NA) 9,055 –0.004748 –0.002910 –0.004098 (NA) –0.003043 7,364 45,114 29,769 (NA) 27,382 Oklahoma . Oregon. Pennsylvania . Rhode Island . South Carolina . –0.001850 –0.002304 –0.003639 –0.001580 –0.004536 5,230 7,055 36,519 1,340 16,126 –0.005081 –0.004554 –0.004874 –0.001829 –0.004877 14,367 13,942 48,914 1,552 17,337 South Dakota. Tennessee . Texas . Utah . Vermont .

–0.002833 –0.007450 –0.001436 –0.002560 –0.007044 1,788 36,840 26,817 5,211 3,605 –0.013684 –0.004097 –0.001909 –0.002329 –0.006399 8,638 20,260 35,657 4,741 3,275 Virginia . Washington . West Virginia . Wisconsin . Wyoming . –0.002247 –0.004645 –0.019113 –0.004020 –0.003576 13,787 24,585 27,981 17,926 1,515 –0.002743 –0.003371 –0.015998 –0.005124 –0.004694 16,828 17,846 23,421 22,851 1,988 (NA) Not available 1 Use these parameters for total wildlife-watching participants and around-the-home participants. 160 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau Source: http://www.doksinet Table D–11. Parameters a, b, and c for Calculating

Approximate Standard Errors for Expenditures and Days or Trips for Wildlife-Watching Sample State Expenditures Days or trips a b c a b c United States, total . 0.001308 –1,548,024 112,362 0.002307 826,023 54,100 Alabama . Alaska . Arizona . Arkansas . California . 0.292431 0.108738 0.077675 0.313406 0.048430 –9,893 –34,916 –4,716 –11,247 –43,155 10,505 4,682 7,536 9,078 28,990 –0.079778 0.016446 –0.027772 0.062790 0.006079 174,629 –58,833 286,426 –194,867 –38,139 61,748 12,421 30,687 34,370 52,624 Colorado . Connecticut . Delaware . Florida . Georgia .

0.124349 0.007486 0.061895 0.083730 0.249488 –14,729 –436,089 –18,947 104,408 –25,092 9,702 16,607 3,005 21,053 26,678 0.026976 –0.024420 –0.074027 0.007541 0.050793 183,987 125,914 13,351 –194,343 –3,332,773 10,254 23,606 10,785 57,112 479,805 Hawaii . Idaho . Illinois . Indiana. Iowa. 0.120445 0.223371 0.107605 0.193872 0.021305 –32,991 –147,314 –13,356 –322,885 94,648 1,567 10,203 18,919 13,396 4,636 0.083382 –0.062345 0.044699 –0.040883 0.079467 –9,149 –258,027 –354,008 –166,121 –75,095 3,825 89,698 68,862 69,136 20,869 Kansas . Kentucky . Louisiana . Maine . Maryland .

0.072491 0.157856 0.362140 0.094142 0.095353 6,025 –96,510 107,638 –35,394 39,360 5,519 5,459 6,464 5,069 3,760 –0.013518 0.029898 0.246426 0.150679 –0.020442 –72,502 –95,012 368,942 –50,401 –46,263 27,154 43,749 –24,469 9,088 37,328 Massachusetts . Michigan . Minnesota . Mississippi . Missouri . 0.014009 0.072396 0.096860 0.040018 0.077023 –163,624 489 –27,052 23,616 –29,229 14,762 41,625 22,699 8,811 11,649 –0.020104 0.046186 0.018847 –0.060202 0.021741 –59,530 1,002,661 –405,415 –43,904 –290,522 32,483 –40,953 80,062 39,904 62,546 Montana . Nebraska . Nevada . New Hampshire . New Jersey .

0.102248 0.250670 0.100312 0.024368 0.089631 27,322 –146,886 –90,487 –13,607 –120,587 3,406 4,935 4,723 3,264 9,071 –0.004215 0.027770 –0.038534 0.043269 –0.020528 –16,717 347,687 –44,832 9,164 –231,435 12,349 3,046 21,999 578 57,548 New Mexico . New York . North Carolina . North Dakota. Ohio. 0.110251 0.122911 0.017031 (NA) 0.080684 1,905 –1,425,885 –326,265 (NA) –39,489 3,130 68,948 56,212 (NA) 26,461 0.021449 0.006340 –0.058093 (NA) 0.001012 197,267 –44,103 –593,772 (NA) –1,543 5,813 93,311 133,445 (NA) 45,574 Oklahoma . Oregon. Pennsylvania . Rhode Island . South Carolina . 0.235454 0.099298

0.084612 0.097369 0.063035 57,625 –158,238 –12,972 –15,709 –24,816 3,593 13,407 30,509 1,525 15,855 0.014729 0.010117 –0.007189 –0.006225 0.022948 –152,377 –157,164 –465,695 65,378 –180,925 38,659 46,869 137,527 2,641 43,937 South Dakota. Tennessee . Texas . Utah . Vermont . 0.071413 0.031635 0.072728 0.085970 0.038545 123,949 –32,698 –140,319 –75,950 –10,496 5,679 21,276 44,225 8,631 2,590 0.089793 0.086824 0.058100 –0.041299 –0.014657 –8,087 –18,925 –1,079,923 –141,530 6,845 10,884 12,703 206,159 33,231 6,875 Virginia . Washington . West Virginia . Wisconsin . Wyoming . 0.077984

0.046435 0.369202 0.256246 0.098137 46,506 –44,547 18,732 –223,513 502 9,684 25,839 2,180 26,643 2,339 –0.013749 –0.074088 0.243904 –0.019357 0.039285 –12,650 –88,929 –8,874 –228,892 –9,043 34,877 109,017 7,939 138,515 7,534 (NA) Not available. U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and US Census Bureau 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 161 Source: http://www.doksinet U.S Department of the Interior U.S Fish & Wildlife Service http://wsfrprograms.fwsgov Revised February 2014