Economic subjects | Finance » Ohio Housing Needs Assessment, Technical Supplement to the Fiscal Year, 2018 Annual Plan

Source: http://www.doksinet OHIO HOUSING FINANCE AGENCY OHIO HOUSING NEEDS ASSESSMENT Technical Supplement to the Fiscal Year 2018 Annual Plan Office of Affordable Housing Research and Strategic Planning July 1, 2017 - June 30, 2018 Source: http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs Assessment Page 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS About the Ohio Housing Finance Agency.6 About the Office of Affordable Housing Research and Strategic Planning.6 Executive Summary. 7 The People of Ohio. 14 Demographics. 15 Exhibit 1-1. Population by County15 Exhibit 1-2. Population Change by County, 2010-2016.16 Exhibit 1-3. People per Square Mile in Ohio Urban Areas. 17 Exhibit 1-4. Median Age by County18 Exhibit 1-5. Ohio Population Pyramid19 Exhibit 1-6. Families with Children as Percent of Households by County.20 Exhibit 1-7. Percent of Persons 25 Years or Older with a College Degree by School District.21 Exhibit 1-8. Performance Index Grade by School District.22 Exhibit 1-9. High School Dropouts by Grade and

School Year.23 Exhibit 1-10. Selected State Prisoner Data.23 Economics. 24 Exhibit 2-1. Ohio Civilian Labor Force Data, 2000-2016.24 Exhibit 2-2. Unemployment Rate by County, 2016 Annual Average.25 Exhibit 2-3. Employment and Wages by Occupation, May 2016.26 Exhibit 2-4. Average Weekly Earnings per Job by County of Workplace, Third Quarter 2016.27 Exhibit 2-5. Median Household Income by County of Residence.28 Exhibit 2-6a. Percent of Population in Poverty by County.29 Exhibit 2-6b. Percent of Children in Poverty by County. 30 Exhibit 2-6c. Ohio and National Poverty Rates (In Percent) by Age Range, 1995-2015.31 Exhibit 2-7. Percent of Households Participating in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program by County.32 Exhibit 2-8. Medicaid Eligibility and Enrollment. 33 Exhibit 2-9. Permitted Shale Wells by County. 34 Race and Ethnicity. 35 Exhibit 3-1a. African-American (Non-Hispanic) Share of Population by School District. 35 Exhibit 3-1b. Hispanic (Any Race) Share of Population by

School District. 36 Exhibit 3-2. Median Household Income by Race and Ethnicity of Householder.37 Exhibit 3-3. Race and Ethnicity of Householder by Tenure.37 Exhibit 3-4a. Racially/Ethnically Concentrated Areas of Poverty and OHFA Project Sites, 2000-2015, Allen County. 39 Exhibit 3-4b. Racially/Ethnically Concentrated Areas of Poverty and OHFA Project Sites, 2000-2015, Butler County. 40 Exhibit 3-4c. Racially/Ethnically Concentrated Areas of Poverty and OHFA Project Sites, 2000-2015, Clark County.41 Exhibit 3-4d. Racially/Ethnically Concentrated Areas of Poverty and OHFA Project Sites, 2000-2015, Cuyahoga County.42 Exhibit 3-4e. Racially/Ethnically Concentrated Areas of Poverty and OHFA Project Sites, 2000-2015, Franklin County. 43 Exhibit 3-4f. Racially/Ethnically Concentrated Areas of Poverty and OHFA Project Sites, 2000-2015, Hamilton County. 44 Exhibit 3-4g. Racially/Ethnically Concentrated Areas of Poverty and OHFA Project Sites, 2000-2015, Jefferson County. 45 Exhibit 3-4h.

Racially/Ethnically Concentrated Areas of Poverty and OHFA Project Sites, 2000-2015, Lorain County. 46 Exhibit 3-4i. Racially/Ethnically Concentrated Areas of Poverty and OHFA Project Sites, 2000-2015, Lucas County.47 Exhibit 3-4j. Racially/Ethnically Concentrated Areas of Poverty and OHFA Project Sites, 2000-2015, Mahoning County. 48 Exhibit 3-4k. Racially/Ethnically Concentrated Areas of Poverty and OHFA Project Sites, 2000-2015, Montgomery County. 49 Exhibit 3-4l. Racially/Ethnically Concentrated Areas of Poverty and OHFA Project Sites, 2000-2015, Stark County. 50 Exhibit 3-4m. Racially/Ethnically Concentrated Areas of Poverty and OHFA Project Sites, 2000-2015, Summit County.51 Exhibit 3-4n. Racially/Ethnically Concentrated Areas of Poverty and OHFA Project Sites, 2000-2015, Trumbull County.52 Exhibit 3-4o. Racially/Ethnically Concentrated Areas of Poverty and OHFA Project Sites, 2000-2015, Warren County. 53 The People of Ohio.54 Housing Stock and Tenure. 55 Exhibit 4-1. Ohio and

National Homeownership Rate, 2005-2016. 55 Exhibit 4-2. Housing Units by Structure Type and Tenure. 56 Exhibit 4-3a. Single Family Detached Homes as Percent of Housing Units by County.57 Exhibit 4-3b. Units in Multifamily Properties as Percent of Housing Units by County. 58 Exhibit 4-3c. Mobile Homes as Percent of Housing Units by County. 59 Exhibit 4-4. Housing Units by Year Built and Tenure. 60 Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 4 Exhibit 4-5. Prevalence of Incomplete Kitchen or Plumbing Facilities and/or Overcrowding by Income and Tenure.61 Exhibit 4-6a. Housing Vacancy Rate by County.62 Exhibit 4-6b. Housing Vacancy Rate by School District (Top 25). 63 Exhibit 4-7. Age of Householder by Tenure. 64 Exhibit 4-8. Household Size by Tenure. 64 Exhibit 4-9. Household Type by Tenure. 65 Homeownership Market. 66 Exhibit 5-1. Total Monthly Home Sales, 2000-2016. 66 Exhibit 5-2. Median Home Sale Price, 2000-2016.67 Exhibit 5-3. Median Owner-Occupied Home Value

by County. 68 Exhibit 5-4a. 90-Day Delinquency Rate, 2000-2016.69 Exhibit 5-4b. 90-Day Delinquency Rate by County, December 2016.70 Exhibit 5-5a. Foreclosure Rate, 2000-2016.71 Exhibit 5-5b. Foreclosure Rate by County, December 2016.72 Exhibit 5-6. Negative Equity Share, 2009-2016.73 Exhibit 5-7. Homebuyers Assisted by OHFA Homeownership Programs by County, 2007-2016. 74 Exhibit 5-8. Neighborhood Initiative Program Demolition Reimbursements by County.75 Housing Affordability.76 Exhibit 6-1. Monthly Gross Rent, 20062010 vs 2011-201576 Exhibit 6-2. Median Monthly Gross Rent by County.77 Exhibit 6-3. Increase in Median Monthly Gross Rent by County, 2006-2010 to 2011-2015.78 Exhibit 6-4. Median Gross Rent as Percent of Household Income by County.79 Exhibit 6-5. Gross Rent as Percent of Household Income. 80 Exhibit 6-6. Renter Housing Cost Burden by Age of Householder.81 Exhibit 6-7. Renter Housing Cost Burden by Income.81 Exhibit 6-8a. Severe Rent Burden by County.82 Exhibit 6-8b. Severe

Rent Burden by Urban Area. 83 Exhibit 6-8c. Severe Rent Burden by School District. 84 Exhibit 6-8d. Severe Rent Burden by School District (Top 25). 85 Exhibit 6-9a. Number of Eviction Filings by County. 86 Exhibit 6-9b. Number of Eviction Filings per 1,000 Renter-Occupied Housing Units by County.87 Exhibit 6-10. Selected Monthly Owner Costs for Homes with a Mortgage, 2006-2010 vs. 2011-201588 Exhibit 6-11. Median Monthly Housing Costs for Mortgage Holders by County.89 Exhibit 6-12. Median Monthly Housing Costs for Mortgage Holders as Percent of Household Income by County. 90 Exhibit 6-13. Selected Monthly Owner Costs as Percent of Household Income by Mortgage Status.91 Exhibit 6-14. Homeowner Housing Cost Burden by Age of Householder.92 Exhibit 6-15. Homeowner Housing Cost Burden by Income.92 Exhibit 7-2c. Active Housing Tax CreditFunded Permanent Supportive Housing Rental Units by County.97 Exhibit 7-2d. Active Non-Housing Tax Credit OHFA-Funded Rental Units by County.97 Exhibit

7-2e. Active OHFA-Funded Rental Units by County. 98 Exhibit 7-3. Federally Subsidized and OHFA-Funded Rental Housing Units as Percent of Low-Income Renter Households. 99 Vulnerable Populations. 100 Homelessness.101 Exhibit 8-1a. Point-in-Time Count of Homeless Persons by Continuum of Care, 2007-2016.101 Exhibit 8-1b. Point-in-Time Count of Homeless Persons Table, 2007-2016.102 Exhibit 8-1c. Point-in-Time Count of Homeless Persons in Families, 2007-2016.102 Exhibit 8-1d. Point-in-Time Count of Chronically Homeless Persons, 2007-2016. 103 Exhibit 8-1e. Point-in-Time Count of Homeless Veterans, 2010-2016. 103 Exhibit 8-2a. Inventory of Year-Round Emergency Shelter, Transitional Housing and Safe Haven Beds, 2007-2016. 104 Exhibit 8-2b. Inventory of Year-Round Permanent Supportive Housing Beds, 2007-2016. 104 Subsidized Housing. 93 Exhibit 8-3a. Students Experiencing Homelessness by School District, 2015-2016 School Year (Top 30). 105 Exhibit 7-1a. Active Rental Housing Units with HUD

Project-Based Subsidy by County.93 Exhibit 8-3b. Students Experiencing Homelessness by School District, 2015-2016 School Year. 106 Exhibit 7-1b. Active USDA-Subsidized Rental Housing Units by County . 94 Physical and Mental Disabilities. 107 Exhibit 7-2a. Active Housing Tax Credit-Funded Family Rental Units by County. 95 Exhibit 9-1a. Prevalence of Disability among Ohioans.107 Exhibit 7-2b. Active Housing Tax Credit-Funded Senior Rental Units by County. 96 Exhibit 9-1b. Prevalence of Disability by County. 108 Exhibit 9-2. Supplemental Security Income Enrollment by Disability Diagnosis. 109 Source: http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs Assessment Page 5 Exhibit 9-3. Prevalence of Illicit Drug Use and Mental Health Issues in the Past Year.110 Exhibit 9-4a. Unintentional Drug Overdose Deaths per 100,000 People by Year, 2010-2015.111 Exhibit 9-4b. Unintentional Drug Overdose Deaths per 100,000 People by County, 2010-2015.112 Exhibit 9-5a. Medicaid HOME Choice Community

Transitions by County, 2008-2016.113 Exhibit 9-5b. Selected Medicaid HOME Choice Program Statistics, 2008-2016.114 Exhibit 9-6. Number of Beds at Intermediate Care Facilities for Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities by County .115 Older Adults and Veterans.126 Exhibit 11-1. Persons 65 Years or Older as Percent of Population by County.126 Exhibit 11-2. Persons 65 Years or Older Living Alone as Percent of Households Population by County.127 Exhibit 11-3a. Projected Older Adult Population, 2020-2040.128 Exhibit 11-3b. Projected Population Aged 60 or Older with Disabilities, 2020-2030.128 Exhibit 11-3c. Persons 60 Years or Older as Percent of Population by County.129 Exhibit 11-4a. Prevalence of Housing Problems for OwnerOccupied Households with an Older Adult by Income. 130 Exhibit 10-1. Infant Mortality Rate per 1,000 Live Births, 1990-2015.116 Exhibit 11-4b. Prevalence of Housing Problems for RenterOccupied Households with an Older Adult by Income. 130 Exhibit 10-2. Infant

Mortality per 1,000 Live Births by County, 2006-2015. 117 Exhibit 11-5. National Home Accessibility for Mobility-Impaired Individuals.131 Exhibit 10-3a. Infant Mortality Hotspots and OHFA Project Sites, 2000-2015, Cuyahoga County.118 Exhibit 11-6. Veteran Status by Period of Service.132 Infant Mortality.116 Exhibit 10-3b. Infant Mortality Hotspots and OHFA Project Sites, 2000-2015, Franklin County.119 Exhibit 10-3c. Infant Mortality Hotspots and OHFA Project Sites, 2000-2015, Hamilton County.120 Exhibit 10-3d. Infant Mortality Hotspots and OHFA Project Sites, 2000-2015, Lucas County.121 Exhibit 10-3e. Infant Mortality Hotspots and OHFA Project Sites, 2000-2015, Mahoning County.122 Exhibit 10-3f. Infant Mortality Hotspots and OHFA Project Sites, 2000-2015, Montgomery County.123 Exhibit 10-3g. Infant Mortality Hotspots and OHFA Project Sites, 2000-2015, Stark County.124 Exhibit 10-3h. Infant Mortality Hotspots and OHFA Project Sites, 2000-2015, Summit County.125 Exhibit 11-7.

Profiles of Veterans and Non-Veterans.132 Exhibit 11-8. Poverty and Disability among Veterans by Age. 133 Exhibit 11-9. Housing Cost Burden among Heads of Household Aged 55 or Older by Veteran Status, 2012. 133 Exhibit 11-10. Labor Market Data and Housing Affordability for Post-9/11 Veterans in Ohio’s Largest Metropolitan Statistical Areas, 2012. 134 Exhibit 11-11. National Suicide Rates per 100,000 People among Veterans and Non-Veterans. 134 Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 6 ABOUT THE OHIO HOUSING FINANCE AGENCY For more than 30 years, the Ohio Housing Finance Agency (OHFA) has served as the state’s affordable housing leader, assuring that Ohioans with low and moderate incomes have access to safe, quality and affordable housing. OHFA uses federal and state resources to fund fixed-rate mortgage loans and provide financing for the development of affordable rental housing. The Agency relies on its partnerships with the private and public sectors and

nonprofit organizations to serve homebuyers, renters and populations with special housing needs. Since 1983, OHFA has empowered more than 158,000 households throughout Ohio to achieve the dream of homeownership. As the allocating agency for the Housing Tax Credit program, OHFA has assisted in the financing of more than 141,000 affordable rental housing units since 1987. Our Mission OHFA uses federal and state resources to finance housing opportunities for low- and moderate-income Ohioans through programs that develop, preserve and sustain affordable housing throughout the state. Our mission statement, “We open the doors to an affordable place to call home,” provides focus for the daily work of the Agency. Our Vision We envision an Ohio where everyone has a safe, decent and affordable place to call home. We partner with public agencies, nonprofits, and for-profit organizations to have a positive impact on all communities. We help finance innovative and sustainable housing

solutions that provide renters and homebuyers affordable homes, while maintaining high standards of customer service, programmatic knowledge and technical expertise. Our Impact With more than three decades of service, OHFA has emerged as a respected and trusted leader in affordable housing finance and will continually lead the nation in providing access to affordable housing for low- and moderate-income households. ABOUT THE OFFICE OF AFFORDABLE HOUSING RESEARCH AND STRATEGIC PLANNING The Office of Affordable Housing Research and Strategic Planning (OAHR) was established in December 2009 to serve as a resource within OHFA to assist in the development of evidence-based affordable housing policies through research, project development and management, data analysis and stakeholder collaborations. In the years since, OAHR has established itself as a leader among its peers and a source of scholarship on a variety of topics related to affordable housing. Source: http://www.doksinet 2018

Housing Needs Assessment Page 7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY As part of OHFA’s Annual Plan, the Office of Affordable Housing Research and Strategic Planning is tasked with identifying the scale and scope of the state’s housing challenges. However, this document is more than a legal obligation; it pulls together information from a variety of sources and disciplines to build a picture of where and how Ohioans live. These data inform documents like the Qualified Allocation Plan (QAP) and other OHFA policymaking to help ensure that every Ohioan has access to safe, affordable housing. Demographics As of July 1, 2016, the U.S Census Bureau estimated Ohio to have 11,614,373 residents. For the first time in the state’s history, Franklin County had the highest population; Cuyahoga County held that distinction since the 1900 Census, while Hamilton County had done so throughout the 19th century. Much of central Ohio, as well as other suburban counties (especially Warren), have added population

faster than the state as a whole, while rural counties, particularly in Appalachia and north central Ohio, have lost substantial shares of their population in this decade alone. Overall, 64 of 88 counties have seen population decline since 2010. Ohio contains all or part of 18 federally defined urban areas, which are contiguous regions that have at least 50,000 people and a density of over 1,000 people per square mile. Columbus has the highest population density (2,802), while Lima has the lowest (1,376); the state as a whole has 283 people per square mile, a figure that drops to 107 outside of the urban areas. Overall, the median Ohioan is 39 years old. This varies dramatically across the state. With its large student population, Athens County is the youngest in the state with the typical resident being only 28, while the median resident of Noble County is 50 years old. The largest shares of the state’s population are people in their 50s, followed by teenagers and young adults aged

15 to 24. Delaware County has the highest share of households that are families with children (40 percent), followed by Holmes County; counties on or near the state’s eastern border tend to have the lowest shares. Just over one-third of Ohioans aged 25 or older holds a college degree (associate’s or higher). This share is higher in wealthier suburban communities and lower in distressed urban and rural areas. Unsurprisingly, academic performance among public school students is improved in areas with better adult educational attainment. Those left behind leave the system in large numbers; an average of over 23,000 high school students drop out of school every year. Finally, the state’s prison system holds just over 50,000 Ohioans. The average sentence is 28 months, and one percent of inmates have a sentence of death or life without parole, meaning that the vast majority of those incarcerated will re-enter the community. Nearly 24,000 Ohioans exited state prisons in 2016. Source:

http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 8 Economics Ohio’s labor force consisted of 5.7 million people in 2016, or 62.5 percent of individuals aged 16 and older – five out of eight. This figure, the labor force participation rate, went up for the first time since 2007, albeit by only a tenth of a percentage point. Though there is good reason to be worried about people dropping out of the workforce, a large share of those leaving the labor force consists of older Baby Boomers entering retirement. Ohio’s unemployment rate, the share of the labor force currently out of work and looking, was 4.9 percent in 2016, unchanged from 2015, and still the lowest since 2001. As with many things in this report, such figures vary widely across the state. Mercer County had an unemployment rate of 3.2 percent, the lowest in Ohio; nine others reported rates below four percent. On the other hand, Monroe County is experiencing severe economic distress, with an unemployment rate of 10.9

percent, higher than the statewide figure in any year since 1983. While no other county is quite as challenged, above-average unemployment is deeply concentrated in the 32 federally designated Appalachian counties. The median Ohio worker earns $17.19 per hour. By occupation, hourly wages ranged from $9 among food prep workers to $45 for those in management positions. Office and administrative workers represented 15 percent of Ohio’s workforce, or more than 800,000 people; occupation groups disproportionately located in Ohio are production and healthcare support jobs. Wages also varied geographically. Among workplaces in Hamilton County, the average job pays $1,098 per week; jobs in Hocking County pay barely half as much ($559 per week). The highest wages are generally in urban and suburban counties, while Southeast Ohio has the lowest wages. Looking at median household income, a similar trend emerges, though incomes are highest in outlying counties, reflecting wealthy workers who

live in the exurbs but work in the urban cores. Fifteen percent of Ohioans and 21 percent of Ohio children live below the federal poverty line – an income of $12,060 for a single adult and $4,180 for each additional household member. The highest rate is in Athens County (31 percent), though college students skew this figure; the lowest rate is in Delaware County (four percent). While income trends described above hold for adults, many urban counties have rates of child poverty much above the state average, particularly Lucas (29 percent). These figures are generally in line with national averages, though poverty rates for children aged 0 to 4 are notably higher, and are still above pre-recession levels despite declines in recent years. Similarly, 15 percent of Ohio households receive aid from the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), i.e, food stamps. SNAP use is more prevalent in the south central part of the state. Additionally, over 2.5 million Ohioans, 22 percent of

the state’s residents, were enrolled in Medicaid in February 2017; about a quarter of this total are “Group 8” enrollees, low-income adults without children who are eligible via Medicaid expansion. Last, nearly 2,500 shale oil and gas wells have been permitted in the state from 2010 through March 2017. Of these, 95 percent are in an eight-county region in east-central Ohio. Source: http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs Assessment Page 9 Race and Ethnicity Nearly one-fifth (19.7 percent) of Ohioans belong to a racial or ethnic minority group. For many reasons, including both de facto and de jure segregation, racial and ethnic minorities are often geographically concentrated and have substantially different housing experiences than nonHispanic whites. Many exurban and rural areas are almost exclusively white, while African-Americans overwhelmingly reside within metropolitan areas, and their urban cores. Hispanic Ohioans are also disproportionately represented in urban areas,

but also reside in substantial numbers in the northwest portion of the state, working in the agricultural sector. Overall, the median income of households headed by non-Hispanic whites ($53,074) is nearly twice that of African-Americans ($28,003); all racial and ethnic minorities, except Asians, have incomes substantially below those of the majority. Similar disparities exist with respect to rates of homeownership, as non-Hispanic white householders are roughly twice as likely as African-American householders (71.9 percent vs. 364 percent) to own their home As part of its Final Rule on Affirmatively Furthering Fair Housing (AFFH), the U.S Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) designated 156 census tracts in Ohio as Racially/Ethnically Concentrated Areas of Poverty (RCAP/ ECAP), which are areas with high minority populations and very low household incomes. About 320,000 Ohioans live in these neighborhoods. Housing Stock and Tenure Ohio’s rate of homeownership has

remained above the national average (66.4 percent vs 63.7 percent in the fourth quarter of 2016), though both have generally declined since 2005. A typical Ohio homeowner is older, more likely to be married and more likely to live in a larger household than the average Ohio renter. Ohio has 5,140,902 housing units. More than two-thirds of these units are single family detached homes; this figure ranges from 54 percent in Franklin County to 86 percent in Geauga County. About four percent are mobile homes; the rest are attached or multi-unit structures. Overall, 53 percent of all housing units statewide are single, owner-occupied, detached homes. Twenty-one percent of Ohio housing units were built over 75 years ago; only 11 percent were built since 2000. Given the realities of the 2008 housing crisis, this decline in production is unsurprising. However, aging housing stock may have implications for maintenance and rehabilitation costs Ohio property owners face. As of 2013, over 106,000

households were living in functionally substandard housing in Ohio. Their homes had incomplete kitchen and plumbing facilities and/or overcrowded conditions. These households were disproportionately low-income, though over half earned more than 50 percent of area median income (AMI). More than a tenth of housing units in Ohio are vacant. Vacancy rates range from four percent in Delaware County to 38 percent in Ottawa County, and are generally highest in east central Ohio and vacation areas with seasonal properties. Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 10 Homeownership Market Over 186,000 homes were sold in Ohio in 2016. Home price appreciation has continued, with a typical sale statewide coming in at just less than $120,000. This is an all-time high on a nominal basis, but well below 2000 levels on an inflationadjusted basis. The median home in Ohio is worth just under $130,000, though this varies widely across the state, ranging from $81,000 in Vinton

County to $256,800 in Delaware County. Statewide, 90-day mortgage delinquency hit a peak of 7.58 percent in January 2010; foreclosures peaked at 3.65 percent two years later in January 2012, even as unemployment rates and other economic indicators began to improve. Thankfully, these have declined substantially since to 3.28 percent and 109 percent, respectively; though this represents a major improvement, both figures are still above what they were before the bubble years and subsequent crash. Similarly, the share of homes that are underwater has declined from nearly 27 percent in 2013 to just over 9 percent today. Ohio is marginally worse than the national average on all three metrics. OHFA has worked to make homeownership more affordable and sustainable in Ohio by helping over 41,000 households purchase a home in the past decade and demolish nearly 5,000 homes to stabilize property values and mitigate the risk of foreclosure. Housing Affordability Median monthly gross rent (i.e,

including utilities) in Ohio is $730. The amount of money required to rent a typical apartment ranges widely by county, from $541 in Meigs to $953 in Delaware. Overall, nearly half of renter households in Ohio experience housing cost burden; the median tenant pays 29.5 percent of their income toward rent and utilities, just below the standard 30 percent threshold. This figure also varies by county, from a low of 22.6 percent in Holmes to a high of 40.6 percent in Athens Renters aged 65 and older are slightly more likely to experience housing cost burden than other age groups. Over a quarter of Ohio renters – nearly 400,000 households – are experiencing severe housing cost burden. This means a household either is paying more than half of their income in gross rent or has no income at all. Nearly three-quarters of extremely low-income renters – those earning 30 percent of AMI or less – fall within this category. The problem of severe housing cost burden is more prominent in most

Ohio urban areas, but also a number of rural communities as well. For these households, their ability to afford basic expenses such as food, healthcare, and transportation are severely compromised. This no doubt contributes to the nearly 110,000 eviction cases filed in Ohio’s municipal and county courts in 2015, or 71 for every 1,000 renteroccupied units statewide. The median Ohio household with a mortgage pays $1,246 for housing, including principal, interest, taxes, insurance, utilities and condominium or mobile home fees (if applicable). This figure ranges from $837 in Monroe County to $1,962 in Delaware County, though the share of income this represents is fairly consistent statewide; the state median is 21.2 percent Nearly a quarter of homeowners are housing cost burdened; nine percent – about 275,000 households – spend more than 50 percent of their income on housing and utilities. Source: http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs Assessment Page 11 Subsidized Housing

Statewide, 14 percent of rental units are receiving some form of project-based subsidy from the federal government. Just over 87,000 units that received OHFA funding are active, meaning that they are being monitored by the Agency’s Office of Program Compliance in accordance with federal and/or state regulations. In addition, nearly 132,000 further units received capital funds from HUD or the U.S Department of Agriculture (USDA). Every county except one (Monroe) has at least 100 assisted rental units; Cuyahoga has the most in the state, with 34,383. In considering the provision of affordable housing relative to the number of lowincome renters (i.e, those earning 80 percent of AMI or less), it becomes clear that the supply of affordable housing is often far outstripped by demand. Statewide, there are only enough federally subsidized and OHFA-funded units to serve 22 percent of low-income renters. The lowest ratio in the state is 9 percent, in Knox County, followed by Monroe and Noble

(10 percent). No county can serve even half of its lowincome renters; the highest ratios are in Jefferson (42 percent), Hocking (40 percent), and Jackson (36 percent). Homelessness On a single night in January 2016, volunteers counted 10,404 Ohioans living either in homeless shelters or on the streets, down more than a quarter from a similar count in 2012. Even sharper declines were registered in populations of interest, including a 44 percent decline in homelessness among families and a 61 percent drop in chronic homelessness. This is due in large measure to the work done by local continuums of care – eight countywide entities in the state’s urban cores and the Balance of State Continuum of Care covering the remaining 80 counties. It is worth noting, however, that due to the inherently transitory nature of those without stable housing conditions, the actual count of homeless persons is almost certainly much higher. As part of those efforts, to help stabilize the lives of those

who had previously experienced homelessness, there has been a substantial increase over the past decade in the number of permanent supportive housing (PSH) units, from fewer than 10,000 in 2008 to nearly 17,000 in 2016. OHFA has contributed to this work by helping fund 2,790 PSH units since 2010. Last, the federal McKinney-Vento Act requires school districts to determine and report how many students are in precarious housing conditions – not only homelessness as defined above, but also children without a permanent residence living with friends or extended family, i.e, “doubling up” or “couch surfing.” Ohio identified 19,450 public school students in such circumstances during the 2015-2016 school year, or about one out of 90 students statewide. This proportion is often much higher in distressed areas, both urban and rural; Hillsboro City (Highland County), Switzerland of Ohio Local (Monroe County) and Toledo City (Lucas County) all reported that over 10 percent of their

students were housing insecure. Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 12 Physical and Mental Disabilities Nearly 14 percent of Ohioans have some form of disability – more than 1.5 million people This includes individuals who have difficulty with hearing, vision, cognition, ambulation, self-care, and/or independent living. The highest rates of disability are found in south central Ohio, where several counties have more than one in five residents with one or more disabilities. Nearly a quarter million Ohioans receive Supplemental Security Income, or disability pay from the federal government; of these, 65 percent of claimants have mental disorders that prevent them from gaining or maintaining employment, as compared with 35 percent with a physical disability. One of our state’s most pressing challenges is the epidemic of opioid abuse. More than 3,000 Ohioans died of drug overdoses in 2015, or 26.3 per 100,000 people; this is an increase of more than 20

percent from 2014 figures and is nearly twice the 2010 rate. Overdose deaths have been most prevalent in recent years in the southwest part of the state. Medicaid has successfully transitioned over 9,000 individuals from institutional settings into the community through its HOME Choice program, which both improves quality of life for persons with physical or mental disabilities and older adults and reduces taxpayer expense. More than 2,000 persons cared for in Intermediate Care Facilities for Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities (ICFs/IID) are able to do so as well, but are on a waiting list for a Medicaid Waiver that would enable such a move. Infant Mortality Another dire policy challenge in this state is the issue of infant mortality. On average, in 2015, 7.2 out of every 1,000 live births did not reach their first birthday, compared with 5.9 per 1,000 nationally Ohio has the 11th highest rate of death in the country, tied with North Dakota and West Virginia. Further, there is

a severe racial disparity, with black infants dying at a rate nearly three times that of their white counterparts. Geographically, rates are highest in the southern tier of the state, as well as in Cuyahoga County, though county-level data masks the severe disparities that exist between neighborhoods. In 2014, the Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity at The Ohio State University mapped census tracts in eight urban counties that qualified as “hotspots” for infant mortality; these neighborhoods experienced rates of infant death two to three times higher than surrounding areas. These are generally deeply impoverished neighborhoods that are often largely inhabited by minority populations; indeed, there is substantial overlap between these hotspots and the RCAP/ECAP areas. Source: http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs Assessment Page 13 Older Adults and Veterans More than 15 percent of Ohioans are aged 65 or older. Among counties, Noble has the largest share of

residents over 65 (22.3 percent), followed closely by Monroe and Ottawa; Franklin has the smallest (10.6 percent). Statewide, one in nine households consist of a single adult aged 65 or older living alone. This rate is at least one in seven in Richland, Jefferson, and Mahoning Counties, while it is less than half that in Delaware County, where only 7 percent of households fall into this category. This proportion of older Ohioans is expected to continue to increase. By 2040, 24 percent of Ohio residents will be aged 65 or older. Further, a larger share of these individuals will have a physical or cognitive impairment; 10.5 percent of those aged 60 or older by 2030 will be in this group. Central and southwest Ohio will continue to have fewer older adults than the state as a whole, while most rural areas – particularly those in the eastern part of the state – will have higher than average proportions of older Ohioans. Households headed by older adults have particularly high rates of

housing problems – cost burden, overcrowding, and/or inadequate facilities. Among those who own their homes, 24 percent of those aged 62 to 74 and 26 percent of Ohioans 75 or older are experiencing one or more of these conditions, though these rates are over 80 percent among extremely low-income households (at or below 30 percent AMI). Housing problems are more than twice as common among renters, with 47 percent of those aged 62 to 74 and 56 percent of those 75 or older in these categories. Importantly, many homes occupied by older adults are not conducive to people who may experience increased mobility impairment as they age. Nationwide, nine percent of homes including a person 65 or older are livable for someone who has an ambulatory difficulty; among those who already have such challenges, the proportion is barely one in seven. Most homes that house older occupants with mobility challenges (56 percent) cannot reasonably be modified to accommodate such residents. These issues

often intersect with another population of interest: veterans. Nearly half (47 percent) of all veterans are aged 65 or older. While veterans tend to be better off economically than those who did not serve, they are almost twice as likely to have a disability (28 percent vs. 15 percent), and veterans with disabilities are more likely to be living in poverty. Nearly 95,000 Ohio households headed by a veteran aged 55 or older experienced housing cost burden in 2012, more than a fifth of such households, though this is a lower share than the nonveteran population. Younger veterans are also a population of concern, however. Also in 2012, there were over 27,000 post-9/11 veterans living in Ohio’s three largest metropolitan areas; typical incomes were insufficient to purchase a home, and in Cleveland and Columbus were insufficient to afford a onebedroom apartment at fair market rent. Veterans are also more than twice as likely to take their own life. Death rates from suicide were 35 per

100,000 people among veterans nationally and 15 per 100,000 among non-veterans. This gap has only widened in recent years; the suicide rate among male veterans is up 30 percent since 2001, while comparable figures for non-veterans are unchanged. Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 14 Part One THE PEOPLE OF OHIO Demographics Economics Race and Ethnicity Source: http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs Assessment: The People of Ohio Page 15 Chapter One DEMOGRAPHICS Exhibit 1-1.Population Population byby County Exhibit 1-1. County Statewide: 11,614,373 Williams 37,017 Defiance 38,158 Paulding 18,865 Van Wert 28,362 Mercer 40,909 Fulton 42,514 Putnam 34,056 Allen 103,742 Auglaize 45,894 Shelby 48,623 Darke 51,778 Miami 104,679 Butler 377,537 Warren 227,063 Hamilton 809,099 Sandusky 59,330 Hancock 75,872 Wyandot 22,118 Hardin 31,474 Huron 58,439 Logan 45,165 Union 55,457 Morrow 35,036 Delaware 196,463 Champaign 38,747 Madison 43,419 Greene

164,765 Clinton 41,902 Fayette 28,676 Brown 43,759 Franklin 1,264,518 Pickaway 57,565 Adams 27,907 Pike 28,160 Scioto 76,088 Trumbull 201,825 Medina Summit 177,221 540,300 Wayne 116,470 Holmes 43,936 Knox 60,814 Licking 172,198 Fairfield 152,597 Perry 35,927 Vinton 12,921 Columbiana 103,685 Tuscarawas 92,420 Harrison 15,307 Guernsey 39,063 Jefferson 66,704 Belmont 68,673 Monroe 14,210 Washington 60,610 Athens 66,186 Meigs 23,125 Jackson 32,505 Mahoning 230,008 Carroll 27,669 Noble 14,294 Morgan 14,804 Portage 161,921 Stark 373,612 Coshocton 36,602 Muskingum 86,068 Hocking 28,340 Ross 77,000 Geauga 94,060 Cuyahoga 1,249,352 Lorain 306,365 Ashland Crawford 53,652 42,083 Richland 121,107 Marion 65,096 Highland 43,029 Clermont 203,022 Erie 75,107 Seneca 55,353 Clark 134,786 Preble Montgomery 531,239 41,247 Ottawa 40,636 Wood 130,219 Henry 27,629 Ashtabula 98,231 Lake 228,614 Lucas 432,488 Less than 50,000 50,000 to 99,999 Gallia 30,015

Lawrence 60,872 100,000 to 199,999 200,000 to 499,999 500,000 or more Source: 2016 Population Estimates, U.S Census Bureau In 2016, for the first time, Franklin County was the most populated jurisdiction in Ohio, passing Cuyahoga County. Vinton County is the least populated county with fewer than 13,000 residents Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 16 Exhibit 1-2. Population County, 2010-2016 Exhibit 1-2. PopulationChange Change byby County, 2010-2016 Statewide: +0.67% -1.66% -2.25% -1.91% -2.08% +3.77% -1.99% -3.88% -2.20% -2.11% -0.12% +6.04% -3.37% +6.76% +1.70% -0.27% -2.55% -2.40% -0.36% -3.83% -1.28% -1.91% +2.87% -2.25% +2.21% Population loss -2.17% +0.01% to +099% +1.00% to +199% -2.97% -4.29% -2.95% -1.89% -2.71% -2.42% -2.45% -1.66% -3.54% -1.36% -4.31% -3.51% -0.01% +3.35% -0.33% -4.05% -0.81% +4.41% -3.85% -0.17% +8.69% +1.98% -0.53% +3.71% +3.43% -0.04% +0.84% +0.97% +12.77% -1.22% +2.56%

-2.71% -0.18% +2.12% -0.73% +2.84% +0.60% -1.51% -2.56% -2.42% +0.31% -3.69% -1.82% -1.62% -4.04% +1.66% +1.46% -2.43% -2.23% -2.56% -2.45% -1.33% +0.23% +0.72% -2.40% -2.65% -3.82% -1.28% -3.22% -0.62% -2.11% -0.43% +2.00% to +299% +3.00% to +399% -2.53% +4.00% or more Source: 2010 Decennial Census and 2016 Population Estimates, U.S Census Bureau Since the 2010 census, Ohio has added only 77,869 residents, representing an increase of less than one percent. In that time, 64 of 88 counties, those shown in white, lost residents Population growth is overwhelmingly concentrated in Central Ohio and exurban areas. Meanwhile, the largest declines are mostly in the eastern portion of the state. Source: http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs Assessment: The People of Ohio Page 17 Exhibit 1-3. People per Square Mile in Ohio Urban Areas Exhibit 1-3. People per Square Mile in Ohio Urban Areas Statewide: 283 Non-Urban Areas: 107 Toledo 2,099 Lorain 1,799

Cleveland 2,291 Akron 1,739 Lima 1,376 Mansfield 1,493 Youngstown 1,574 Canton 1,679 Weirton 1,386 Wheeling 1,688 Springfield 1,718 Middletown 1,726 Dayton 2,071 Newark 1,829 Columbus 2,802 Parkersburg 1,580 Cincinnati 2,088 Huntington 1,562 Source: 2011-2015 American Community Survey Five-Year Estimates, Tables B01001, and U.S Census Bureau TIGER Shapefiles Ohio includes all or part of 18 urban areas designated by the U.S Census Bureau These are contiguous areas with population densities of 1,000 residents per square mile or more and at least 50,000 residents overall. By rule, every metropolitan statistical area (MSA) includes at least one urban area Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 18 Exhibit 1-4. Median Age by County Statewide: 39.2 41.6 39.8 39.7 39.7 41.5 41.3 35.4 39.4 40.7 38.1 38.7 42.6 41.4 40.2 37.6 40.7 33.8 40.3 40.8 39.5 41.0 45.9 42.2 50.2 40.0 44.3 43.9 45.6 43.9 42.6 40.1 44.5 41.5 37.8 39.1 43.2

41.0 38.7 40.6 41.8 30.4 39.0 39.3 40.8 38.8 39.7 37.7 37.0 39.9 41.3 41.2 41.2 41.1 36.4 43.6 41.0 38.8 40.4 41.0 41.9 44.0 43.3 42.0 41.0 41.4 44.2 40.4 39.2 38.1 38.9 41.8 34.8 39.0 41.0 40.1 47.3 41.2 41.8 43.2 37.7 28.0 41.0 42.3 39.5 39.5 43.6 Less than 35.0 35.0 to 379 41.0 41.2 38.0 to 409 41.0 to 439 44.0 or more Source: 2011-2015 American Community Survey Five-Year Estimates, Table B01002 Overall, the median Ohioan is 39.2 years old; half are older, while half are younger At the county level, areas with large college populations (plus Holmes County, with its substantial Amish community) tend to be the youngest, while east-central Ohio and lakeshore counties with disproportionately high retiree populations are the oldest. Source: http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs Assessment: The People of Ohio Page 19 Exhibit 1-5. Ohio Population Pyramid 85 years and over 80 to 84 years 75 to 79 years 70 to 74 years 65 to 69 years 60

to 64 years 55 to 59 years 50 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 40 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 30 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 20 to 24 years 15 to 19 years 10 to 14 years 5 to 9 years Under 5 years 8% 6% 4% 0% 2% Female 2% 4% 6% 8% Male Source: 2011-2015 American Community Survey Five-Year Estimates, Table B01001 This chart shows the composition of Ohio’s residents by age and sex. The largest share of the population is Ohioans aged 50 to 54 and the youngest of the Baby Boomer generation, with the slightly older 55 to 59 age bracket, being the second largest share. Youth aged 15 to 24 also represent a substantial proportion of Ohio’s residents. Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 20 Exhibit 1-6. Families with Children as Percent of Households by County Statewide: 27.1% 27.3% 26.2% 27.4% 26.4% 28.3% 30.4% 23.4% 28.4% 31.2% 26.6% 27.0% 28.0% 35.1% 27.0% 29.8% 23.7% 27.9% 30.9% 259% 256% 23.9% 28.7% 24.5% 27.1% 25.9% 37.7% 29.9%

27.8% 27.8% 26.4% 15.6% 29.7% 27.0% 25.0% 22.9% 27.5% 23.4% 24.6% 25.6% 26.7% 27.3% 28.2% 25.2% 25.8% 40.1% 29.5% 25.8% 27.6% 27.9% 28.4% 30.5% 26.4% 39.6% 33.2% 30.1% 27.0% 29.2% 29.8% 27.1% 26.1% 28.2% 24.5% 28.6% 28.2% 28.7% 30.5% 23.0% 26.0% 26.9% 27.7% 258% 26.4% 25.9% 28.8% 24.3% 27.4% 28.8% 31.5% 27.5% 25.5% 26.5% 22.7% 23.1% 28.3% 26.1% 28.4% Less than 25.0% 25.0% to 274% 26.6% 27.5% to 299% 30.0% to 324% 24.3% 32.5% or more Source: 2011-2015 American Community Survey Five-Year Estimates, Table S1101 Statewide, just over a quarter of households in Ohio are families with children. By county, Delaware and Holmes have the highest share, while Noble, by far, has the lowest. Source: http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs Assessment: The People of Ohio Page 21 Exhibit 1-7. Percent of Persons 25 Years or Older with a College Degree by School District Statewide: 34.3% Less than 20.0% 20.0% to 299% 30.0% to 399% 40.0% to 499%

50.0% or more Source: 2011-2015 American Community Survey Five-Year Estimates, Table S1501 Barely one-third of Ohioans hold a college degree (associate’s or higher). While geographic differences are not particularly apparent at the county level, they are apparent when estimates are tabulated by school district. Highly educated workforces are almost exclusively situated in college towns and wealthy suburban areas, with much of rural Ohio possessing fewer residents with formal academic credentials. Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 22 Exhibit 1-8. Performance Index Grade by School District n/a A B C D F Source: Ohio Department of Education 2015-16 School Report Cards It is perhaps unsurprising, then, that Ohio public school children tend to perform better on standardized tests in locations where their parents and other adults are more likely to hold educational credentials. There is a very strong correlation between Ohio Department of Education

performance index letter grades and the rate of college degrees held by adults. Source: http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs Assessment: The People of Ohio Page 23 Exhibit 1-9. High School Dropouts by Grade and School Year School Year 9th 10th 11th 12th Other Total 2015-2016 3,569 2,963 5,237 6,975 172 18,916 2014-2015 4,912 4,381 5,595 8,295 233 23,416 2013-2014 5,039 3,651 5,410 7,946 240 22,286 2012-2013 5,728 3,765 5,599 7,425 250 22,767 2011-2012 6,331 4,279 5,732 7,838 369 24,549 2010-2011 6,543 3,949 4,877 7,317 1,026 23,712 2009-2010 6,973 3,866 4,727 6,857 571 22,994 2008-2009 7,244 3,963 4,983 7,946 665 24,801 2007-2008 7,941 4,629 5,515 7,590 390 26,065 2006-2007 7,997 4,584 5,232 6,976 191 24,980 Average 6,228 4,003 5,291 7,517 411 23,449 Note: Tables may not sum due to rounding. Source: Ohio Department of Education Advanced Reports Over the past decade, over 234,000 students dropped

out of Ohio high schools, creating a large pool of youth lacking basic and necessary workforce skills. Exhibit 1-10. Selected State Prisoner Data Current Prison Population 50,029 Percent Male 91.7 Percent White 52.6 Average Age 37.2 years Average Length of Stay 28 months Prisoners Released in 2016 23,845 Re-entrants Under Supervision 37,221 Source: Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction (as of March 2017) Over 50,000 Ohioans are currently in state prisons. Nearly 24,000 were released in 2016 These individuals will be at high risk of recidivism without supportive services to assist them in re-entering the community. Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 24 Chapter Two ECONOMICS Exhibit 2-1. Ohio Civilian Labor Force Data, 2000-2016 Year Working-Age Population1 Labor Force LFPR2 Employed EPR3 Unemployed Rate 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 9,139,843 9,114,535 9,087,689 9,053,063

9,022,696 8,996,155 8,970,981 8,953,903 8,929,752 8,899,484 8,859,318 8,819,792 8,784,378 8,751,391 8,709,513 8,667,199 8,623,110 5,713,088 5,691,642 5,697,697 5,715,256 5,705,591 5,771,469 5,846,886 5,906,768 5,965,166 5,990,292 5,945,482 5,890,046 5,870,479 5,872,372 5,852,985 5,816,832 5,787,343 62.5% 62.4% 62.7% 63.1% 63.2% 64.2% 65.2% 66.0% 66.8% 67.3% 67.1% 66.8% 66.8% 67.1% 67.2% 67.1% 67.1% 5,430,790 5,412,759 5,367,282 5,288,320 5,284,001 5,261,238 5,247,050 5,297,098 5,580,843 5,657,718 5,624,435 5,541,082 5,502,444 5,505,858 5,516,645 5,567,130 5,556,757 59.4% 59.4% 59.1% 58.4% 58.6% 58.5% 58.5% 59.2% 62.5% 63.6% 63.5% 62.8% 62.6% 62.9% 63.3% 64.2% 64.4% 282,298 278,883 330,415 426,936 421,590 510,231 599,836 609,670 384,323 332,574 321,047 348,964 368,035 366,514 336,340 249,702 230,586 4.9% 4.9% 5.8% 7.5% 7.4% 8.8% 10.3% 10.3% 6.4% 5.6% 5.4% 5.9% 6.3% 6.2% 5.7% 4.3% 4.0% Notes: 1. “Working-age population” means those aged 16 years or older, excluding active-duty

military personnel and those living in institutional housing (dormitories, jails, etc.) 2 LFPR = labor force participation rate 3 EPR = employment to population ratio Source: Ohio Bureau of Labor Market Information and U.S Bureau of Labor Statistics – Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS) Overall, Ohio’s unemployment rate, the percentage of workers in the labor force that are out of work, in 2016 was 4.9 percent, unchanged from 2015 This is the lowest level since 2001, indicating a relatively healthy job market. Labor force participation, the share of people aged 16 or older who either have a job or are actively seeking one, went up for the first time since 2007 to 62.5 percent The decline during and since the Great Recession is due to a combination of factors, including older Baby Boomers reaching retirement age and an increase in discouraged workers unable to find employment. Source: http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs Assessment: The People of Ohio Page 25 Exhibit

2-2. Unemployment Rate by County, 2016 Annual Average Statewide: 4.9% 4.4% 4.9% 6.4% 4.1% 5.3% 4.7% 4.0% 4.1% 5.1% 3.7% 4.3% 4.8% 6.0% 3.7% 4.2% 4.1% 3.8% 3.8% 5.0% 5.0% 4.0% 6.1% 7.6% 4.4% 7.6% 7.7% 7.3% 7.0% 8.5% 6.2% 8.2% 7.4% 10.9% 8.2% 5.3% 6.2% 6.7% 6.7% 4.7% 6.6% 5.7% 3.5% 5.5% 5.4% 3.5% 4.2% 5.8% 5.7% 3.9% 4.3% 4.3% 4.4% 5.0% 5.6% 4.5% 4.5% 4.4% 4.2% 4.9% 4.5% 5.2% 4.7% 6.6% 6.3% 4.8% 4.1% 6.7% 5.8% 3.6% 4.8% 3.2% 4.3% 5.3% 5.5% 4.8% 4.6% 3.7% 6.0% 4.7% 5.1% 4.6% 7.0% 6.8% 6.0% Less than 4.0% 8.4% 7.7% 4.0% to 49% 5.0% to 59% 6.7% 6.3% 6.0% to 69% 7.0% or more Appalachia Note: "Appalachia" denotes counties designated by the U.S Appalachian Regional Commission Source: Ohio Bureau of Labor Market Information and U.S Bureau of Labor Statistics - Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS) Unemployment varies dramatically across the state, ranging from a low of 3.2 percent in Mercer County to a

high of 10.9 percent in Monroe County Unemployment is sharply higher in the state’s 32 Appalachian counties (outlined in dark green) than in the rest of the state, with all but two above the state average. Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 26 Exhibit 2-3. Employment and Wages by Occupation, May 2016 Occupation Group Management Business and Financial Operations Computer and Mathematical Architecture and Engineering Life, Physical, and Social Science Community and Social Service Legal Education, Training, and Library Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Healthcare Support Protective Service Food Preparation and Serving Related Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance Personal Care and Service Sales and Related Office and Administrative Support Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Construction and Extraction Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Production Transportation and Material Moving All occupations

Employment Percent Location Quotient Median Wage 239,640 261,220 140,110 94,370 35,490 76,540 30,740 317,620 59,760 360,860 199,500 116,940 506,630 160,270 126,220 509,470 815,240 4,180 180,550 210,310 494,570 397,650 5,337,890 4.5 4.9 2.6 1.8 0.7 1.4 0.6 6.0 1.1 6.8 3.7 2.2 9.5 3.0 2.4 9.5 15.3 0.1 3.4 3.9 9.3 7.4 100 0.89 0.94 0.88 0.99 0.81 1.00 0.75 0.97 0.83 1.14 1.30 0.91 1.03 0.95 0.74 0.92 0.97 0.24 0.85 1.01 1.43 1.07 1.00 $44.54 $29.66 $36.40 $34.93 $28.31 $19.96 $31.82 $23.90 $18.68 $28.39 $11.85 $18.78 $9.30 $11.34 $10.34 $12.28 $15.76 $13.54 $21.89 $20.47 $16.80 $14.17 $17.19 Source: Ohio Bureau of Labor Market Information and U.S Bureau of Labor Statistics – Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) The median hourly wage in Ohio was $17.19 last year Naturally, this varied substantially by the type of job, ranging from $9 in food service to $45 in management positions. Over 15 percent of Ohioans worked in office and administrative support jobs, representing the

largest share of the state’s workforce. The location quotient, which indicates employment relative to the national average, shows that Ohio specializes most in production and healthcare support employment. Source: http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs Assessment: The People of Ohio Page 27 Exhibit 2-4. Average Weekly Earnings per Job by County of Workplace, Third Quarter 2016 Statewide: $906 $746 $819 $741 $822 $801 $754 $686 $716 $692 $767 $767 $840 $867 $1,089 $898 $774 $797 $1,098 $742 $783 $941 $818 $741 $647 $806 $747 $755 $727 $635 $617 $590 $623 $559 $610 $665 $747 $993 $758 $669 $767 $699 $685 $850 $757 $724 $779 $860 $951 $814 $977 $624 $898 $715 $685 $845 $781 $790 $786 $786 $844 $730 $702 $767 $703 $821 $954 $755 $784 $886 $708 $723 $772 $1,008 $681 $682 $636 $697 $675 $823 $864 $780 $617 $825 $622 Less than $650 $565 $665 $650 to $749 $750 to $849 $684 $625 $850 to $949 $950 or more Appalachia

Note: "Appalachia" denotes counties designated by the U.S Appalachian Regional Commission Source: Ohio Bureau of Labor Market Information and U.S Bureau of Labor Statistics - Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW) Across the state, average wages ranged from $559 per week for jobs in Hocking County to $1,098 for those in Hamilton County. Again, Ohio’s Appalachian region is a relatively weak performer when compared to the rest of the state, while the highest wages are located in Central and Southwest Ohio. Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 28 Exhibit 2-5. Median Household Income by County of Residence Statewide: $51,086 $49,031 $53,936 $60,782 $43,136 $58,782 $58,793 $56,986 $57,390 $49,994 $60,036 $41,471 $51,109 $44,101 $43,529 $58,840 $76,116 $51,042 $36,609 $41,754 $44,697 $38,400 $41,675 $37,277 $45,675 $39,969 $45,615 $47,202 $44,221 $47,714 $44,738 $43,598 $39,851 $43,306 $41,630 $58,472

$62,214 $52,166 $43,324 $61,450 $41,494 $51,070 $42,301 $41,643 $63,736 $47,055 $48,976 $47,588 $53,939 $61,250 $81,383 $53,609 $53,540 $59,119 $45,068 $58,954 $52,717 $97,679 $51,685 $46,696 $48,338 $50,914 $49,690 $47,651 $45,273 $52,312 $58,837 $51,131 $51,434 $42,443 $49,297 $59,149 $70,576 $55,265 $51,264 $56,124 $42,831 $52,779 $48,838 $48,617 $49,796 $76,315 $45,506 $48,129 $44,258 Less than $40,000 $38,479 $42,828 $40,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $59,999 $38,738 $60,000 to $69,999 $70,000 or more $39,698 Appalachia Note: "Appalachia" denotes counties designated by the U.S Appalachian Regional Commission Source: 2015 Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates (SAIPE), U.S Census Bureau With respect to household income, a similar pattern emerges, though suburban counties become the highest performers due to high-wage workers who commute into urban cores. Source: http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs Assessment: The

People of Ohio Page 29 Exhibit 2-6a. Percent of Population in Poverty by County Statewide: 14.8% 12.0% 10.2% 8.3% 19.5% 8.5% 9.7% 11.7% 9.4% 12.2% 7.2% 11.2% 9.6% 10.9% 18.2% 17.7% 7.6% 9.3% 13.6% 17.1% 21.4% 9.5% 14.9% 16.5% 21.3% 23.0% 15.5% 18.6% 15.0% 18.8% 17.8% 14.6% 18.3% 19.0% 15.7% 17.9% 13.0% 15.1% 12.4% 14.7% 13.0% 4.4% 17.8% 13.4% 10.8% 9.1% 13.6% 16.6% 11.3% 12.6% 12.7% 5.2% 14.1% 14.8% 16.3% 14.4% 15.1% 11.3% 10.8% 15.1% 12.7% 16.5% 8.8% 8.7% 10.7% 14.4% 16.8% 15.5% 8.9% 7.0% 10.6% 16.5% 7.8% 17.6% 13.5% 13.1% 13.6% 10.9% 6.7% 18.2% 12.7% 18.6% 18.9% 15.0% 31.5% Less than 10.0% 22.8% 20.4% 10.0% to 149% 15.0% to 199% 21.7% 21.0% 20.0% to 249% 25.0% or more Appalachia Note: "Appalachia" denotes counties designated by the U.S Appalachian Regional Commission Source: 2015 Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates (SAIPE), U.S Census Bureau Overall, roughly one in seven Ohio residents

lived in households earning less than the federal poverty line in 2015$11,770 for a single person and $4,160 for each additional household member. The highest poverty rates are in the south central part of the state. Athens County, at 315 percent, is highest by far, though this is due to its disproportionately large student population; Delaware County is the lowest, at 4.4 percent Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 30 Exhibit 2-6b. Percent of Children in Poverty by County Statewide: 21.2% 17.5% 16.2% 15.3% 10.9% 13.9% 18.3% 15.3% 15.2% 24.4% 11.7% 27.7% 11.5% 27.0% 8.8% 14.0% 16.1% 23.6% 29.3% 28.5% 24.3% 28.7% 21.1% 17.8% 25.9% 24.4% 29.1% 23.8% 33.3% 13.5% 20.0% 26.7% 17.6% 27.6% 22.3% 18.0% 24.5% 25.9% 20.2% 23.4% 12.4% 21.1% 23.1% 16.9% 17.4% 16.2% 6.6% 21.5% 15.7% 4.7% 26.2% 18.3% 20.1% 23.4% 19.4% 16.2% 14.0% 8.8% 19.9% 17.3% 25.1% 18.9% 20.7% 26.8% 23.4% 13.6% 26.9% 20.9% 14.6% 21.2%

10.6% 8.8% 26.2% 22.3% 19.8% 17.3% 8.7% 28.6% 12.6% 28.9% 12.4% 32.9% 21.5% 29.1% Less than 10.0% 31.3% 29.2% 15.0% to 199% 32.4% 32.1% 10.0% to 149% 20.0% to 249% 25.0% or more 30.1% Appalachia Note: "Appalachia" denotes counties designated by the U.S Appalachian Regional Commission Source: 2015 Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates (SAIPE), U.S Census Bureau Among children, the picture is more dire with more than 21 percent of those aged 17 or younger living in impoverished households. Fully one-third of Pike County children are living in such circumstances, the highest in Ohio. Here, high levels of poverty are noticeable in both urban and rural counties, particularly those in Appalachia. Source: http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs Assessment: The People of Ohio Page 31 Exhibit 2-6c. Ohio and National Poverty Rates (In Percent) by Age Range, 1995-2015 30% 24% 18% 12% 6% 0% U.S Poverty Rate (all) 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

2003 2004 2005 Ohio Poverty Rate (all) 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 30% 24% 18% 12% 6% 0% U.S Poverty Rate (0-17) 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Ohio Poverty Rate (0-17) 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 30% 24% 18% 12% 6% 0% U.S Poverty Rate (5-17) 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Ohio Poverty Rate (5-17) 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 30% 24% 18% 12% 6% 0% U.S Poverty Rate (0-4) 2003 2004 2005 Ohio Poverty Rate (0-4) 2013 2014 2015 Source: Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates (SAIPE), U.S Census Bureau Over time, poverty has generally been comparable to national averages except among children aged 0 to 4, where it has been consistently higher for over a decade. Poverty declined in all age groups in 2015 both in Ohio and

nationally, though it is still above pre-recession levels. Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 32 Exhibit 2-7. Percent of Households Participating in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program by County Statewide: 15.0% 14.4% 12.0% 9.8% 8.2% 10.3% 12.2% 12.8% 11.1% 19.6% 9.7% 9.4% 16.7% 15.8% 9.6% 13.9% 8.5% 13.4% 14.7% 12.2% 22.3% 25.0% 26.9% 19.4% 18.0% 13.7% 13.3% 18.9% 20.7% 27.5% 9.4% 16.2% 12.7% 22.5% 15.9% 16.8% 12.6% 17.9% 14.9% 20.4% 15.2% 13.3% 4.6% 21.7% 16.3% 11.8% 6.9% 14.6% 16.5% 15.3% 11.8% 13.7% 10.4% 4.9% 17.5% 13.9% 19.3% 11.9% 7.5% 13.7% 14.6% 20.3% 14.2% 16.5% 19.4% 16.1% 8.8% 14.7% 14.2% 10.4% 13.8% 8.9% 5.1% 18.5% 14.9% 15.6% 13.6% 6.3% 19.9% 9.1% 20.9% 10.0% 24.6% 15.3% 20.6% Less than 10.0% 25.4% 21.2% 10.0% to 149% 15.0% to 199% 24.1% 21.4% 20.0% to 249% 25.0% or more Appalachia Note: "Appalachia" includes counties designated by the U.S

Appalachian Regional Commission Source: 2011-2015 American Community Survey Five-Year Estimates, Table S2201 The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), known as food stamps, serves 15 percent of Ohio households. The highest participation rates are again clustered in the south central part of Ohio, though Lucas and Clark Counties also have enrollment rates above 20 percent. Source: http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs Assessment: The People of Ohio Page 33 Exhibit 2-8. Medicaid Eligibility and Enrollment Category Aged, Blind, and Disabled Covered Families and Children Group 8 Integrated Care Delivery System Total Medicaid Population Eligible Enrolled Percent 140,815 1,694,882 673,829 142,642 2,652,168 131,862 1,647,154 634,256 104,872 2,518,144 93.6 97.2 94.1 73.5 94.9 Source: Ohio Department of Medicaid (as of February 2017) Medicaid recipients fall into one of four categories based on federal law: • Aged, blind, and disabled, which includes low-income

persons 65 or older, persons who are legally blind and individuals with a federally-approved disability; • Covered families and children, which covers low-income children aged 0 to 18, pregnant women and parents; • Group 8, coverage for low-income adults aged 19 to 64, which was provided through Medicaid expansion enabled by the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and approved by the state in 2013; and the • Integrated Care Delivery System, also known as MyCare Ohio, created in 2012 to provide more efficient care for Medicare-Medicaid dual enrollees. Overall, more than 2.5 million Ohioans are enrolled in Medicaid, or 217 percent of the state’s population More than one quarter of those enrolled are members of Group 8, adults without children who became eligible through the expansion of Medicaid. Most of those served are parents and children in lowincome families Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 34 Exhibit 2-9. Permitted Shale Wells by

County Statewide: 2,477 1 1 15 15 1 30 1 1 13 145 514 3 20 2 5 382 195 3 212 100 454 339 3 22 No wells 1 to 9 10 to 19 20 to 99 100 to 299 300 or more Source: Ohio Department of Natural Resources (as of March 25, 2017) Finally, one major factor in Ohio’s economy is the emergence of shale drilling. From 2010 through March 2017, the state issued nearly 2,500 permits for horizontal wells to extract oil and natural gas. This activity is situated in the eastern part of the state, particularly the eight-county region of Belmont, Carroll, Columbiana, Guernsey, Harrison, Jefferson, Monroe, and Noble. Ninty-five percent of permitted wells statewide are in this area. PTTGC America is currently evaluating whether to build a petrochemical processing plant, colloquially known as an ethane “cracker” in Mead Township, Belmont County. A final decision on this potential investment is due by the end of 2017. Source: http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs Assessment: The

People of Ohio Page 35 Chapter Three RACE AND ETHNICITY Exhibit 3-1a. African-American (Non-Hispanic) Share of Population by School District Statewide: 12.0% Less than 2.5% 2.5% to 49% 5.0% to 99% 10.0% to 199% 20.0% or more Source: 2011-2015 American Community Survey Five-Year Estimates, Table B03002 Though African-Americans represent 12 percent of Ohio residents, the vast majority of school districts include much smaller shares of black residents, who are disproportionately concentrated in the state’s urban cores. Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 36 Exhibit 3-1b. Hispanic (Any Race) Share of Population by School District Statewide: 3.4% Less than 1.2% 1.2% to 24% 2.5% to 49% 5.0% to 99% 10.0% or more Source: 2011-2015 American Community Survey Five-Year Estimates, Table B03002 About one in 30 Ohioans is Hispanic or Latino. Proportions tend to be higher in urban areas, though less dramatically so than among African-Americans. Northwest Ohio,

however, has an above average proportion of Hispanics, owing to the substantial number of migrant agricultural workers employed in that portion of the state. Source: http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs Assessment: The People of Ohio Page 37 Exhibit 3-2. Median Household Income by Race and Ethnicity of Householder Median Household Income Race or Ethnicity White Black or African-American American Indian and Alaskan Native Asian Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Some other race Two or more races $52,809 $28,003 $32,272 $68,818 $44,201 $36,716 $35,701 Hispanic or Latino White alone, not Hispanic or Latino All households $38,361 $53,074 $51,086 Source: 2011-2015 American Community Survey Five-Year Estimates, Tables B19013A-I Exhibit 3-3. Race and Ethnicity of Householder by Tenure White Black or African-American American Indian and Alaskan Native Asian Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Some other race Two or more races Hispanic or Latino White alone, not

Hispanic or Latino All households OwnerOccupied Households RenterOccupied Households All Households Homeownership Rate 90.6% 6.7% 0.2% 1.3% <0.1% 0.4% 0.9% 71.1% 23.0% 0.3% 2.2% <0.1% 1.1% 2.2% 84.0% 12.2% 0.2% 1.6% <0.1% 0.6% 1.4% 71.5% 36.4% 47.9% 53.5% 39.8% 39.2% 44.8% 1.6% 89.5% 3,040,444 4.0% 68.7% 1,544,640 2.4% 82.5% 4,585,084 43.7% 71.9% 66.3% Source: 2011-2015 American Community Survey Five-Year Estimates, Tables B25003 and S2502 On average, households headed by whites have higher household incomes than all other minority groups in Ohio, with the exception of Asian-Americans. The median household headed by an AfricanAmerican earns just over $28,000 per year, barely half that of those headed by a white Ohioan Unsurprisingly, this makes homeownership less attainable for minority groups. While 72 percent of white householders own their home, only 36 percent of blacks and 44 percent of Hispanics are homeowners. Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing

Finance Agency Page 38 Racially/Ethnically Concentrated Areas of Poverty On July 16, 2015, the U.S Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) published its Final Rule on Affirmatively Furthering Fair Housing (AFFH), designed to clarify the AFFH mandate included in the Fair Housing Act of 1968 and facilitate compliance among states and localities. Specifically, the AFFH Final Rule calls for state and local governments to develop policies that “overcome patterns of segregation and foster inclusive communities free from barriers that restrict access to opportunity based on protected characteristics,” which include “race, color, religion, sex, familial status, national origin, or handicap.” A primary component of AFFH, as articulated in the Final Rule, is the elimination of Racially/Ethnically Concentrated Areas of Poverty (RCAP/ECAP). HUD defines these areas as census tracts where (a) at least 50 percent of residents are non-white and/or Hispanic and (b) the proportion of

residents below the federal poverty line is at least 40 percent or three times that of the metropolitan or micropolitan statistical area (if applicable), whichever is lower. According to this definition, based on 2010 Census data, Ohio has 156 census tracts meeting this definition across 15 counties. About 320,000 people live in these areas, or 2.8 percent of the state’s population The following pages contain maps of each county’s RCAP/ECAPs, which include the location of properties receiving OHFA funding since 2000 for reference. Source: http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs Assessment: The People of Ohio Page 39 Exhibit 3-4a. Racially/Ethnically Concentrated Areas of Poverty and OHFA Project Sites, 2000-2015, Allen County BLUFFTON DELPHOS 75 LIMA SPENCERVILLE OHFA Project Sites City of Lima RCAP/ECAP Census Tract All Other Census Tracts Source: U.S Department of Housing and Urban Development and OHFA administrative data Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing

Finance Agency Page 40 Exhibit 3-4b. Racially/Ethnically Concentrated Areas of Poverty and OHFA Project Sites, 2000-2015, Butler County OXFORD MIDDLETOWN TRENTON MONROE HAMILTON 75 FAIRFIELD OHFA Project Sites City of Hamilton City of Middletown RCAP/ECAP Census Tract Source: U.S Department of Housing and Urban Development and OHFA administrative data All Other Census Tracts Source: http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs Assessment: The People of Ohio Page 41 Exhibit 3-4c. Racially/Ethnically Concentrated Areas of Poverty and OHFA Project Sites, 2000-2015, Clark County NEW CARLISLE SPRINGFIELD 70 ENON 675 SOUTH CHARLESTON OHFA Project Sites City of Springfield RCAP/ECAP Census Tract All Other Census Tracts Source: U.S Department of Housing and Urban Development and OHFA administrative data Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 42 Exhibit 3-4d. Racially/Ethnically Concentrated Areas of Poverty and OHFA Project Sites, 2000-2015,

Cuyahoga County EUCLID SHAKER HEIGHTS CLEVELAND NORTH OLMSTED 271 480 SOLON PARMA 480 OHFA Project Sites 77 STRONGSVILLE 80 City of Cleveland RCAP/ECAP Census Tract All Other Census Tracts Source: U.S Department of Housing and Urban Development and OHFA administrative data Source: http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs Assessment: The People of Ohio Page 43 Exhibit 3-4e. Racially/Ethnically Concentrated Areas of Poverty and OHFA Project Sites, 2000-2015, Franklin County WESTERVILLE DUBLIN GAHANNA HILLIARD COLUMBUS 670 70 71 REYNOLDSBURG 270 GROVE CITY CANAL WINCHESTER 71 OHFA Project Sites City of Columbus RCAP/ECAP Census Tract All Other Census Tracts Source: U.S Department of Housing and Urban Development and OHFA administrative data Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 44 Exhibit 3-4f. Racially/Ethnically Concentrated Areas of Poverty and OHFA Project Sites, 2000-2015, Hamilton County FOREST PARK 275 SHARONVILLE LOVELAND

75 HARRISON 71 74 275 INDIAN HILL CLEVES CINCINNATI 471 275 OHFA Project Sites City of Cincinnati RCAP/ECAP Census Tract All Other Census Tracts Source: U.S Department of Housing and Urban Development and OHFA administrative data Source: http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs Assessment: The People of Ohio Page 45 Exhibit 3-4g. Racially/Ethnically Concentrated Areas of Poverty and OHFA Project Sites, 2000-2015, Jefferson County IRONDALE TORONTO WINTERSVILLE STEUBENVILLE SMITHFIELD OHFA Project Sites City of Steubenville RCAP/ECAP Census Tract All Other Census Tracts Source: U.S Department of Housing and Urban Development and OHFA administrative data Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 46 Exhibit 3-4h. Racially/Ethnically Concentrated Areas of Poverty and OHFA Project Sites, 2000-2015, Lorain County AVON LORAIN 90 AMHERST 80 480 ELYRIA 90 OBERLIN GRAFTON WELLINGTON OHFA Project Sites City of Elyria City of Lorain

TCAP/ECAP Census Tract Source: U.S Department of Housing and Urban Development and OHFA administrative data All Other Census Tracts Source: http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs Assessment: The People of Ohio Page 47 Exhibit 3-4i. Racially/Ethnically Concentrated Areas of Poverty and OHFA Project Sites, 2000-2015, Lucas County SYLVANIA TOLEDO 280 OREGON 75 80 MAUMEE WHITEHOUSE OHFA Project Sites City of Toledo RCAP/ECAP Census Tract All Other Census Tracts Source: U.S Department of Housing and Urban Development and OHFA administrative data Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 48 Exhibit 3-4j. Racially/Ethnically Concentrated Areas of Poverty and OHFA Project Sites, 2000-2015, Mahoning County 80 CRAIG BEACH YOUNGSTOWN 680 CANFIELD 76 POLAND SEBRING COLUMBIANA OHFA Project Sites City of Youngstown RCAP/ECAP Census Tract All Other Census Tracts Source: U.S Department of Housing and Urban Development and OHFA administrative data

Source: http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs Assessment: The People of Ohio Page 49 Exhibit 3-4k. Racially/Ethnically Concentrated Areas of Poverty and OHFA Project Sites, 2000-2015, Montgomery County HUBER HEIGHTS 70 BROOKVILLE DAYTON NEW LEBANON KETTERING 75 675 MIAMISBURG OHFA Project Sites City of Dayton RCAP/ECAP Census Tract All Other Census Tracts Source: U.S Department of Housing and Urban Development and OHFA administrative data Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 50 Exhibit 3-4l. Racially/Ethnically Concentrated Areas of Poverty and OHFA Project Sites, 2000-2015, Stark County HARTVILLE ALLIANCE CANAL FULTON CANTON MASSILLON 77 OHFA Project Sites City of Canton RCAP/ECAP Census Tract All Other Census Tracts Source: U.S Department of Housing and Urban Development and OHFA administrative data Source: http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs Assessment: The People of Ohio Page 51 Exhibit 3-4m. Racially/Ethnically

Concentrated Areas of Poverty and OHFA Project Sites, 2000-2015, Summit County TWINSBURG 480 271 80 HUDSON RICHFIELD CUYAHOGA FALLS 77 AKRON 76 277 BARBERTON 77 GREEN OHFA Project Sites City of Akron RCAP/ECAP Census Tract All Other Census Tracts Source: U.S Department of Housing and Urban Development and OHFA administrative data Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 52 Exhibit 3-4n. Racially/Ethnically Concentrated Areas of Poverty and OHFA Project Sites, 2000-2015, Trumbull County CORTLAND WARREN NILES 80 HUBBARD GIRARD 80 OHFA Project Sites City of Warren RCAP/ECAP Census Tract All Other Census Tracts Source: U.S Department of Housing and Urban Development and OHFA administrative data Source: http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs Assessment: The People of Ohio Page 53 Exhibit 3-4o. Racially/Ethnically Concentrated Areas of Poverty and OHFA Project Sites, 2000-2015, Warren County FRANKLIN WAYNESVILLE 75 LEBANON 71

MASON MORROW OHFA Project Sites City of Lebanon RCAP/ECAP Census Tract All Other Census Tracts Source: U.S Department of Housing and Urban Development and OHFA administrative data Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 54 Part Two THE PEOPLE OF OHIO Housing Stock and Tenure Homeownership Market Subsidized Housing Source: http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs Assessment: Housing in Ohio Page 55 Chapter Four HOUSING STOCK AND TENURE Exhibit 4-1. Ohio and National Homeownership Rate, 2005-2016 75% 74% 73% 72% 71% Households 70% 69% 68% 67% 66.4% 66% 65% 63.7% 64% 63% 62% 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Ohio Homeownership Rate 2014 2015 2016 National Homeownership Rate Source: U.S Census Bureau Housing Vacancies and Homeownership Survey Between 2005 and 2014, homeownership rates in Ohio and the nation at large fell. However, over the past two years, the rates have stabilized. The percent of household owning a home in Ohio

is now 664 percent; this figure is 1.1 percentage points above the 2015 low The most recent national reading, 637 percent, is 0.8 percentage points above the 2015 low Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 56 Exhibit 4-2. Housing Units by Structure Type and Tenure Structure Type Owner-Occupied Renter-Occupied Vacant Units All Housing Units Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent 1-unit, detached 2,720,890 89.5 508,765 32.9 290,757 52.3 3,520,412 68.5 1-unit, attached 115,436 3.8 90,858 5.9 25,838 4.6 232,132 4.5 2 units 27,081 0.9 150,081 9.7 51,157 9.2 228,319 4.4 3 or 4 units 18,409 0.6 168,243 10.9 42,151 7.6 228,803 4.5 5 to 9 units 15,067 0.5 197,072 12.8 36,861 6.6 249,000 4.8 10 to 19 units 9,772 0.3 163,441 10.6 34,387 6.2 207,600 4.0 20 or more units 12,431 0.4 223,827 14.5 38,003 6.8 274,261 5.3 120,708 4.0 41,515 2.7 36,664 6.6 198,887 3.9 650

<0.1 838 <0.1 0 0.0 1,488 <0.1 3,040,444 100 1,544,640 100 555,818 100 5,140,902 100 Mobile home Boat, RV, van, etc. Total Source: 2011-2015 American Community Survey Five-Year Estimates, Tables DP04 and B25032 Sixty-nine percent of all housing units are single family detached housing units; 14 percent are apartment buildings with five or more units, while four percent are mobile homes. Ninety percent of homeowners and 33 percent of renters live in single family detached units; about eight percent of these units are vacant. Source: http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs Assessment: Housing in Ohio Page 57 Exhibit 4-3a. Single Family Detached Homes as Percent of Housing Units by County Statewide: 68.5% 78.4% 79.3% 72.9% 67.9% 79.7% 72.5% 81.9% 65.8% 84.9% 83.9% 81.2% 75.5% 77.1% 67.0% 76.9% 81.0% 64.9% 77.7% 54.0% 72.3% 64.9% 70.3% 71.7% 71.3% 66.3% 78.8% 79.6% 74.2% 79.7% 73.2% 74.6% 80.2% 72.6% 70.6% 73.0% 80.7% 76.0% 78.0%

74.0% 75.9% 77.8% 77.2% 74.9% 74.2% 81.5% 76.5% 73.5% 57.1% 72.3% 80.4% 74.8% 72.2% 76.0% 73.8% 78.2% 78.6% 73.9% 83.8% 78.2% 79.0% 81.1% 77.9% 70.7% 75.9% 74.0% 73.7% 78.7% 70.2% 77.4% 80.6% 75.3% 74.7% 71.7% 78.7% 79.5% 85.8% 58.8% 72.1% 79.0% 75.9% 64.5% 72.0% 74.2% 58.4% 68.2% 65.0% to 699% 65.6% 70.3% Less than 65.0% 70.0% to 749% 75.0% to 799% 72.4% 80.0% or more Source: 2011-2015 American Community Survey Five-Year Estimates, Table B25024 Single family detached housing units are most common in rural portions of northern and western Ohio and least common in urban counties and southern Ohio. Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 58 Exhibit 4-3b. Units in Multifamily Properties as Percent of Housing Units by County Statewide: 14.2% 4.0% 6.4% 5.2% 2.5% 8.0% 17.2% 4.3% 5.5% 4.1% 8.2% 5.5% 7.1% 15.7% 7.0% 7.9% 5.7% 10.7% 7.6% 6.7% 14.9% 14.1% 9.0% 5.6% 15.9% 2.6% 7.3% 2.3% 5.1% 3.2% 4.4%

7.2% 6.9% 2.8% 2.4% 4.1% 3.2% 2.5% 3.4% 24.7% 5.6% 5.8% 4.0% 9.0% 6.7% 10.1% 2.5% 10.3% 8.4% 5.0% 6.9% 7.6% 14.0% 23.6% 7.1% 9.8% 4.2% 5.8% 13.9% 9.7% 2.6% 5.5% 9.3% 4.4% 6.9% 11.8% 9.3% 6.0% 9.6% 10.7% 10.9% 7.6% 4.4% 4.4% 22.1% 11.7% 6.4% 3.2% 7.4% 14.2% 16.7% 3.8% 1.3% 7.5% 14.9% 2.8% 5.7% Less than 2.5% 2.5% to 49% 3.6% 2.7% 5.0% to 99% 10.0% to 199% 20.0% or more Note: "Multifamily" means five or more units in a single structure. Source: 2011-2015 American Community Survey Five-Year Estimates, Table B25024 The highest concentrations of multifamily units are in Ohio’s urban areas. Almost a quarter of units in Franklin, Hamilton and Cuyahoga Counties are situated in buildings with five or more housing units. Source: http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs Assessment: Housing in Ohio Page 59 Exhibit 4-3c. Mobile Homes as Percent of Housing Units by County Statewide: 3.9% 6.7% 6.2% 12.5% 6.3% 6.6% 5.2% 6.4% 4.2%

5.1% 3.8% 2.2% 1.4% 3.8% 5.2% 10.8% 1.1% 3.5% 4.9% 0.9% 7.0% 7.5% 1.0% 9.4% 24.8% 5.8% 28.1% 15.7% 13.6% 14.9% 14.0% 18.0% 6.1% 9.1% 14.3% 21.1% 19.0% 17.5% 12.8% 14.1% 8.2% 10.0% 7.7% 1.8% 13.2% 2.3% 9.1% 3.1% 7.0% 18.6% 5.4% 4.4% 1.2% 0.9% 3.7% 4.8% 5.1% 2.9% 1.0% 14.3% 6.8% 4.2% 4.7% 7.3% 1.6% 4.7% 5.0% 4.5% 2.3% 5.8% 6.8% 6.6% 3.2% 0.6% 3.5% 4.5% 10.8% 5.7% 7.8% 1.7% 2.4% 7.3% 30.7% 11.1% 15.5% 26.0% 16.7% Less than 5.0% 5.0% to 99% 25.5% 16.4% 10.0% to 149% 15.0% to 199% 20.0% or more Source: 2011-2015 American Community Survey Five-Year Estimates, Table B25024 On average, one of every 26 Ohio housing units is a mobile home. The rates of mobile home utilization are highest in south-central Ohio and, to a lesser extent, east central Ohio. Vinton County has the highest share in the state (30.7 percent) Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 60 Exhibit 4-4. Housing Units by Year Built

and Tenure Year Built Owner-Occupied Renter-Occupied Vacant Units All Housing Units Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent 2010 or later 29,642 1.0 17,376 1.1 1,847 0.3 48,865 1.0 2000 to 2009 352,270 11.6 120,743 7.8 40,516 7.3 513,529 10.0 1990 to 1999 405,179 13.3 158,693 10.3 42,267 7.6 606,139 11.8 1980 to 1989 260,536 8.6 163,398 10.6 41,139 7.4 465,073 9.0 1970 to 1979 401,677 13.2 260,296 16.9 69,449 12.5 731,422 14.2 1960 to 1969 366,396 12.1 205,845 13.3 65,489 11.8 637,730 12.4 1950 to 1959 477,811 15.7 192,340 12.5 68,648 12.4 738,799 14.4 1940 to 1949 187,346 6.2 101,092 6.5 41,968 7.6 330,406 6.4 Before 1940 559,587 18.4 324,857 21.0 184,495 33.2 1,068,939 20.8 3,040,444 100 1,544,640 100 555,818 100 5,140,902 100 Total Source: 2011-2015 American Community Survey Five-Year Estimates, Tables DP04 and B25036 Over one in five (21 percent) housing units

in Ohio is more than 76 years old. Fifty-two percent of these properties are owner-occupied; 17 percent are vacant. One-third of vacant units are in this age category. Given recent turmoil in the housing market, this decade’s contribution to Ohio’s housing stock is vanishingly small. Only 11 percent of Ohio’s housing stock was built since 2000 Source: http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs Assessment: Housing in Ohio Page 61 Exhibit 4-5. Prevalence of Incomplete Kitchen or Plumbing Facilities and/or Overcrowding by Income and Tenure Owner Households Renter Households Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent 30% AMI or less 5,310 3.2 22,715 5.5 28,025 4.9 31% to 50% AMI 6,145 2.5 14,855 5.4 21,000 4.0 51% to 80% AMI 8,685 1.9 14,560 4.7 23,245 3.0 81% to 100% AMI 4,450 1.4 5,030 3.5 9,480 2.1 101% AMI or more 14,395 0.8 9,890 2.9 24,285 1.1 All households 38,985 1.3 67,050 4.5 106,035 2.3 Household Income All Households

Note: “Percent” indicates share of households in the appropriate tenure and income bracket experiencing one of the housing problems specified. Totals do not add to 100 percent. Source: 2009-2013 Comprehensive Housing Affordability Strategy (CHAS) Data “Incomplete kitchen or plumbing facilities” is defined by the U.S Census Bureau as a housing unit lacking hot and cold running water, a flush toilet, a bathtub or shower, a sink with a faucet, a stove or range and/or a refrigerator. Overcrowding is defined as having one or more occupants per room (all types, not just bedrooms) in the housing unit. These tables report the prevalence of housing problems based on a household’s income as a percentage of area median income (AMI), which is computed by the U.S Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and is contingent upon county of residence and size of the household. Over 100,000 Ohio households are experiencing one or more structural housing problems. Issues were more

acute among extremely low-income individuals (30 percent AMI or less), where nearly five percent of households live in overcrowded homes or without adequate bathroom or kitchen facilities. At all income ranges, renters are more vulnerable than homeowners. Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 62 Exhibit 4-6a. Housing Vacancy Rate by County Statewide: 10.8% 8.5% 8.6% 38.0% 6.8% 8.2% 10.4% 8.2% 19.5% 12.0% 12.5% 5.5% 7.0% 10.1% 6.3% 15.5% 12.9% 22.7% 18.5% 19.1% 9.1% 14.2% 13.3% 19.3% 22.0% 14.7% 12.7% 8.4% 13.8% 9.5% 8.1% 13.3% 19.4% 12.6% 10.4% 11.4% 10.0% 8.2% 4.4% 7.3% 11.0% 9.1% 6.8% 8.0% 6.9% 12.1% 6.6% 10.4% 8.5% 9.6% 7.6% 11.5% 10.1% 8.8% 10.5% 9.7% 11.2% 5.7% 7.4% 7.1% 9.9% 12.3% 10.9% 8.2% 6.0% 6.6% 12.0% 9.8% 9.2% 8.6% 10.4% 10.1% 5.2% 13.7% 15.8% 10.0% 11.4% 5.2% 15.3% 6.7% 12.2% 6.6% 19.8% 10.9% 14.4% 15.8% 10.8% Less than 5.0% 5.0% to 99% 16.1% 14.1% 10.0% to 149% 15.0%

to 199% 20.0% or more Source: 2011-2015 American Community Survey Five-Year Estimates, Table B25002 Nearly one in nine houses in Ohio was vacant as of 2015, meaning simply that no one was living in the property at the time of the survey. By county, the highest vacancy rate was in Ottawa (38 percent); this is elevated due to the large number of vacation homes in the area. Morgan and Harrison were also above 20 percent Within counties, however, there can be dramatic variations from one neighborhood to the next. Source: http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs Assessment: Housing in Ohio Page 63 Exhibit 4-6b. Housing Vacancy Rate by School District (Top 25) School District County Vacancy Rate North Bass Local Ottawa 100% Kelleys Island Local Erie 91.0% Middle Bass Local Ottawa 84.4% Put-in-Bay Local Ottawa 74.0% Danbury Local Ottawa 61.7% Port Clinton City Ottawa 41.0% Indian Lake Local Logan 39.2% East Cleveland City Cuyahoga 35.9% Conotton Valley Union

Local Carroll 31.8% Walnut Township Local Fairfield 25.6% Pymatuning Valley Local Ashtabula 23.6% Harrison Hills City Harrison 23.4% Rolling Hills Local Guernsey 23.1% Dayton City Montgomery 22.7% Morgan Local Morgan 22.6% Steubenville City Jefferson 22.5% East Guernsey Local Guernsey 22.5% East Knox Local Knox 22.4% Brown Local Carroll 21.4% Cleveland Municipal Cuyahoga 21.2% Ripley-Union-Lewis-Huntington Local Brown 21.2% Bright Local Highland 21.1% Windham Exempted Village Portage 20.5% Benton-Carroll-Salem Local Ottawa 20.1% Switzerland of Ohio Local Monroe 20.1% Source: 2011-2015 American Community Survey Five-Year Estimates, Table B25002 Many of the districts on this list have large numbers of seasonal residences, particularly those in Erie, Fairfield, Logan, and Ottawa Counties. These are not necessarily indicative of housing market distress However, the remaining school districts listed are experiencing vacancy rates due to

more conventional reasons. Among these, East Cleveland had the highest rate (36 percent) Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 64 Exhibit 4-7. Age of Householder by Tenure Age of Householder Owner-Occupied Renter-Occupied Households Percent Households Percent Homeownership Rate 15 to 24 years 23,194 0.8 167,036 10.8 12.2% 25 to 34 years 286,886 9.4 390,442 25.3 42.4% 35 to 44 years 477,040 15.7 285,648 18.5 62.5% 45 to 54 years 663,207 21.8 262,507 17.0 71.6% 55 to 64 years 703,619 23.1 209,458 13.6 77.1% 65 to 74 years 487,215 16.0 112,892 7.3 81.2% 75 to 84 years 287,341 9.5 68,849 4.5 80.7% 85+ years 111,942 3.7 47,808 3.1 70.1% 3,040,444 100 1,544,640 100 66.3% Total Source: 2011-2015 American Community Survey Five-Year Estimates, Table B25007 Data on the age of householders shows that 36 percent of renters were younger than 35 years old, By contrast, only 10 percent of homeowners were under

35. Exhibit 4-8. Household Size by Tenure Owner-Occupied Renter-Occupied Households Percent Households Percent Homeownership Rate 1 person 728,728 24.0 646,979 41.9 53.0% 2 people 1,181,685 38.9 405,306 26.2 74.5% 3 people 470,648 15.5 224,497 14.5 67.7% 4 people 401,588 13.2 150,295 9.7 72.8% 5 or more people 257,795 8.5 117,563 7.6 68.7% 3,040,444 100 1,544,640 100 66.3% Size of Household Total Source: 2011-2015 American Community Survey Five-Year Estimates, Table B25009 Statewide, 42 percent of renters and 24 percent of homeowners live alone. Households with four or more members were more common among owner-occupiers (22 percent) than among renters (17 percent). Source: http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs Assessment: Housing in Ohio Page 65 Exhibit 4-9. Household Type by Tenure Owner-Occupied Renter-Occupied Households Percent Households Percent Homeownership Rate Married couple with children 634,961 20.9 162,237 10.5

79.6% Married couple without children 1,184,344 39.0 162,354 10.5 87.9% Male householder alone with children 51,633 1.7 52,614 3.4 49.5% Male householder alone without children 66,621 2.2 34,980 2.3 65.6% Female householder alone with children 100,975 3.3 240,184 15.5 29.6% Female householder alone without children 156,925 5.2 89,770 5.8 63.6% Single-person households 728,728 24.0 646,979 41.9 53.0% Other non-family households 116,257 3.8 155,522 10.1 42.8% 3,040,444 100 1,544,640 100 66.3% Household Type Total Source: 2011-2015 American Community Survey Five-Year Estimates, Table B25115 Overall, married couples are more likely to own their home than other types of households, whether with children (80 percent) or without (88 percent). These groups represents 60 percent of owner-occupied households but only 21 percent of renter-occupied households. Female householders with children are by far the least likely group to own their home

(30 percent). Non-family households (ie ,people living alone or with unrelated individuals) comprised more than half of renters but just over a quarter of homeowners. Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 66 Chapter Five HOMEOWNERSHIP MARKET Exhibit 5-1. Total Monthly Home Sales, 2000-2016 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Total Monthly Home Sales 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 12-Month Moving Average Source: CoreLogic Real Estate Analytics Suite (accessed March 30, 2017) Over 186,000 single family homes were sold in Ohio in 2016. Housing activity continues to increase slightly, as it generally has over the past five years, though sales are still well below the pace of 19,000 to 20,000 per month from the early 2000s. Source: http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs Assessment: Housing in Ohio Page 67 Exhibit 5-2. Median Home Sale Price, 2000-2016 $160,000 $150,000 $140,000

$130,000 $120,000 $110,000 $100,000 $90,000 $80,000 $70,000 $60,000 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Nominal Median Home Sale Price Real Median Home Sale Price 12-Month Moving Average 12-Month Moving Average 2016 Source: CoreLogic Real Estate Analytics Suite (accessed March 30, 2017) Monthly median sales prices averaged almost $120,000 in 2016, up from about $110,000 in 2015. Nominal prices (lighter) are approaching all-time highs, but after adjusting for inflation (darker), single family homes are still less expensive than they were in 2000. Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 68 Exhibit 5-3. Median Owner-Occupied Home Value by County Statewide: $129,900 $95,800 $108,900 $138,800 $111,000 $146,300 $218,800 $110,100 $121,800 $131,400 $97,000 $137,400 $116,100 $96,900 $91,900 $138,900 $106,000 $147,900 $104,200 $129,500 $179,500 $133,500 $150,900 $97,400 $127,100

$95,800 $86,700 $106,200 $120,800 $102,500 $105,400 $135,700 $122,900 $101,100 $94,000 $130,200 $96,400 $133,300 $130,000 $171,200 $96,500 $256,800 $123,200 $109,900 $152,200 $136,800 $103,600 $108,600 $149,200 $112,700 $109,900 $163,100 $159,400 $107,400 $157,200 $190,900 $142,000 $85,400 $95,600 $150,600 $86,200 $111,100 $132,500 $119,400 $112,200 $161,100 $132,800 $87,100 $91,800 $147,700 $91,700 $92,200 $88,300 $110,600 $110,700 $120,000 $110,300 $103,500 $95,000 $155,500 $117,700 $81,000 $91,200 $84,900 $113,800 $87,900 $90,200 $94,900 $98,900 Less than $100,000 $100,000 to $124,999 $125,000 to $149,999 $150,000 to $174,999 $175,000 or more Source: 2011-2015 American Community Survey Five-Year Estimates, Table B25077 The statewide median home value is $129,900. These values vary widely by county, from $81,000 in Vinton to $256,800 in Delaware. Home values were lowest in south-central and east-central Ohio Source:

http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs Assessment: Housing in Ohio Page 69 Exhibit 5-4a. 90-Day Delinquency Rate, 2000-2016 9.0% 8.55% 8.0% 7.58% 7.0% 6.0% 5.0% 4.0% 3.28% 2.64% 3.0% 2.0% 1.0% 0.0% 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Ohio 90-Day Delinquency Rate 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 National 90-Day Delinquency Rate Source: CoreLogic Real Estate Analytics Suite (accessed March 30, 2017) Statewide, 3.28 percent of single family mortgages were 90 days delinquent or more in December 2016, the lowest figure in 10 years. Although this is less than half of its peak reading of 758 percent in January 2010, the level is still well above the pre-housing bubble figures and is modestly higher than the national average. Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 70 Exhibit 5-4b. 90-Day Delinquency Rate by County, December 2016 Statewide: 3.28% 1.58% 1.78% 2.02% 1.67% 1.70% 3.25% 3.62% 3.31% 4.94% 1.58% 2.17%

3.54% 4.95% 3.20% 3.47% 1.71% 2.98% 2.64% 2.64% 2.46% 3.32% 4.14% 5.03% 3.87% 4.59% 4.36% 3.63% 3.83% 5.21% 4.04% 4.55% 3.67% 3.51% 4.24% 2.85% 4.37% 2.99% 3.86% 4.08% 2.41% 1.17% 3.94% 2.24% 3.01% 1.85% 2.84% 3.82% 4.08% 2.36% 2.54% 2.46% 3.51% 4.13% 2.07% 3.58% 3.04% 2.20% 350% 3.71% 4.46% 3.89% 3.75% 3.05% 4.36% 2.58% 2.62% 4.79% 3.65% 1.65% 3.05% 1.62% 2.41% 4.95% 3.18% 2.52% 2.01% 1.03% 5.15% 3.26% 3.56% 1.72% 2.47% 2.29% 4.83% 4.84% 5.21% Less than 2.00% 2.00% to 299% 4.45% 3.00% to 399% 4.00% to 499% 4.78% 5.00% or more Source: CoreLogic Real Estate Analytics Suite (accessed March 30, 2017) There were substantial disparities in mortgage delinquency rates by county. Rates ranged from 103 percent in Putnam to 5.21 percent in Belmont and Jackson The south central and far eastern portions of the state are experiencing above average delinquency in general. Source: http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs

Assessment: Housing in Ohio Page 71 Exhibit 5-5a. Foreclosure Rate, 2000-2016 4.0% 3.65% 3.5% 3.0% 2.5% 2.0% 1.5% 1.09% 0.85% 1.0% 0.5% 0.0% 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Ohio Foreclosure Rate 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 National Foreclosure Rate Source: CoreLogic Real Estate Analytics Suite (accessed March 30, 2017) Ohio’s foreclosure rate of 1.09 percent in December 2016 is a 13-year low, down dramatically from the peak of 3.65 percent in January 2012 However, foreclosures are still more common in Ohio than the nation at large. Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 72 Exhibit 5-5b. Foreclosure Rate by County, December 2016 Statewide: 1.09% 0.39% 0.68% 0.45% 0.49% 0.51% 1.07% 1.01% 1.06% 2.16% 0.38% 0.66% 1.14% 1.40% 1.32% 1.28% 0.53% 1.43% 0.83% 1.08% 1.05% 0.95% 0.92% 0.93% 1.19% 1.03% 1.19% 0.71% 1.31% 1.30% 1.45% 1.77% 1.33% 1.21% 0.98% 1.77% 1.13% 1.01% 1.45% 1.28%

1.27% 0.93% 1.04% 1.22% 1.23% 0.86% 0.32% 0.76% 1.23% 0.95% 0.48% 0.75% 0.92% 1.08% 0.87% 0.66% 1.22% 1.00% 0.69% 1.50% 1.31% 1.47% 1.09% 0.88% 1.47% 0.89% 0.88% 1.73% 1.27% 0.54% 1.21% 0.56% 0.78% 1.83% 1.20% 0.74% 0.59% 0.28% 1.98% 1.07% 1.24% 0.47% 1.93% 0.62% 0.76% 1.57% 2.36% Less than 0.50% 0.50% to 099% 1.75% 1.66% 1.00% to 149% 1.50% to 199% 2.00% or more Source: CoreLogic Real Estate Analytics Suite (accessed March 30, 2017) A similar pattern exists with regard to foreclosure rates, with Putnam County and Jackson County again representing, respectively, the lowest and highest rates in the state. Source: http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs Assessment: Housing in Ohio Page 73 Exhibit 5-6. Negative Equity Share, 2009-2016 30.0% 26.7% 25.0% 20.0% 15.0% 9.8% 10.0% 6.2% 5.0% 0.0% 2009 2010 2011 Ohio Negative Equity Share 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 National Negative Equity Share Source: CoreLogic Real Estate Analytics

Suite (accessed March 30, 2017) For the first time since 2009, the earliest year available, less than 10 percent of mortgaged homes were underwater (i.e, worth less than the amount owed on the mortgage) in September 2016 This is less than half the post-crisis peak of 27 percent in March 2013. Again, however, Ohio is underperforming the nation on this measure. Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 74 Exhibit 5-7. Homebuyers Assisted by OHFA Homeownership Programs by County, 2007-2016 Statewide: 41,836 18 11 15 90 109 18 17 103 673 33 679 180 372 9,057 300 28 877 32 15 63 6 112 114 70 11 16 108 65 131 507 330 64 32 28 894 265 113 110 1,127 154 1,140 20 492 71 3,996 238 263 69 1,444 200 413 232 44 344 1,604 132 30 333 48 2,686 277 51 75 593 89 33 16 384 1,747 294 53 85 4,472 359 127 9 5 274 998 783 40 108 10 22 53 90 Less than 50 50 to 249 9 34 250 to 499 500 to 999 1,000 or more

Source: OHFA administrative data During the past decade, OHFA has helped 41,836 Ohio households buy a home. OHFA homeownership programs include market-rate mortgages, Mortgage Tax Credits (MTCs) and down payment assistance to qualified applicants. Source: http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs Assessment: Housing in Ohio Page 75 Exhibit 5-8. Neighborhood Initiative Program Demolition Reimbursements by County County Land Bank Demolitions Reimbursements Ashtabula 60 $1,044,666 Belmont 10 $137,696 Butler 60 $672,814 Clark 39 $631,295 Columbiana 26 $458,297 Cuyahoga 1,699 $21,466,696 Erie 12 $165,847 Fairfield 21 $355,454 Franklin 378 $6,007,888 Hamilton 187 $3,357,259 Jefferson 24 $347,228 Lake 27 $492,499 Lorain 116 $2,157,537 Lucas 831 $8,050,759 Mahoning 166 $2,250,676 Montgomery 293 $4,247,949 Portage 19 $178,824 Richland 69 $810,269 Stark 223 $3,155,077 Summit 132 $2,056,268 Trumbull 200 $1,899,041 Grand Total

4,592 $59,944,040 Source: OHFA administrative data (current as of February 28, 2017) The Neighborhood Initiative Program (NIP), funded by Ohio’s portion of the Hardest Hit Fund, has aimed to stabilize property values and mitigate the risk of foreclosure by removing and greening vacant and blighted homes. OHFA has worked with county land banks to demolish 4,592 homes as of February; over one-third of these homes were in Cuyahoga County. Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 76 Chapter Six HOUSING AFFORDABILITY Exhibit 6-1. Monthly Gross Rent, 2006-2010 vs 2011-2015 2006-2010 No cash rent Less than $250 $250 to $499 $500 to $599 $600 to $699 $700 to $799 $800 to $899 $900 to $999 $1,000 to $1,249 $1,250 to $1,499 $1,500 or more Total households Median gross rent 2011-2015 Households Percent Households Percent 76,703 77,541 224,126 200,880 205,589 183,006 142,723 97,101 120,827 38,614 36,108 1,403,218 $678 5.5 5.5 16.0 14.3 14.7 13.0 10.2 6.9 8.6

2.8 2.6 100 --- 82,278 74,264 190,389 185,931 217,842 204,275 170,150 128,927 173,037 60,887 56,660 1,544,640 $730 5.3 4.8 12.3 12.0 14.1 13.2 11.0 8.3 11.2 3.9 3.7 100 --- Note: Gross rents include utility costs and are not adjusted for inflation. Source: 2006-2010 and 2011-2015 American Community Survey Five-Year Estimates, Tables B25063 and B25064 Statewide, the median renter household pays $730 per month for rent and utilities (including electricity, natural gas, sewer and water, if applicable), up from $678 in the prior five-year period. This represents a 7.7 percent increase overall The share of households paying $1,000 or more per month in gross rent increased from 14 to 18 percent in that time. Source: http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs Assessment: Housing in Ohio Page 77 Exhibit 6-2. Median Monthly Gross Rent by County Statewide: $730 $633 $664 $696 $727 $686 $634 $635 $610 $693 $642 $730 $728 $631 $618 $694 $923 $805 $734 $744 $802 $845 $641

$665 $764 $562 $550 $606 $595 $595 $588 $594 $552 $533 $549 $587 $643 $599 $565 $747 $615 $674 $953 $670 $680 $561 $799 $707 $649 $657 $760 $848 $709 $676 $624 $699 $688 $817 $824 $677 $700 $675 $702 $630 $627 $639 $684 $627 $741 $679 $630 $653 $800 $730 $707 $645 $587 $684 $628 $814 $666 $641 $600 $600 $705 $541 $637 Less than $600 $600 to $699 $601 $652 $700 to $799 $800 to $899 $900 or more Source: 2011-2015 American Community Survey Five-Year Estimates, Table B25064 By county, median monthly gross rents range from a low of $533 in Monroe to a high of $953 in Delaware. Generally speaking, rents are highest in and near the three largest metropolitan areas and lowest in Appalachian counties. Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 78 Exhibit 6-3. Increase in Median Monthly Gross Rent by County, 2006-2010 to 2011-2015 Statewide: 7.7% 7.8% 12.4% 1.3% 10.2% 15.5% 11.6% 15.2% 8.2% 2.9% 10.6% 8.1%

0.5% 8.3% 6.4% 5.6% 11.2% 3.5% 7.2% 13.1% 10.6% 5.8% 16.7% 9.4% 17.7% 16.1% 7.6% 9.1% 8.1% 17.0% 18.3% 7.1% 6.4% 9.5% 11.0% 6.8% 9.9% 10.6% 8.8% 9.3% 14.2% 22.0% 5.9% 4.0% 5.0% 5.3% 9.0% 10.5% 8.7% 6.1% 11.4% 10.7% 3.7% 6.3% 8.7% 4.6% 8.6% 5.1% 0.9% 15.7% 8.1% 6.8% 2.6% 5.4% 7.0% 4.6% 3.8% 7.7% 8.8% 7.3% 9.6% 7.8% 6.5% 4.6% 10.3% 11.8% 9.9% 14.4% 3.5% 7.5% 5.5% 0.5% 12.1% 8.3% 7.3% 8.6% 16.0% Less than 5.0% 5.0% to 99% 14.9% 17.3% 10.0% to 149% 15.0% to 199% 20.0% or more Source: 2006-2010 and 2011-2015 American Community Survey Five-Year Estimates, Table B25064 With respect to change in rents, all 88 counties saw an increase between 2006-2010 and 2011-2015, ranging from 0.5 percent in Auglaize and Fulton Counties to 220 percent in Delaware County Increases tended to be low to moderate in Northeast Ohio, while they were more than double the state average in much of the east central portion of the state, areas where

shale oil and gas drilling have emerged in recent years. Source: http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs Assessment: Housing in Ohio Page 79 Exhibit 6-4. Median Gross Rent as Percent of Household Income by County Statewide: 29.5% 29.0% 27.1% 27.8% 25.8% 29.1% 25.0% 24.5% 26.4% 27.7% 27.7% 30.9% 26.4% 26.5% 26.4% 31.1% 25.9% 28.3% 300% 27.0% 25.5% 32.3% 27.2% 28.8% 29.8% 35.0% 28.2% 34.4% 32.6% 28.4% 26.1% 32.1% 28.9% 29.3% 26.5% 28.2% 31.6% 27.5% 31.7% 26.8% 26.2% 27.8% 25.8% 28.0% 27.0% 30.0% 28.4% 22.6% 29.7% 26.9% 26.8% 23.8% 29.8% 28.7% 30.8% 28.8% 28.6% 29.5% 29.6% 29.5% 30.7% 31.5% 27.6% 30.8% 29.6% 26.4% 25.8% 23.7% 27.2% 28.5% 31.2% 31.4% 23.8% 26.7% 31.1% 26.9% 29.4% 24.7% 32.1% 28.9% 31.0% 27.3% 32.0% 29.5% 40.6% 31.5% 30.3% Less than 24.0% 24.0% to 269% 26.1% 31.2% 27.0% to 299% 30.0% to 329% 33.0% or more Source: 2011-2015 American Community Survey Five-Year Estimates, Table B25071 The typical

Ohio renter paid 29.5 percent of their household income toward gross rent This is just below the 30 percent threshold that indicates a household is experiencing housing cost burden. The median renter is, in fact, cost burdened in 25 of 88 counties. Rent as a share of income is highest in Athens and Pike Counties and lowest in Holmes County. Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 80 Exhibit 6-5. Gross Rent as Percent of Household Income No cash rent paid Less than 10.0 percent 10.0 to 149 percent 15.0 to 199 percent 20.0 to 249 percent 25.0 to 299 percent 30.0 to 349 percent 35.0 to 399 percent 40.0 to 499 percent 50.0 percent or more Zero or negative income Total households Households Percent 82,278 60,127 138,696 187,186 177,470 165,056 122,041 89,354 123,832 359,820 38,780 1,544,640 5.3 3.9 9.0 12.1 11.5 10.7 7.9 5.8 8.0 23.3 2.5 100 Note: Gross rents include utility costs and are not adjusted for inflation. Source: 2011-2015 American Community Survey

Five-Year Estimates, Tables B25070 and B25106 This table highlights the degree to which Ohio renters experience housing cost burden. Statewide, 48 percent of renter households pay at least 30 percent of their income in rent and utilities or have no income at all. Of this group, 398,600 households, more than a quarter of all renters in the state of Ohio, are experiencing severe cost burden, meaning that at least half of household income, if applicable, is spent on housing. Source: http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs Assessment: Housing in Ohio Page 81 Exhibit 6-6. Renter Housing Cost Burden by Age of Householder Gross Rent as Percent of Income Householder Age 15-34 Householder Age 35-64 Householder Age 65+ Households Percent Households Percent Households Percent Less than 20.0 percent 145,592 26.1 204,646 27.0 35,771 15.6 20.0 to 249 percent 67,372 12.1 89,190 11.8 20,908 9.1 25.0 to 299 percent 56,283 10.1 79,223 10.5 29,550 12.9 30.0 to 349

percent 41,666 7.5 57,892 7.6 22,483 9.8 35.0 percent or more 210,062 37.7 266,861 35.2 96,083 41.9 Not computed 36,503 6.5 59,801 7.9 24,754 10.8 Total households 557,478 100 757,613 100 229,549 100 Note: “Not computed” includes households with no cash rent, no income, or both. Source: 2011-2015 American Community Survey Five-Year Estimates, Table B25072 Looking at renter cost burden by age, older adults aged 65 and older are the most likely to be spending more than 30 percent of their income on rent, with at least 52 percent of householders in that group falling into that category. Elsewhere, a minimum of 45 percent of younger adults and 43 percent of adults aged 35 to 64 are cost burdened. Exhibit 6-7. Renter Housing Cost Burden by Income Severe Cost Burden (Rent ≥50% of income) Moderate Cost Burden (Rent 30-49% of income) Not Cost Burdened (Rent 0-29% of income) Households Percent Households Percent Households Percent 30% AMI or less

302,090 73.5 45,880 11.2 62,885 15.3 410,855 31% to 50% AMI 74,975 27.1 133,880 48.3 68,295 24.6 277,150 51% to 80% AMI 12,940 4.2 106,780 34.5 189,565 61.3 309,285 81% to 100% AMI 1,515 1.1 13,545 9.4 129,085 89.6 144,145 101% AMI or more 1,950 0.6 7,435 2.2 332,035 97.3 341,420 393,470 26.5 307,520 20.7 781,865 52.7 1,482,855 Household Income All households Total Renter Households Note: Percent totals add to 100% horizontally to show cost burden within income brackets. Source: 2009-2013 Comprehensive Housing Affordability Strategy (CHAS) Data Nearly three-fourths of extremely low-income renter households (income of 30 percent AMI or less) are experiencing severe housing cost burden, meaning that at least half of their income pays for rent and utilities. Overall, 85 percent experience some cost burden Among very low-income renter households (income of 31 to 50 percent AMI), over a quarter are severely cost burdened and 75 percent are

at least moderately cost burdened. Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 82 Exhibit 6-8a. Severe Rent Burden by County Statewide: 25.8% 23.4% 17.7% 20.5% 19.7% 28.9% 21.1% 14.8% 17.3% 19.2% 20.3% 22.3% 17.4% 21.0% 19.1% 25.9% 16.9% 21.8% 27.9% 16.0% 15.1% 26.4% 31.3% 20.1% 23.4% 26.5% 28.6% 19.0% 25.5% 18.5% 22.2% 23.0% 20.3% 26.5% 22.5% 20.5% 19.6% 22.7% 21.2% 18.9% 15.9% 22.0% 25.6% 21.6% 23.1% 20.5% 17.3% 26.3% 20.1% 18.7% 15.4% 21.4% 22.7% 29.0% 22.1% 22.5% 26.6% 18.5% 19.9% 26.1% 25.1% 27.0% 24.8% 26.1% 23.3% 20.3% 18.1% 26.4% 22.4% 24.3% 25.6% 26.3% 17.8% 17.6% 30.2% 21.8% 23.1% 14.9% 25.5% 22.7% 29.8% 18.2% 17.3% 24.3% 44.0% 23.8% 21.0% Less than 15.0% 15.0% to 199% 21.4% 23.2% 20.0% to 249% 25.0% to 299% 30.0% or more Source: 2011-2015 American Community Survey Five-Year Estimates, Tables B25070 and B25106 By county, the prevalence of severe rent burden ranges from 15 percent

in Mercer and Putnam Counties to 44 percent in Athens County, though this is skewed by the large university population. Most urban counties have rates of severe rent burden above the state average, particularly Cuyahoga, Lucas and Hamilton, while most suburban and rural areas are below the state average. Source: http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs Assessment: Housing in Ohio Page 83 Exhibit 6-8b. Severe Rent Burden by Urban Area Statewide: 25.8% Non-Urban Areas: 22.4% 28.9% 26.7% 28.8% 27.8% 27.8% 25.5% 24.3% 23.6% 22.9% 24.8% 29.7% 27.1% 23.2% 26.6% 26.7% 25.4% 26.4% Less than 24.0% 24.0% to 249% 28.2% 25.0% to 259% 26.0% to 269% 27.0% or more Source: 2011-2015 American Community Survey Five-Year Estimates, Tables B25070 and B25106 Looking specifically at urban areas alone, substantial disparities are clear. Springfield has the highest prevalence of severe rent burden (30 percent), followed by Toledo and Cleveland (29 percent). Meanwhile, Weirton and

Wheeling, areas centered in West Virginia, but which include portions of Ohio, have the lowest rates of severe rent burden (23 percent), followed by Mansfield (24 percent). Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 84 Exhibit 6-8c. Severe Rent Burden by School District Statewide: 25.8% Less than 15.0% 15.0% to 199% 20.0% to 249% 25.0% to 299% 30.0% or more Source: 2011-2015 American Community Survey Five-Year Estimates, Tables B25070 and B25106 Source: http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs Assessment: Housing in Ohio Page 85 Exhibit 6-8d. Severe Rent Burden by School District (Top 25) School District County Severe Rent Burden Share Athens City Athens 51.5% Kent City Portage 46.4% Huntington Local Ross 45.6% Talawanda City Butler 45.4% Fairport Harbor Exempted Village Lake 45.2% Highland Local Medina 42.2% Bowling Green City Wood 41.6% East Cleveland City Cuyahoga 41.4% Beachwood City Cuyahoga 41.2% Sebring Local Mahoning

40.3% Washington-Nile Local Scioto 39.0% Garfield Heights City Cuyahoga 38.7% Bright Local Highland 38.7% Finneytown Local Hamilton 38.5% Allen East Local Allen 38.5% Windham Exempted Village Portage 38.1% Scioto Valley Local Pike 37.9% Lynchburg-Clay Local Highland 37.3% Ottawa Hills Local Lucas 37.0% Indian Hill Exempted Village Hamilton 37.0% Nelsonville-York City Athens 37.0% Maple Heights City Cuyahoga 37.0% Williamsburg Local Clermont 36.0% Lockland Local Hamilton 35.7% Danbury Local Ottawa 35.6% Source: 2011-2015 American Community Survey Five-Year Estimates, Tables B25070 and B25106 Looking at the local level, it is apparent that school districts with the highest levels of severe rent burden include a wide variety of places. As noted earlier, college towns (Athens, Kent, Talawanda and Bowling Green) have high levels of severe rent burden, because many students are supported through loans or familial support rather than employment

income. Some districts with high-cost burdens are wealthy suburban communities (e.g, Ottawa Hills), while others are distressed urban areas (eg, East Cleveland) Rural districts with high levels of severe rent burden include small towns, like Windham, and larger swaths of land, like Scioto Valley. Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 86 Exhibit 6-9a. Number of Eviction Filings by County Statewide: 109,219 113 158 167 150 558 92 104 140 666 5,535 838 166 863 224 115 1,671 150 554 23 175 120 367 228 3 32 100 369 18 113 18,404 304 241 52 105 871 799 355 396 1,073 210 3,113 46 478 177 12,413 539 85 166 4,831 159 1,146 254 257 1,303 130 254 45 84 538 5,089 2,367 874 283 504 366 113 103 1,588 2,514 366 258 160 20,135 683 323 47 28 528 1,424 7,388 172 229 54 66 140 397 Less than 100 100 to 249 90 290 250 to 499 500 to 999 1,000 or more Source: 2015 Ohio Courts Statistical Report, Supreme

Court of Ohio Nearly 110,000 cases were filed in 2015 in the state’s municipal and county courts under the state’s “forcible entry and detainer” statute. In common language, these are eviction proceedings Note that these data only include court filings. While this means not all cases necessarily led to a tenant removal, it also means that informal or extrajudicial evictions are not included. That said, this map highlights the sheer volume of housing insecurity generated due to eviction attempts. Over 20,000 cases were filed in Cuyahoga County, most in the state. Source: http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs Assessment: Housing in Ohio Page 87 Exhibit 6-9b. Number of Eviction Filings per 1,000 RenterOccupied Housing Units by County Statewide: 70.7 29.4 45.4 43.6 42.1 33.5 43.0 37.7 24.1 84.7 63.6 47.0 40.0 45.1 82.9 45.6 33.1 84.8 35.7 26.9 45.0 31.6 2.2 22.8 34.2 46.2 14.1 28.3 47.5 59.6 42.1 37.0 48.8 53.7 38.0 29.2 21.9 28.7 59.8 47.5

66.6 36.4 39.4 43.8 89.7 46.6 15.2 35.4 35.9 117.2 27.7 75.9 38.3 52.3 70.4 34.7 45.4 17.4 17.9 44.0 68.3 76.2 66.7 52.4 37.0 40.1 33.7 27.6 62.8 74.6 55.5 41.7 31.0 92.6 68.5 52.9 27.8 12.3 47.2 57.6 106.5 23.3 47.2 32.9 33.4 42.4 Less than 20.0 20.0 to 399 33.2 47.7 27.6 40.0 to 599 60.0 to 799 80.0 or more Source: 2015 Ohio Courts Statistical Report, Supreme Court of Ohio, and 2011-2015 American Community Survey Five-Year Estimates, Table B25003 Another way of evaluating the data is to examine eviction filings relative to a county’s renter-occupied housing stock. Statewide, this ratio was 71 per 1,000 rental units Urban counties had higher rates of eviction filings; Butler had the highest ratio at 117. Nearly all rural counties were well below the state average; Monroe County had the lowest ratio at 2. Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 88 Exhibit 6-10. Selected Monthly Owner Costs for Homes with a

Mortgage, 2006-2010 vs. 2011-2015 2006-2010 2011-2015 Households Percent Households Percent Less than $500 55,077 2.5 48,429 2.4 $500 to $599 56,162 2.6 56,489 2.8 $600 to $699 84,777 3.9 86,162 4.3 $700 to $799 113,865 5.3 119,926 6.0 $800 to $899 143,524 6.6 144,338 7.3 $900 to $999 158,844 7.4 154,570 7.8 $1,000 to $1,249 413,674 19.1 387,726 19.5 $1,250 to $1,499 353,823 16.4 317,675 16.0 $1,500 to $1,999 433,502 20.1 372,821 18.8 $2,000 or more 346,930 16.1 295,202 14.9 Total households 2,160,178 100 1,983,338 100 $1,288 --- $1,246 --- Median owner costs Source: 2006-2010 and 2011-2015 American Community Survey Five-Year Estimates, Tables B25087 and B25088 “Selected monthly owner costs,” as defined by the Census Bureau, includes mortgage payments (including second mortgages and home equity lines of credit), property taxes, home insurance and utilities, as well as condominium or mobile home fees if applicable.

The number of homeowners with a mortgage decreased by 176,840 between 2006-2010 and 2011-2015, an eight percent drop, reflecting the overall decline in homeownership. The median cost of homeownership for mortgage holders declined more than three percent statewide, dropping from $1,288 to $1,246. Source: http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs Assessment: Housing in Ohio Page 89 Exhibit 6-11. Median Monthly Housing Costs for Mortgage Holders by County Statewide: $1,246 $995 $1,104 $1,199 $1,123 $1,337 $977 $1,071 $1,110 $1,051 $1,199 $1,580 $1,522 $1,320 $1,293 $1,415 $1,052 $1,096 $1,067 $1,381 $969 $894 $983 $851 $1,008 $982 $978 $837 $1,013 $1,099 $962 $1,018 Less than $1,000 $1,000 to $1,149 $1,080 $1,024 $932 $1,007 $1,110 $1,042 $1,115 $1,040 $1,962 $1,269 $1,008 $1,111 $970 $1,411 $1,153 $1,137 $1,085 $1,336 $1,416 $1,359 $1,154 $1,168 $1,052 $1,386 $1,061 $1,025 $1,197 $1,147 $1,076 $1,108 $945 $1,010 $1,141 $1,173

$1,239 $1,046 $1,064 $1,141 $1,450 $1,172 $984 $1,098 $1,026 $1,279 $1,109 $986 $1,594 $1,297 $1,185 $1,071 $978 $1,103 $1,062 $1,313 $1,187 $1,181 $1,150 to $1,299 $1,300 to $1,449 $1,010 $1,450 or more Source: 2011-2015 American Community Survey Five-Year Estimates, Table B25088 Geographically, the most expensive homes are situated in Delaware County, where the median monthly owner costs approach $2,000; no other county exceeds $1,600. The lowest median cost of ownership is in Monroe County ($837). The highest costs are situated in largely suburban counties within metropolitan areas, while the lowest are located in the east-central portion of the state. Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 90 Exhibit 6-12. Median Monthly Housing Costs for Mortgage Holders as Percent of Household Income by County Statewide: 21.2% 21.1% 20.8% 19.8% 20.2% 20.9% 21.0% 19.7% 21.1% 20.1% 19.3% 20.6% 21.9% 21.3% 19.3% 19.7% 20.7% 22.3%

20.1% 20.8% 21.4% 21.3% 21.6% 20.9% 20.8% 20.8% 22.0% 19.7% 19.9% 19.9% 22.1% 21.5% 18.6% 19.3% 19.4% 21.5% 21.8% 23.4% 21.2% 21.2% 21.4% 19.8% 20.7% 21.6% 20.8% 20.3% 20.5% 20.7% 21.9% 22.7% 21.6% 21.1% 20.6% 21.3% 21.5% 22.3% 23.6% 21.1% 21.2% 21.3% 21.1% 20.4% 22.3% 21.0% 20.9% 20.1% 19.7% 20.7% 21.2% 19.8% 20.3% 19.6% 21.6% 22.3% 21.3% 19.4% 18.8% 18.9% 22.0% 21.4% 21.4% 20.2% 21.9% 19.8% 21.4% 21.7% 22.3% Less than 19.5% 19.5% to 204% 21.9% 20.3% 20.5% to 214% 21.5% to 224% 22.5% or more Source: 2011-2015 American Community Survey Five-Year Estimates, Table B25092 Overall, the median mortgage holder spends 21.2 percent of his or her income on housing costs This is generally consistent across the state, with slightly lower shares in the northwest and east central portions of the state and slightly higher shares in parts of Southwest Ohio. Source: http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs Assessment: Housing in Ohio Page

91 Exhibit 6-13. Selected Monthly Owner Costs as Percent of Household Income by Mortgage Status With a mortgage Without a mortgage Households Percent Households Percent Less than 10.0 percent 138,998 7.0 417,042 39.5 10.0 to 149 percent 347,214 17.5 226,319 21.4 15.0 to 199 percent 424,579 21.4 135,332 12.8 20.0 to 249 percent 328,502 16.6 81,525 7.7 25.0 to 299 percent 214,163 10.8 51,496 4.9 30.0 to 349 percent 136,320 6.9 33,356 3.2 35.0 to 399 percent 89,365 4.5 21,907 2.1 40.0 to 499 percent 107,269 5.4 27,238 2.6 50.0 percent or more 189,680 9.6 51,128 4.8 7,248 0.4 11,763 1.1 1,983,338 100 1,057,106 100 Zero or negative income Total households Source: 2011-2015 American Community Survey Five-Year Estimates, Table B25091 Twenty-seven percent of mortgage holders and 14 percent of homeowners without a mortgage statewide experience housing cost burden. Of those, almost 260,000 households are living with a severe cost

burden, with more than half of their income going toward housing expenses. Overall, including owners and renters, 658,419 households are severely cost burdened, representing one in seven Ohio households. Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 92 Exhibit 6-14. Homeowner Housing Cost Burden by Age of Householder Householder Age 15-34 Gross Rent as Percent of Income Householder Age 35-64 Householder Age 65+ Households Percent Households Percent Households Percent Less than 20.0 percent 156,367 50.4 1,037,733 56.3 495,384 55.9 20.0 to 249 percent 54,743 17.7 257,586 14.0 97,698 11.0 25.0 to 299 percent 33,271 10.7 162,033 8.8 70,355 7.9 30.0 to 349 percent 18,964 6.1 100,352 5.4 50,360 5.7 35.0 percent or more 44,806 14.4 274,100 14.9 167,681 18.9 1,929 0.6 12,062 0.7 5,020 0.6 310,080 100 1,843,866 100 886,498 100 Zero or negative income Total households Source: 2011-2015 American Community Survey

Five-Year Estimates, Table B25093 As with renters, homeowners aged 65 and older are more likely to be cost burdened; 25 percent of householders in this age bracket are paying 30 percent or more of their income in housing costs. This compares with 22 percent of young adults and 21 percent of adults aged 35 to 64. Exhibit 6-15. Homeowner Housing Cost Burden by Income Household Income Severe Cost Burden (Rent ≥50% of income) Moderate Cost Burden (Rent 30-49% of income) Not Cost Burdened (Rent 0-29% of income) Total Owner Households Households Percent Households Percent Households Percent 30% AMI or less 119,745 72.8 26,815 16.3 17,985 10.9 164,545 31% to 50% AMI 73,920 30.2 71,540 29.2 99,670 40.7 245,130 51% to 80% AMI 55,320 12.1 131,690 28.8 270,385 59.1 457,395 81% to 100% AMI 13,565 4.3 75,295 23.8 227,855 71.9 316,715 101% AMI or more 13,195 0.7 131,990 7.0 1,745,830 92.3 1,891,015 275,745 9.0 437,330 14.2 2,361,725 76.8

3,074,800 All households Note: Percent totals add to 100 percent horizontally to show cost burden within income brackets. Source: 2009-2013 Comprehensive Housing Affordability Strategy (CHAS) Data Extremely low-income homeowners (30 percent AMI or less) are likely to experience cost burden; 73% are severely cost burdened, with another 16 percent moderately cost burdened. Nearly 60 percent of very low-income households (31 to 50 percent AMI) and 40 percent of low-income households (51 to 80 percent AMI) experience housing cost burden as well. Source: http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs Assessment: Housing in Ohio Page 93 Chapter Seven SUBSIDIZED HOUSING Exhibit 7-1a. Active Rental Housing Units with HUD Project-Based Subsidy by County Statewide: 125,383 24 253 283 1,009 46 438 60 394 152 1,132 200 8,878 1,018 295 367 11,345 1,052 127 1,431 385 241 1,291 1,201 9 168 273 168 59 28 240 255 731 864 111 461 559 551 4,904 12 984 1,141 237 579

418 211 13,220 254 636 144 224 1,758 707 112 385 2,025 5,762 529 112 127 165 50 3,300 220 130 2,519 2,984 188 911 265 243 20,594 446 379 42 82 1,215 712 6,719 535 612 48 No such units 76 277 1,412 250 to 499 180 510 Less than 250 500 to 999 1,000 to 4,999 5,000 or more Note: Totals include projects receiving funding from HUD Section 8, Section 202, Section 236, FHA mortgage insurance, HOME Investment Partnership Program funds and public housing grants. Totals exclude OHFA and USDA Rural Development projects to avoid double-counting Source: National Housing Preservation Database HUD has subsidized active rental housing projects in 86 of 88 counties. This represents eight percent of all renter-occupied housing. Nearly one-sixth of units are located in Cuyahoga County Further, according to HUD’s Picture of Subsidized Households, over 93,000 Housing Choice Vouchers (not shown here) assist another six percent of Ohio renters. Source:

http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 94 Exhibit 7-1b. Active USDA-Subsidized Rental Housing Units by County Statewide: 6,641 109 223 84 48 106 83 32 272 184 18 30 112 94 48 68 59 92 201 60 212 32 156 96 60 106 96 57 72 49 23 119 176 57 56 48 48 36 123 36 48 132 32 204 12 93 302 83 142 52 196 119 24 176 226 200 20 152 141 16 90 24 No such units 49 192 69 25 to 49 48 40 1 to 24 50 to 99 100 to 199 200 or more Note: Totals include projects receiving funding from USDA Rural Development Section 515 and Section 538. Totals exclude OHFA projects to avoid double-counting. Source: National Housing Preservation Database Rental housing in 66 of 88 counties is subsidized by the U.S Department of Agriculture Rural Development (USDA RD) program with the most such units in Highland and Sandusky Counties. This affordable housing is designed to stabilize rural communities by ensuring that a wide array of housing opportunities

are available for their residents. Source: http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs Assessment: Housing in Ohio Page 95 Exhibit 7-2a. Active Housing Tax Credit-Funded Family Rental Units by County Statewide: 54,414 116 197 270 106 432 105 3,659 295 636 158 9,941 673 28 198 48 260 52 120 294 424 218 168 899 271 85 73 152 539 193 369 222 20 242 182 148 No such units 78 400 130 134 76 599 105 513 106 284 169 4,575 144 93 697 187 255 1,663 766 2,677 106 314 482 60 328 211 241 426 212 639 221 132 181 506 794 185 849 1,204 319 34 211 7,020 289 66 116 360 570 2,627 Less than 100 100 to 199 74 193 200 to 499 500 to 999 1,000 or more Note: Includes lease purchase units. Source: OHFA administrative data Through the Housing Tax Credit program, OHFA has assisted in the development of over 54,000 active rental units for families and individuals, serving 85 of 88 counties. Nearly 10,000 of these, or about 18 percent, are

located in Franklin County. Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 96 Exhibit 7-2b. Active Housing Tax Credit-Funded Senior Rental Units by County Statewide: 24,908 48 32 40 176 42 124 32 144 116 1,372 278 119 64 173 2,206 207 240 92 153 140 217 58 40 24 40 80 142 40 No such units 125 164 113 92 220 120 40 185 174 407 64 241 176 1,658 48 219 42 482 290 45 122 36 307 2,690 179 52 56 90 54 337 192 60 500 86 245 40 60 74 5,679 299 162 70 295 144 1,144 70 50 156 211 Less than 50 50 to 99 54 50 100 to 199 200 to 499 500 or more Source: OHFA administrative data There are nearly 25,000 housing units partially funded using Housing Tax Credits allocated by OHFA that are reserved for projects serving those aged 55 years or older. Active senior projects are situated in 79 of 88 counties. Of these, 23 percent of the rental units funded are situated in Cuyahoga County Source: http://www.doksinet

2018 Housing Needs Assessment: Housing in Ohio Page 97 Exhibit 7-2c. Active Housing Tax Credit-Funded Permanent Supportive Housing Rental Units by County County Units Franklin Cuyahoga Montgomery Hamilton Lucas Stark Summit Mahoning Fayette Ashland Butler Allen Fairfield Grand Total 2,029 600 241 195 180 154 120 114 54 40 38 24 21 3,810 Source: OHFA administrative data Exhibit 7-2d. Active Non-Housing Tax Credit OHFA-Funded Rental Units by County County Units Cuyahoga Franklin Hamilton Lucas Montgomery Summit Portage Stark Fairfield Jefferson Ottawa All others Grand Total 490 460 353 227 209 170 135 130 120 113 103 1,503 4,013 Source: OHFA administrative data Additionally, OHFA funds permanent supportive housing for individuals and families at risk of homelessness through the Housing Tax Credit program, as well as other housing funded through other direct grant and loan programs. Together, these comprise nearly 8,000 active assisted rental housing units supported by OHFA

Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 98 Exhibit 7-2e. Active OHFA-Funded Rental Units by County Statewide: 87,145 239 164 333 249 608 111 437 164 192 514 241 741 6,799 507 287 636 206 4,339 1,179 228 284 14,636 931 382 1,077 268 351 699 280 60 56 334 343 108 48 400 265 581 377 85 125 533 334 1,204 173 906 777 363 207 467 215 6,781 234 819 187 401 2,002 308 222 446 1,036 150 381 1,154 890 261 1,365 1,350 759 413 267 84 13,789 305 481 66 104 665 740 4,178 346 273 154 128 556 368 Less than 200 200 to 499 128 311 500 to 999 1,000 to 1,999 2,000 or more Source: OHFA administrative data In total, OHFA has helped fund over 87,000 rental housing units statewide. All 88 counties have at least one OHFA-funded property, and there are at least 100 assisted rental units in 82 of 88 counties. Together, Franklin and Cuyahoga represent nearly one-third of OHFA production, roughly in line with

their share of renter-occupied housing statewide. Source: http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs Assessment: Housing in Ohio Page 99 Exhibit 7-3. Federally Subsidized and OHFA-Funded Rental Housing Units as Percent of Low-Income Renter Households Statewide: 22% 13% 20% 26% 32% 18% 13% 31% 13% 12% 13% 16% 16% 24% 33% 35% 19% 13% 29% 19% 24% 11% 20% 32% 29% 22% 32% 28% 42% 34% 10% 21% 40% 23% 16% 10% 30% 20% 24% 17% 13% 24% 11% 28% 23% 11% 17% 17% 33% 14% 15% 16% 23% 17% 19% 22% 28% 14% 14% 9% 29% 26% 16% 14% 25% 21% 18% 26% 19% 15% 30% 16% 13% 26% 12% 25% 12% 14% 27% 11% 25% 14% 24% 17% 36% 27% Less than 15% 15% to 19% 18% 21% 20% 20% to 24% 25% to 29% 30% or more Note: Federally subsidized rental housing units includes all active projects that are receiving or have received HUD and/or USDA RD assistance. "Low-income renter households" consists of all households in renter-occupied housing

units earning 80 percent of area median income or less. Source: HUD CHAS Data, National Housing Preservation Database, OHFA administrative data Does the quantity of assisted rental housing satisfy demand? The answer is no. Statewide, subsidized rental housing can only accommodate 22 percent of low-income renters. This ratio ranges from nine percent in Knox County to 42 percent in Jefferson County. Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 100 Part Three VULNERABLE POPULATIONS Homelessness Physical and Mental Disabilities Infant Mortality Older Adults and Veterans Source: http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs Assessment: Vulnerable Populations Page 101 Chapter Eight HOMELESSNESS Exhibit 8-1a. Point-in-Time Count of Homeless Persons by Continuum of Care, 2007-2016 14,000 13,000 Mahoning County Stark County 12,000 Lucas County 11,000 Summit County 10,000 Montgomery County 9,000 Hamilton County 8,000 7,000 Cuyahoga County 6,000 Franklin County

5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 Balance of State 1,000 0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 102 Exhibit 8-1b. Point-in-Time Count of Homeless Persons Table, 2007-2016 Continuum of Care 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Cuyahoga County 2,185 2,242 2,236 2,278 2,262 2,191 2,129 2,103 1,943 1,697 Franklin County 1,373 1,341 1,359 1,387 1,418 1,434 1,488 1,614 1,721 1,724 Hamilton County 1,046 1,116 1,140 1,006 1,275 1,654 1,326 1,043 1,063 1,116 Lucas County 745 959 945 986 1,096 977 900 809 564 599 Mahoning County 249 236 183 183 223 224 227 256 368 346 Montgomery County 785 844 837 884 986 1,081 1,041 791 971 751 Stark County 536 909 410 431 482 482 522 531 472 460 Summit County 824 740 820 859 857 813 862 870 760 679 Balance of State 3,521 4,525 4,770 4,555 4,431 5,121 3,830 3,806

3,320 3,032 Total 11,264 12,912 12,700 12,569 13,030 13,977 12,325 11,823 11,182 10,404 Source: 2016 Annual Homelessness Assessment Report, U.S Department of Housing and Urban Development Exhibit 8-1c. Point-in-Time Count of Homeless Persons in Families, 2007-2016 Continuum of Care 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Cuyahoga County 499 452 493 495 496 565 599 530 393 337 Franklin County 432 490 387 433 395 366 397 466 337 461 Hamilton County 326 390 359 297 545 767 501 284 244 272 Lucas County 321 306 348 314 314 327 332 326 164 211 Mahoning County 128 115 100 86 99 138 129 90 267 129 Montgomery County 281 360 335 259 384 442 422 208 317 196 Stark County 253 401 187 183 247 230 230 272 228 286 Summit County 249 250 271 272 315 303 297 291 253 209 Balance of State 1,905 2,283 2,446 2,511 2,423 2,984 1,807 1,652 1,414 1,357 Total 4,394 5,047 4,926

4,850 5,218 6,122 4,714 4,119 3,617 3,458 Source: 2016 Annual Homelessness Assessment Report, U.S Department of Housing and Urban Development Each year, the state’s nine continuums of care, which are recognized by HUD as the local coordinators of services to persons experiencing homelessness, spend one night per year conducting a “point-in-time count,” during which volunteers count individuals either living in shelters or on the streets. In 2016, 10,404 such persons were identified in Ohio, down seven percent from 2015. It is worth noting that because this population is inherently transient, obtaining a complete count is etssentially impossible. Academic literature suggests that the actual number of persons experiencing homelessness is three to five times larger than the figure obtained through a point-in-time count.1 Of those counted, one-third were members of families experiencing homelessness. Wright, J.D, & Devine, JA (1995) Housing dynamics of the homeless:

Implications for a count American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 65(3), 320-329 1 Source: http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs Assessment: Vulnerable Populations Page 103 Exhibit 8-1d. Point-in-Time Count of Chronically Homeless Persons, 2007-2016 Continuum of Care 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Cuyahoga County 652 698 584 664 398 375 303 252 217 193 Franklin County 503 238 271 276 303 311 309 257 207 160 Hamilton County 226 269 268 303 223 234 274 166 175 24 Lucas County 200 256 312 218 207 138 149 107 42 31 Mahoning County 28 22 7 13 46 54 42 88 86 43 Montgomery County 120 74 52 102 60 48 64 39 27 56 Stark County 49 119 55 17 75 84 71 71 67 44 Summit County 215 212 217 218 210 208 211 219 157 45 Balance of State 315 364 537 429 492 530 330 282 297 182 2,275 2,252 2,303 2,240 2,014 1,982 1,753 1,481 1,275 778 Total Source: 2016 Annual

Homelessness Assessment Report, U.S Department of Housing and Urban Development Exhibit 8-1e. Point-in-Time Count of Homeless Veterans, 2010-2016 Continuum of Care 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Cuyahoga County 355 388 334 313 329 326 202 Franklin County 88 145 133 148 156 129 133 Hamilton County 123 192 200 175 192 203 185 Lucas County 46 90 71 54 51 33 30 Mahoning County 11 12 12 15 25 35 30 Montgomery County 139 156 136 131 128 114 60 Stark County 10 20 42 52 25 26 16 Summit County 49 76 91 97 120 63 67 Balance of State 146 200 225 227 210 254 207 Total 967 1,279 1,244 1,212 1,236 1,183 930 Source: 2016 Annual Homelessness Assessment Report, U.S Department of Housing and Urban Development Since 2009, Ohio has been able to reduce the number of individuals experiencing chronic homelessness by two-thirds, including a 39 percent drop in the past year alone. This has been a priority for federal

policymaking as articulated by the United States Interagency Council on Homelessness. Similarly, homelessness among veterans, another federal priority, fell sharply in 2016. Last November, the Dayton/Kettering/Montgomery County Continuum of Care was certified by HUD to have “functionally ended” veteran homelessness. While this does not mean no veteran will ever experience homelessness again, it means the county has proved that it has a systematic response that ensures homelessness is prevented whenever possible and is otherwise rare, brief and non-recurring. They were joined by Akron/Barberton/Summit County, which was certified last May; Cleveland/Cuyahoga County has an application for designation under review. Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 104 Exhibit 8-2a. Inventory of Year-Round Emergency Shelter, Transitional Housing and Safe Haven Beds, 2007-2016 Continuum of Care 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Cuyahoga County

1,990 2,049 2,160 2,120 2,143 2,164 2,013 1,936 1,838 1,584 Franklin County 1,249 935 941 942 942 952 958 897 1,074 1,215 Hamilton County 1,053 1,052 1,036 1,057 1,349 1,552 1,339 951 942 1,035 Lucas County 876 892 863 985 950 934 924 931 739 819 Mahoning County 327 337 336 290 298 276 284 285 288 293 Montgomery County 762 706 733 790 894 962 805 739 747 615 Stark County 406 430 417 447 406 457 468 447 437 362 Summit County 713 690 657 649 683 659 669 665 614 599 Balance of State 4,796 3,538 3,614 4,044 4,028 4,543 3,908 3,908 3,594 3,322 Total 12,172 10,629 10,757 11,324 11,693 12,499 11,368 10,759 10,273 9,844 Source: 2016 Annual Homelessness Assessment Report, U.S Department of Housing and Urban Development Exhibit 8-2b. Inventory of Year-Round Permanent Supportive Housing Beds, 2007-2016 Continuum of Care 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Cuyahoga

County 3,373 3,695 4,587 4,791 3,970 3,649 3,585 3,822 4,358 4,662 Franklin County 1,772 1,557 1,657 1,685 1,856 2,021 2,146 2,235 2,368 2,661 Hamilton County 1,330 1,277 1,357 1,373 1,642 1,851 1,770 2,092 2,347 2,267 Lucas County 205 408 661 765 767 1,037 1,038 1,177 1,192 1,190 Mahoning County 205 209 217 251 268 279 300 314 340 392 Montgomery County 694 755 733 702 854 892 927 982 1,045 1,172 Stark County 269 310 310 351 372 420 441 479 475 458 Summit County 352 294 298 237 381 418 432 463 481 456 Balance of State 2,302 1,106 1,080 1,334 1,724 1,996 2,224 2,647 3,218 3,493 Total 10,502 9,611 10,900 11,489 11,834 12,563 12,863 14,211 15,824 16,751 Source: 2016 Annual Homelessness Assessment Report, U.S Department of Housing and Urban Development The decrease in chronic homelessness is in part attributable to a shift in federal priorities for housing services. Since 2012, the

number of beds in emergency shelters and transitional housing has declined, while there has been an increase in permanent supportive housing, including projects funded by OHFA. The goal has been to eliminate repeated homelessness by providing a stable residence where individuals in distress can receive supportive services and reduce the likelihood that they will experience homelessness again. Source: http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs Assessment: Vulnerable Populations Page 105 Exhibit 8-3a. Students Experiencing Homelessness by School District, 2015-2016 School Year (Top 30) School District Toledo City Cincinnati City Columbus City Cleveland Municipal City Akron City Canton City Hamilton City Hillsboro City Springfield Local Chillicothe City Switzerland of Ohio Local Nordonia Hills City Springfield City Parma City Ravenna City Oregon City Newark City Lorain City Dayton City Marietta City Fostoria City Mansfield City Southwest Licking Local Xenia Community City

Trotwood-Madison City Findlay City Morgan Local Fairborn City Marion City Lakewood City All other districts plus community schools Total County Number of Students Percent of Enrollment Lucas Hamilton Franklin Cleveland Summit Stark Butler Highland Lucas Ross Monroe Summit Clark Cuyahoga Portage Lucas Licking Lorain Montgomery Washington Seneca Richland Licking Greene Montgomery Hancock Morgan Greene Marion Cuyahoga 2,213 1,966 1,504 1,293 659 411 380 339 323 266 244 241 217 203 179 179 171 167 163 143 141 140 136 135 134 121 116 115 108 105 10.1 5.8 3.0 3.3 3.1 4.6 3.8 13.5 8.8 9.3 11.1 6.8 2.8 1.9 1.2 7.3 4.6 2.7 2.4 1.0 5.4 7.8 4.0 3.5 3.1 4.9 2.1 5.9 2.6 2.5 ― 6,838 ― ― 19,450 1.1 Source: Ohio Department of Education Advanced Reports During the 2015-2016 school year, Ohio school districts identified 19,450 students without a permanent residence. This includes children living in shelters or on the streets, as well as those who are living with friends or family on

a temporary basis. Toledo City School District had the largest number of such students (2,213); this represents more than a tenth of their total enrollment. Hillsboro City (135 percent) and Switzerland of Ohio Local (11.1 percent) reported even higher shares of housing insecure students Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 106 Exhibit 8-3b. Students Experiencing Homelessness by School District, 2015-2016 School Year Statewide: 19,450 10 to 19 students 20 to 49 students 50 to 99 students 100 to 199 students 200 or more students Note: Districts with fewer than 10 students experiencing homelessness are excluded for confidentiality reasons and shown in white. Source: Ohio Department of Education Advanced Reports Source: http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs Assessment: Vulnerable Populations Page 107 Chapter Nine PHYSICAL AND MENTAL DISABILITIES Exhibit 9-1a. Prevalence of Disability among Ohioans Type of disability Number Percent of Population

Hearing difficulty Vision difficulty Cognitive difficulty Ambulatory difficulty Self-care difficulty Independent living difficulty All persons with disabilities 419,130 257,047 605,521 809,481 299,825 547,024 1,550,962 3.7 2.3 5.7 7.6 2.8 6.3 13.6 Note: Individuals can be categorized as having more than one type of disability. Source: 2011-2015 American Community Survey Five-Year Estimates, Table S1810 The Census Bureau identifies six types of disability: • Hearing difficulty: deaf or having serious difficulty hearing • Vision difficulty: blind or having serious difficulty seeing, even when wearing glasses • Cognitive difficulty: Because of a physical, mental or emotional problem, having difficulty remembering, concentrating or making decisions • Ambulatory difficulty: Having serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs • Self-care difficulty: Having difficulty bathing or dressing • Independent living difficulty: Because of a physical, mental or emotional problem;

having difficulty doing errands alone such as visiting a doctor’s office or shopping Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 108 Exhibit 9-1b. Prevalence of Disability by County Statewide: 13.6% 12.9% 14.0% 12.9% 15.7% 13.9% 10.6% 13.6% 14.6% 14.0% 19.0% 12.0% 13.1% 15.4% 16.0% 13.0% 14.5% 9.2% 11.5% 13.8% 12.4% 11.0% 12.1% 11.5% 16.1% 22.4% 12.6% 20.4% 21.8% 16.2% 18.4% 16.8% 16.3% 17.7% 16.6% 18.7% 19.2% 17.0% 18.6% 13.5% 14.3% 14.6% 16.2% 13.7% 7.4% 17.9% 13.5% 8.4% 13.4% 14.0% 16.3% 13.8% 13.7% 12.2% 12.5% 14.6% 13.9% 16.4% 11.6% 9.9% 13.6% 15.1% 16.4% 16.2% 13.5% 15.6% 14.6% 12.0% 14.6% 14.8% 11.5% 14.0% 10.9% 9.8% 14.5% 14.3% 13.9% 16.7% 10.4% 15.6% 11.6% 15.2% 19.4% 19.6% 15.3% 20.7% 20.3% Less than 10.0% 10.0% to 133% 19.9% 21.4% 13.4% to 166% 16.7% to 199% 20.0% or more Source: 2011-2015 American Community Survey Five-Year Estimates, Table S1810 Persons with disabilities

are not evenly distributed throughout the state. Pike County has the highest prevalence of disability (22.4 percent), more than three times higher than Delaware County (74 percent), which has the lowest prevalence. The highest rates of disability are concentrated in the south-central and, to a lesser extent, east-central portions of the state. Source: http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs Assessment: Vulnerable Populations Page 109 Exhibit 9-2. Supplemental Security Income Enrollment by Disability Diagnosis Mental disorders (65.3%) 161,122 Intellectual disability Mood disorders Psychotic disorders Developmental disorders Organic mental disorders Autistic disorders Other mental disorders All other conditions (34.7%) Musculoskeletal diseases Nervous system diseases Circulatory system diseases Endocrine diseases Respiratory diseases Injuries Congenital anomalies Neoplasms Digestive system diseases Genitourinary diseases Infectious/parasitic diseases Blood diseases Skin diseases

Other/unknown Total enrollment 31.4% 26.4% 10.5% 6.6% 4.6% 3.4% 17.1% 85,625 22.4% 19.5% 8.3% 7.5% 6.6% 4.9% 4.6% 3.2% 2.6% 2.0% 1.7% 1.4% 0.6% 14.7% 246,747 Source: 2015 SSI Annual Statistical Report, U.S Social Security Administration Nearly a quarter of a million Ohioans are receiving Supplemental Security Income. Nearly two-thirds of these individuals are experiencing mental rather than physical disabilities, with the largest cause being intellectual disability. Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 110 Exhibit 9-3. Prevalence of Illicit Drug Use and Mental Health Issues in the Past Year Age 12-17 Age 18-25 Age 26+ Past Year Cocaine Use 0.5% 4.2% 1.1% Past Year Heroin Use 0.1% 0.9% 0.3% Alcohol Dependence 1.0% 5.0% 3.1% Alcohol Use Disorder 2.5% 11.7% 6.1% 11.9% 11.2% 7.2% Serious Mental Illness n/a 5.9% 5.1% Any Mental Illness n/a 22.5% 19.8% Serious Thoughts of Suicide n/a 8.5% 4.0% ILLICIT DRUG USE ALCOHOL USE

DISORDER MENTAL HEALTH ISSUES Major Depressive Episode Source: 2014-2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, U.S Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration One in five Ohio adults has a mental illness, as estimated by federal health data, with four percent of adults 26 and older reporting suicidal ideation. Over three percent of this group reported chemical dependency on alcohol. Source: http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs Assessment: Vulnerable Populations Page 111 Exhibit 9-4a. Unintentional Drug Overdose Deaths per 100,000 People by Year, 2010-2015 Year Deaths Population Rate 2010 1,544 11,540,766 13.4 2011 1,772 11,545,442 15.3 2012 1,914 11,551,783 16.6 2013 2,110 11,572,232 18.2 2014 2,531 11,596,998 21.8 2015 3,050 11,613,423 26.3 Total 12,921 ― 18.6 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Unintentional Drug Overdose Deaths per 100,000 People Source: Public Health Data Warehouse, Ohio Department of

Health The dramatic increase in opioid overdoses has emerged as one of the state’s most urgent public health crises. From 2010 to 2015, unintentional drug overdose deaths statewide nearly doubled, topping 3,000 that year. Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 112 Exhibit 9-4b. Unintentional Drug Overdose Deaths per 100,000 People by County, 2010-2015 Statewide: 18.6 13.3 5.8 12.9 8.5 8.8 7.1 11.1 17.2 16.5 14.8 27.0 9.1 14.5 33.4 14.6 9.4 12.8 17.9 17.4 8.1 18.6 28.3 27.7 24.6 33.7 29.5 14.9 18.1 25.9 14.3 12.0 11.2 17.2 17.4 37.2 8.2 10.5 18.0 18.7 9.5 13.3 15.7 12.2 10.0 7.0 16.9 25.2 9.7 15.7 26.0 31.2 5.0 17.5 13.6 11.7 27.5 20.7 9.1 20.7 11.5 14.3 25.3 17.6 11.1 16.8 8.2 11.2 18.3 21.4 13.5 12.2 5.4 20.8 20.0 19.2 11.9 13.3 16.3 Not available 14.9 26.9 28.8 Less than 10.0 10.0 to 149 18.5 20.5 15.0 to 199 20.0 to 249 25.0 or more Source: Ohio Department of Health, Bureau of Vital

Statistics During those years, overdose deaths were most prevalent in southwest, south-central, and far eastern parts of the state, with Brown County (37.2) experiencing the highest death rate Source: http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs Assessment: Vulnerable Populations Page 113 Exhibit 9-5a. Medicaid HOME Choice Community Transitions by County, 2008-2016 Statewide: 9,309 23 23 19 19 53 25 49 8 48 35 35 78 574 17 4 17 24 70 58 3 7 28 76 22 20 45 158 58 29 7 15 24 14 36 985 41 86 93 37 75 75 434 5 120 24 862 85 79 22 34 57 20 12 28 217 59 115 20 56 457 24 7 118 36 50 259 93 23 16 166 176 66 10 11 57 1,360 39 27 3 5 107 164 492 10 38 69 Less than 25 25 to 49 30 34 50 to 99 100 to 199 200 or more Source: Ohio Department of Medicaid The Ohio Department of Medicaid HOME Choice program assists in transitioning individuals with disabilities from institutional settings to housing in the community, where

they receive services and supports to live independently. Since its inception in 2008, over 9,300 Medicaid recipients across all 88 counties have participated in the HOME Choice program. Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 114 Exhibit 9-5b. Selected Medicaid HOME Choice Program Statistics, 2008-2016 Program Area HOME Choice Transitions By Service Population HOME Choice Transitions By Qualified Residence Leading Barriers to Transitioning Into The Community Factors Import in Choosing Qualified Housing Option Category Number of Transitions Percent of Transitions Mental illness/substance abuse 3,350 36.0% Physically disabled 3,263 35.1% Elderly 1,658 17.8% Developmentally disabled 1,038 11.2% Rented apartment or home 5,745 61.7% Relative’s home 2,225 23.9% Group home 839 9.0% Own home 332 3.6% Assisted living 168 1.8% 1,607 17.3% 927 10.0% 647 7.0% 473 5.1% 253 2.7% Affordability 4,710 50.6% Accessibility 2,910

31.3% With family/friends 2,841 30.5% Close to family/friends 2,684 28.8% Close to community resources 2,040 21.9% On a bus line 1,506 16.0% Only available option 888 9.5% Lack or insufficient supply of affordable housing Lack or insufficient supply of accessible housing Insufficient supply of affordable AND accessible housing Insufficient supply of rental vouchers Lack of safe physically accessible housing for participant Source: Ohio Department of Medicaid The populations most often served by the program are individuals with a mental illness or substance use disorder and individuals with physical disabilities. More than 60 percent of Medicaid HOME Choice transitions moved individuals from institutional settings to rental housing. HOME Choice participants rank affordability and accessible housing features as the top factors important in choosing place to live. These factors are also reported as the leading housing-related barriers to transitioning into the

community. Source: http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs Assessment: Vulnerable Populations Page 115 Exhibit 9-6. Number of Beds at Intermediate Care Facilities for Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities by County Statewide: 6,459 6 16 106 68 55 31 151 206 26 92 8 88 125 21 37 80 31 105 52 22 24 32 38 None 36 179 10 95 672 24 146 202 32 130 45 46 36 12 16 20 50 268 32 86 26 230 173 84 20 10 82 144 194 32 8 25 723 152 20 148 246 389 40 1 to 24 8 25 to 49 128 20 50 to 99 100 to 199 200 or more Source: Ohio Department of Developmental Disabilities There are 6,459 beds in Intermediate Care Facilities for Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities (ICFs/ IID) in Ohio. Of these, 765 beds are in ten state-operated facilities, while the rest are operated by private providers and county boards. Over a quarter of counties (23) have no such facilities at all County boards report that about 22,000 individuals living in the

community are in immediate need of Medicaid Waiver services, some of whom are also in need of housing, but have been placed on a waiting list. In addition, over a third of those living in an ICF/IID are able to move back into the community but are on a waiting list to obtain a Medicaid Waiver that would pay for less restrictive care. Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 116 Chapter Ten INFANT MORTALITY Exhibit 10-2. Infant Mortality per 1,000 Live Births by County, 2006-2015 Infant Mortality Rate per 1,000 Live Births 20 15 10 5 0 1990 1995 2000 All 2005 Black 2010 2015 White Source: Ohio Department of Health, Buraeu of Vital Statistics Ohio has a very high rate of infant mortality. On average, in 2015, 72 out of every 1,000 live births did not reach their first birthday, compared with 5.9 nationally According to the most recent data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention2 , Ohio has the 11th highest rate of infant death in the

country, tied with North Dakota and West Virginia. In particular, African-American infants are nearly three times as likely as their white counterparts to die. One out of every 66 black infants born in Ohio does not survive, compared with one out of every 182 white infants. This disparity has persisted over the last 25 years. 2 https://www.cdcgov/nchs/pressroom/sosmap/infant mortality rates/infant mortalityhtm Source: http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs Assessment: Vulnerable Populations Page 117 Exhibit 10-2. Infant Mortality per 1,000 Live Births by County, 2006-2015 Statewide: 7.5 5.5 5.9 7.3 6.0 6.4 6.4 7.7 7.0 4.4 8.4 7.0 8.5 5.9 6.9 5.4 7.1 6.0 5.7 7.1 6.7 Not available 8.6 10.7 6.6 9.3 7.3 6.9 5.4 8.5 9.9 5.6 5.1 6.9 8.8 7.7 6.9 6.6 5.9 6.0 6.0 5.0 6.4 7.7 4.8 6.9 7.5 6.7 6.2 5.2 6.2 7.3 8.9 5.2 5.4 4.1 6.6 5.7 6.3 8.1 6.7 6.4 6.8 4.1 4.6 9.4 8.6 5.7 7.6 5.1 8.5 4.6 7.8 6.0 10.4 7.9 9.1 7.4 Less than 6.0

6.0 to 69 8.4 9.4 7.0 to 79 8.0 to 89 9.0 or more Source: Ohio Department of Health, Bureau of Vital Statistics Geographically, there is a substantial disparity as well. At the county level, rates range from 41 per 1,000 in Medina and Mercer to 10.7 per 1,000 in Pike with the highest rates in the southwest and south central parts of the state. Within counties, however, there are also substantial disparities. The Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity identified “hot spots” in eight urban counties for infant mortality, census tracts in which rates are two to three times higher than the rest of the county. These tracts, along with the location of OHFA-funded rental housing developments, are identified in maps on the following pages. Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 118 Exhibit 10-3a. Infant Mortality Hotspots and OHFA Project Sites, 2000-2015, Cuyahoga County EUCLID SHAKER HEIGHTS CLEVELAND NORTH OLMSTED 271 480 SOLON PARMA

480 OHFA Project Sites 77 STRONGSVILLE 80 City of Cleveland Hotspot Census Tract All Other Census Tracts Source: Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity, The Ohio State University and OHFA administrative data Source: http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs Assessment: Vulnerable Populations Page 119 Exhibit 10-3b. Infant Mortality Hotspots and OHFA Project Sites, 2000-2015, Franklin County WESTERVILLE DUBLIN GAHANNA HILLIARD COLUMBUS 670 70 71 REYNOLDSBURG 270 GROVE CITY CANAL WINCHESTER 71 OHFA Project Sites City of Columbus Hotspot Census Tract All Other Census Tracts Source: Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity, The Ohio State University and OHFA administrative data Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 120 Exhibit 10-3c. Infant Mortality Hotspots and OHFA Project Sites, 2000-2015, Hamilton County FOREST PARK 275 SHARONVILLE LOVELAND 75 HARRISON 71 74 275 INDIAN HILL CLEVES CINCINNATI 471 275

OHFA Project Sites City of Cincinnati Hotspot Census Tract All Other Census Tracts Source: Kirwan Center for the Study of Race and Ethnicity, The Ohio State University and OHFA administrative data Source: http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs Assessment: Vulnerable Populations Page 121 Exhibit 10-3d. Infant Mortality Hotspots and OHFA Project Sites, 2000-2015, Lucas County SYLVANIA TOLEDO 280 OREGON 75 80 MAUMEE WHITEHOUSE OHFA Project Sites City of Toledo Hotspot Census Tract All Other Census Tracts Source: Kirwan Center for the Study of Race and Ethnicity, The Ohio State University and OHFA administrative data Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 122 Exhibit 10-3e. Infant Mortality Hotspots and OHFA Project Sites, 2000-2015, Mahoning County 80 CRAIG BEACH YOUNGSTOWN 680 CANFIELD 76 POLAND SEBRING COLUMBIANA OHFA Project Sites City of Youngstown Hotspot Census Tract All Other Census Tracts Source: Kirwan Center for the Study

of Race and Ethnicity, The Ohio State University and OHFA administrative data Source: http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs Assessment: Vulnerable Populations Page 123 Exhibit 10-3f. Infant Mortality Hotspots and OHFA Project Sites, 2000-2015, Montgomery County HUBER HEIGHTS 70 BROOKVILLE DAYTON NEW LEBANON KETTERING 75 675 MIAMISBURG OHFA Project Sites City of Dayton Hotspot Census Tract All Other Census Tracts Source: Kirwan Center for the Study of Race and Ethnicity, The Ohio State University and OHFA administrative data Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 124 Exhibit 10-3g. Infant Mortality Hotspots and OHFA Project Sites, 2000-2015, Stark County HARTVILLE ALLIANCE CANAL FULTON CANTON MASSILLON 77 OHFA Project Sites City of Canton Hotspot Census Tract All Other Census Tracts Source: Kirwan Center for the Study of Race and Ethnicity, The Ohio State University and OHFA administrative data Source: http://www.doksinet 2018

Housing Needs Assessment: Vulnerable Populations Page 125 Exhibit 10-3h. Infant Mortality Hotspots and OHFA Project Sites, 2000-2015, Summit County TWINSBURG 480 271 80 HUDSON RICHFIELD CUYAHOGA FALLS 77 AKRON 76 277 BARBERTON 77 GREEN OHFA Project Sites City of Akron Hotspot Census Tract All Other Census Tracts Source: Kirwan Center for the Study of Race and Ethnicity, The Ohio State University and OHFA administrative data Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 126 Chapter Eleven OLDER ADULTS AND VETERANS Exhibit 11-1. Persons 65 Years or Older as Percent of Population by County Statewide: 15.1% 17.1% 16.3% 21.2% 13.5% 17.0% 16.6% 17.7% 18.0% 15.5% 16.5% 16.7% 16.2% 19.0% 17.3% 16.1% 12.4% 10.8% 13.6% 15.7% 15.7% 14.1% 10.6% 16.3% 15.6% 13.4% 16.0% 16.2% 19.7% 17.1% 22.3% 14.5% 19.1% 18.4% 21.4% 18.6% 16.9% 16.5% 18.6% 17.3% 14.1% 17.8% 17.4% 11.0% 14.8% 17.3% 12.2% 13.9% 14.7% 16.0% 16.9% 14.6%

15.0% 13.9% 17.6% 15.8% 16.2% 12.7% 14.9% 15.0% 16.0% 17.4% 16.7% 14.9% 18.7% 15.5% 14.1% 18.8% 15.8% 15.5% 14.5% 16.4% 17.4% 16.2% 18.9% 15.8% 16.3% 15.2% 16.8% 17.4% 14.2% 15.7% 15.1% 18.7% 11.0% 17.0% 15.3% Less than 12.5% 12.5% to 149% 16.8% 17.0% 15.0% to 174% 17.5% to 199% 20.0% or more Source: 2011-2015 American Community Survey Five-Year Estimates, Table B01001 Overall, 15 percent of Ohioans are aged 65 or older. Generally, older Ohioans are a smaller share of the population in Central Ohio and a larger one in eastern Ohio, as well as in Ottawa and Erie Counties, which have many retirees on or near the Lake Erie Islands. Source: http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs Assessment: Vulnerable Populations Page 127 Exhibit 11-2. Persons 65 Years or Older Living Alone as Percent of Households Population by County Statewide: 11.2% 12.4% 9.0% 9.6% 12.8% 9.6% 11.8% 12.7% 12.1% 13.1% 12.2% 13.0% 11.6% 12.6% 13.9% 11.6% 10.5% 8.1% 7.4%

11.4% 11.7% 11.0% 8.6% 8.2% 11.5% 10.9% 9.0% 12.5% 13.1% 12.8% 12.5% 13.1% 8.6% 14.4% 13.7% 12.7% 11.9% 11.4% 12.2% 11.7% 12.0% 9.4% 11.8% 12.2% 7.0% 10.8% 11.8% 7.6% 9.5% 11.1% 9.6% 11.2% 9.8% 10.5% 11.0% 14.7% 11.9% 11.7% 9.0% 10.2% 10.3% 10.7% 12.6% 11.6% 10.5% 14.2% 11.6% 9.5% 13.6% 11.0% 11.4% 12.1% 13.5% 8.8% 13.2% 13.1% 12.2% 13.5% 12.2% 12.4% 12.0% 11.2% 13.0% 12.2% 8.5% 9.9% 11.9% Less than 8.0% 8.0% to 99% 12.4% 13.3% 10.0% to 119% 12.0% to 139% 14.0% or more Source: 2011-2015 American Community Survey Five-Year Estimates, Table B11007 One-ninth of households in Ohio consist of a single person aged 65 or older living alone. More than half a million older adults fall in this category. This proportion is highest in Richland, Jefferson and Mahoning Counties, while it is lowest in Delaware, Union and Holmes Counties. Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 128 Exhibit 11-3a. Projected Older

Adult Population, 2020-2040 2020 2030 2040 People Percent People Percent People Percent Age 60+ 2,952,661 25.2 3,371,907 28.7 3,428,379 29.3 Age 65+ 2,133,145 18.2 2,685,567 22.8 2,811,497 24.0 Age 85+ 269,111 2.3 336,664 2.9 533,793 4.6 Source: Scripps Gerontology Center, Miami University Exhibit 11-3b. Projected Population Aged 60 or Older with Disabilities, 2020-2030 2020 Severe Physical or Cognitive Disability Moderate Physical or Cognitive Disability 2025 2030 People Percent People Percent People Percent 184,718 6.3 208,313 6.5 236,043 7.0 96,591 3.3 107,634 3.3 116,970 3.5 Source: Scripps Gerontology Center, Miami University Ohio is projected to continue aging, with older adults representing larger percentages of the state’s population. By 2040, Ohioans 65 and older will represent nearly a quarter of the state’s population, up from just over oneseventh today. The number of Ohioans 85 or older will more than double in the

next quarter century Further, the proportion of older adults with physical and cognitive disability will continue to increase as well, reaching 10.5 percent by 2030 Source: http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs Assessment: Vulnerable Populations Page 129 Exhibit 11-3c. Persons 60 Years or Older as Percent of Population by County Statewide: 28.7% 34.2% 42.1% 31.9% 30.2% 24.8% 31.5% 31.1% 31.9% 29.1% 32.3% 31.1% 29.9% 34.4% 32.8% 31.0% 25.4% 22.2% 28.0% 30.7% 27.9% 20.1% 30.8% 32.3% 30.5% 30.7% 33.2% 32.2% 49.6% 30.2% 31.8% 34.1% 37.1% 33.1% 32.1% 30.4% 35.2% 32.2% 25.2% 35.1% 32.5% 27.0% 28.2% 32.4% 22.5% 25.4% 31.2% 34.7% 30.3% 27.5% 25.7% 26.9% 31.5% 32.5% 27.3% 27.2% 24.5% 31.0% 29.9% 28.3% 31.1% 31.6% 30.8% 34.4% 28.5% 28.9% 35.0% 32.5% 28.8% 23.4% 32.3% 36.1% 31.0% 35.2% 30.4% 30.6% 31.5% 32.5% 33.9% 27.0% 31.1% 32.1% 36.6% 23.3% 31.6% 29.2% 25.0% to 299% 30.4% 28.6% Less than 25.0% 30.0% to 349%

35.0% to 399% 31.6% 40.0% or more Source: Scripps Gerontology Center, Miami University By 2030, it is expected that at least 20 percent of residents in every county will be 60 years of age or older. In Noble County, nearly half of residents will fall in that age bracket. Existing patterns are projected to continue with the oldest counties being in eastern Ohio and along the western lakeshore. Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 130 Exhibit 11-4a. Prevalence of Housing Problems for Owner-Occupied Households with an Older Adult by Income Income Age 62-74 Age 75+ Number Percent Number Percent 30% AMI or less 33,005 88.4 30,800 84.1 31% to 50% AMI 37,250 58.6 38,605 45.9 51% to 80% AMI 46,995 37.2 25,165 21.5 81% to 100% AMI 22,575 24.9 6,160 12.1 101% AMI or more 33,875 8.3 7,425 5.5 All incomes 173,700 24.0 108,155 25.5 Source: Comprehensive Housing Affordability Strategy Data, U.S Department of Housing and Urban

Development Exhibit 11-4b. Prevalence of Housing Problems for Renter-Occupied Households with an Older Adult by Income Income Age 62-74 Age 75+ Number Percent Number Percent 30% AMI or less 31,380 72.1 20,080 70.3 31% to 50% AMI 27,310 69.4 24,725 66.2 51% to 80% AMI 16,310 43.5 15,250 53.9 81% to 100% AMI 1,905 12.5 2,830 32.8 101% AMI or more 1,930 6.2 5,080 30.3 78,835 47.3 67,965 56.9 All incomes Source: Comprehensive Housing Affordability Strategy Data, U.S Department of Housing and Urban Development Older adults can often have additional housing challenges. Affordability can be harder to maintain on a fixed income, the quality of the home may deteriorate over time or the home might be less accessible as a resident’s mobility becomes impaired. Over 85 percent of extremely low-income homeowners and 70 percent of extremely low-income renters aged 62 or older are experiencing one or more housing problems, defined as (a) experiencing cost

burden, (b) living with incomplete kitchen or plumbing facilities and/or (c) living in an overcrowded housing unit. More than 30 percent of non-low-income renters aged 75 or older are experiencing one or more of these conditions as well. Source: http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs Assessment: Vulnerable Populations Page 131 Exhibit 11-5. National Home Accessibility for Mobility-Impaired Individuals Potentially modifiable for person with mobility impairment Livable for person with mobility impairment Wheelchair accessible All households Households with a member age 65+ Households with a member age 65+ with ambulatory disability 32.9% 39.0% 44.4% 3.8% 8.8% 14.6% 0.2% 0.4% 0.9% Source: Chan, S., & Ellen, IG (2016) Housing for an Aging Population Housing Policy Debate, 27(2), 167-192 Available online at http://dx.doiorg/101080/1051148220161184696 A recent academic paper examining American Housing Survey (AHS) data highlights the mismatch between the needs of older

adults and the homes in which they live. While these data are not specific to Ohio, because AHS is a national survey, the fact that Ohio has an older than average housing stock suggests conditions here are similar or worse. Overall, 67 percent of housing units require climbing steps to enter the home and/ or do not have a bedroom and bathroom on the ground floor. Fifty-six percent of older adults with mobility impairment live in such a home. Only four percent of housing units overall, and about one in seven occupied by a mobility-impaired older adult, can be fully and successfully navigated by someone with an ambulatory disability. Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 132 Exhibit 11-6. Veteran Status by Period of Service Number Percent of Veterans Percent of Population September 2001 to present 83,165 10.3 0.9 August 1990 to August 2001 122,843 15.2 1.4 Vietnam War 287,868 35.7 3.2 Korean War 83,011 10.3 0.9 World War II 59,000 7.3 0.7

Peacetime service only 170,644 21.2 1.9 Total veteran population 806,531 100 9.1 Non-veteran adult population 8,105,127 ― 90.9 Total adult population 8,911,658 ― 100 Period of Service Source: 2011-2015 American Community Survey Five-Year Estimates, Table S2101 Exhibit 11-7. Profiles of Veterans and Non-Veterans Characteristic Veterans Non-Veterans Male 93.6% 43.7% Age 65 or older 47.3% 16.9% White, non-Hispanic 86.7% 81.9% $33,946 $25,651 Median income Holds bachelor’s degree Labor force participation rate (for persons aged 18 to 64) Below the poverty line 20.1% 26.8% 74.4% 76.4% 7.4% 14.3% With any disability 27.5% 15.3% Source: 2011-2015 American Community Survey Five-Year Estimates, Table S2101 Ohio is home to over 800,000 veterans, about nine percent of the adult population. Over one-third of these veterans first served during the Vietnam War; another 18 percent served in prior conflicts. Accordingly, 47 percent of veterans are aged

65 or older. Veterans have higher earnings and are less likely to live below the poverty line than non-veterans, but they are also less likely to hold a bachelor’s degree or be in the labor force. Veterans are also more likely to have some kind of disability, whether service-related or not Source: http://www.doksinet 2018 Housing Needs Assessment: Vulnerable Populations Page 133 Exhibit 11-8. Poverty and Disability among Veterans by Age Characteristic Veterans Non-Veterans Poverty rate, age 18-64 9.9% 15.4% Disability rate among those in poverty, age 18-64 36.7% 24.3% Disability rate among those not in poverty, age 18-64 16.1% 9.1% Poverty rate, age 65+ 4.6% 8.9% Disability rate among those in poverty, age 65+ 46.5% 50.2% Disability rate among those not in poverty, age 65+ 37.6% 33.0% Source: 2011-2015 American Community Survey Five-Year Estimates, Table C21007 As noted earlier, veterans are less likely to be in poverty; this is true for both older adults

and their younger counterparts. Across all ages, there are over 58,000 veterans living below the poverty line About 23,000 of them have a disability. Exhibit 11-9. Housing Cost Burden among Heads of Household Aged 55 or Older by Veteran Status, 2012 Population Veterans Non-Veterans Number of households experiencing housing cost burden 94,863 457,719 Percent of households experiencing housing cost burden 22.5 29.5 Source: Sturtevant, L., Brennan, M, Viveiros, J, & Handelman, E (2015, June) Housing and Services Needs of Our Changing Veteran Population National Housing Conference and Center for Housing Policy report. Accessed on April 3, 2017, at http://centerforhousingpolicyorg/VeteransHousingReport finalpdf Overall, nearly 95,000 older veterans were spending more than 30 percent of their income on housing costs in 2012. While this represents a modestly lower share of the population than among their civilian counterparts, even with the supports available, many older

veterans are struggling to fit housing expenses into their budget. Source: http://www.doksinet Ohio Housing Finance Agency Page 134 Exhibit 11-10. Labor Market Data and Housing Affordability for Post-9/11 Veterans in Ohio’s Largest Metropolitan Statistical Areas, 2012 Cincinnati Cleveland Columbus Number of post-9/11 veterans 12,900 5,567 8,996 Labor force participation rate 92.2% 82.6% 88.2% Unemployment rate 14.1% 15.9% 19.6% Median home price $110,000 $92,000 $118,000 Qualifying home buying income $31,065 $25,982 $33,325 $558 $603 $625 $22,320 $24,120 $25,000 One-bedroom fair market rent Housing income needed to rent Source: Sturtevant, L., Brennan, M, Viveiros, J, & Handelman, E (2015, June) Housing and Services Needs of Our Changing Veteran Population National Housing Conference and Center for Housing Policy report. Accessed on April 3, 2017, at http://centerforhousingpolicyorg/VeteransHousingReport finalpdf Though somewhat out of date,

these figures represent a window into the degree to which young veterans can afford housing. In all three major metros, the typical income earned by those exiting the service was insufficient to buy a home in 2012 without experiencing housing cost burden. Only in the Cincinnati MSA could a young veteran afford to rent a one-bedroom apartment at the HUD-defined, fair market rent without becoming cost burdened. Exhibit 11-11. National Suicide Rates per 100,000 People among Veterans and Non-Veterans Population Male adults Female adults All adults Veterans Non-Veterans Rate, 2014 Age-Adjusted Change Since 2001 Rate, 2014 Age-Adjusted Change Since 2001 37.0 18.9 35.3 +30.5% +85.2% +32.2% 26.2 7.2 15.2 +0.3% +39.7% +23.0% Source: Office of Suicide Prevention, U.S Department of Veterans Affairs In recent years, there has been an increasing awareness of the mental health challenges faced by veterans, particularly those returning from modern conflicts. Overall, veterans were more

than twice as likely as nonveterans to commit suicide in 2014 Since 2001, the rate of suicide among male veterans has increased by more than 30 percent. While this rate has stayed stable among those who did not serve, the rate of female veteran suicide has increased more than twice as fast as that of non-veterans