History | Studies, essays, thesises » A hatalom értelmisége, az értelmiség hatalma, A Földes László ügy

1  $KDWDORPpUWHOPLVpJH²D]pUWHOPLVpJKDWDOPD $)|OGHV/iV]OyJ    $NRPPXQLVWDUHQGV]HUHOVKpYHLEHQHJIDMWDV]HUHS]DYDUMHOOHPH]WHDURPiQLDLPDJDUpUWHOPLVpJD]RQ WDJMDLW DNLN D N|]SRQWL KDWDORPPDO HJWWPeN|GYH D  QHP]HWLVpJL LURGDOPDW pV D ÅWRWDOLWiULXV QLOYiQRVViJµ IyUXPDLW OpWUHKR]WiN LOOHWYH PeN|GWHWWpN +HO]HWN HOOHQWPRQGiVRVViJiQDN IK RND D] YROW KRJ D OHJV]LJRU~EE V]WiOLQL LGKV]DNEDQ HJ  NHWWKV YDJ SRQWRVDEEDQ DPELYDOHQV GLVNXU]XV iOWDO PHJKDWiUR]RWW  V]HUHSUH YiOODONR]WDN (JV]HUUH YROWDN UDMRQJyL PeN|GWHWKL pV DQDJL KDV]RQpOYH]KL HJ KNHW LQWHJUiOQL pV PHJEHFVOQL LJHNYK UHQGV]HUQHN XJDQDNNRU QHP]HWLVpJL PLYROWXN PLDWW VRKDVHP YiOKDWWDN V]HUYHV UpV]pYp D KDWDORPQDN pV D URPiQ iOODPpStWpVQHN $] HUGpOL PDJDU pUWHOPLVpJHW QRKD D NRPPXQLVWD SiUW KDWDORPJDNRUOiVL MRJ QpONOL KDWDOPL WpQH]KQHN WHNLQWHWWHD]

iOODPEL]WRQViJLV]HUYHNWyONH]GYHV]LJRU~PHJILJHOpVDODWWWDUWRWWiN (QQHNiEUi]ROiViUDD]DOiEELDNEDQQpKiQLURGDORPSROLWLNDLpVPHQWDOLWiVW|UWpQHWLPR]]DQDWRWLGp]HN IHO $ PyGV]HUWDQ NLYiODV]WiViEDQ .DOPiU 0HOLQGD 6WDQGHLVN eYD pV 5DLQHU 0 -iQRV D NRUD NiGiUL]PXV LGHROyJLiUyO IROWDWRWW NXWDWiVDL pV HOHP]pVHL Q~MWRWWDN VHJtWVpJHW $] HUGpOL PDJDU pUWHOPLVpJL V]HUHSHNHW RODQ HVHWWDQXOPiQRQ NHUHV]WO NtYiQRP YL]VJiOQL DPL KLWHOHVHQ UHNRQVWUXiOKDWy D IHQQPDUDGW pV PD PiU NXWDWKDWy OHYpOWiUL IRUUiVRN iODSMiQ $] HOHP]pV N|]pSSRQWMiEDQNpWD]DNNRULN|]YpOHPpQV]iPiUDMHOHQWKVNXOWXUiOLVFVRSRUWRV~OiVYLV]RQDiOO $WDQXOPiQHOVKUpV]pEHQD0DURVYiViUKHOHQPHJMHOHQK,JD]6]yFtPeLURGDOPLpVN|]pOHWLIROyLUDW LQGXOiViW PXWDWRP EH PHJYLOiJtWYD D V]HUNHV]WKN NDSFVRODWUHQGV]HUpUH D KHOL pV D EXNDUHVWL KDWDORPPDO YDOy YLV]RQXNUD $]W YL]VJiORP WRYiEEi KRJDQ DODNXOW D] |WYHQHV pYHN IRODPiQ D

NROR]VYiULpVPDURVYiViUKHOLtUyNNDSFVRODWDPLOHQKDWiVWJDNRUROWDND]HUGpOLPDJDUpUWHOPLVpJUH DPDJDURUV]iJLSROLWLNiEDQpVDN|]JRQGRONRGiVEDQEHN|YHWNH]KYiOWR]iVRND]RVIRUUDGDORP 9pJOD)|OGHV/iV]OyJÅGUDPDWXUJLiMiWµHOHP]HP)|OGHV/iV]OyLURGDORPNULWLNXVpVODSV]HUNHV]WK pVN|]|WWDNROR]VYiUL8WXQNIKV]HUNHV]WKMHYROWEDQHOWiYROtWRWWiNIXQNFLyMiEyOPDMG  MDQXiUMiEDQ NL]iUWiN D NRPPXQLVWD SiUWEyO pV SXEOLNiOiVL WLODORPPDO EQWHWWpN $] ,JD] 6]y V]HUNHV]WKLiOWDOPHJIRJDOPD]RWWYiGV]HULQWOLEHUiOLVUHYL]LRQLVWDSiUWHOOHQHVQp]HWHNHWYDOORWWpVHEEHQ D V]HOOHPEHQ WDQtWRWWD D] iOWDOD WiPRJDWRWW ILDWDO NROR]VYiUL PDJDU tUyNDW $] J pUGHNHVVpJH KRJ pUWHOPH]pVL NHUHWH QHP HOVKVRUEDQ HJIDMWD FHQWUXPSHULIpULD (UGpO%XNDUHVW  HOOHQWpWEHQ YDJ D] HUGpOL LQWHUHWQLNXV PH]KEHQ NHUHVHQGK $ PHJpUWpV NXOFVD D NO|QE|]K pUWHOPLVpJL FVRSRUWRNQDN D

KDWDORPKR]YDOyYLV]RQDLOOHWYHDKDWDORPELUWRNOiViQDNLOO~]LyMD(]XWyEELD],JD]6]yV]HUNHV]WKLW MHOOHPH]WHVKWDUUDVDUNDOOWDKNHWKRJYpOWKDWDOPXNDWpU]pNHOWHVVpNLVYHWpOWiUVDLNNDO   $],JD]6]yPLQWQHP]HGpNLV]RFLDOL]iFLyVFVRSRUW  $]  MXOL~ViEDQ OpWUHM|WW 0DJDU $XWRQyP 7DUWRPiQ 0$7  N|]SRQWMiEDQ 0DURVYiViUKHOHQ V]NVpJYROWHJWHNLQWpOHVÅSiUWRVµPDJDULURGDOPLODSUD(]WDV]HUHSHWLJHNH]WHEHW|OWHQLD] EDQPHJMHOHQW,JD]6]yPHODFtPODSRQIHOWQWHWHWW|QPHJKDWiUR]iVV]HULQWÅ$5RPiQ1pSN|]WiUVDViJ ÌUyV]|YHWVpJH0DJDU$XWRQyP7DUWRPiQL)LyNMiQDNIROyLUDWDµYROWpVHOKEENpWKDYLPDMGWKO KDYLUHQGV]HUHVVpJJHOMHOHQWPHJ $ IROyLUDWUD PHJV]OHWpVpWKO NH]GYH NHWWKV V]HUHS KiUXOW HJUpV]W D NpW YLOiJKiERU~ N|]|WWL KDJRPiQRNDWIROWDWYDNLVHEEVpJpVQpSV]ROJiODWLIXQNFLyWNHOOHWWEHW|OWHQLHGHPHJNHOOHWWIHOHOQLH 1 Az ambivalens diskurzus fogalmáról és gyarorlatáUyO D]  HOWWL pV XWiQL HUGpOL

QLOYiQRVViJEDQ Y|  /ULQF] & HOHP]pVpW /ULQF]2004). 2 Vö. Standeisky 1996, Kalmár 1998, Rainer 2003 3 Romániai Magyar Irodalmi Lexikon (RMIL) 1984-2002, II. kötet: 328-329 A MAT létrehozásáról lásd Stefano Bottoni 2003 és Gagyi 2%HOVP&N|GpVpUO Gagyi 2004: 173-190. -y]VHINLW Q 2 D] ~M KDWDOPL KHO]HW iOWDO WHUHPWHWW PHUHY SROLWLNDL pV YLOiJQp]HWL ÅHOYiUiVRNQDNµ LV )KV]HUNHV]WKMH +DMGX*K]KHJDWDUWRPiQLSiUWEL]RWWViJQDNNpV]tWHWW|VMHOHQWpVEHQtJIRJDOPD]RWW  K 8WXQN FtPe NXOWXUiOLV KV IHODGDW KiUXO $] ,JD] 6]y OpWHVtWpVpYHO D 3iUW pV D PHOOHO HUKWHOMHVHQ KDUFROKDWQDN ~M IRUPiMiEDQ QHP]HWL $ KD]DL PDJDU LURGDOPL pOHW V]HUYH]pVpEHQ pV LUiQ WiViEDQ D .ROR]VYiURQ PHJMHOHQ LURGDOPL KHWLODS PHOOHWW D] ,JD] 6]yUD UHQGNtYO MHOHQW .RUPiQ tUyLQDN NH]pEH RODQ IHJYHUW DGRWW WDUWDOPiEDQV]RFLDOLVWDLURGDOPXQNNLWHOMHVtWpVppUW  $ ODS LQGXOiViQDN N|UOPpQHL

QDJPpUWpNEHQ PHJKDWiUR]WiN D]RNDW D UHJLRQiOLV pV V]HPpOL NRQIOLNWXVRNDWPHOHNNpVKEED)|OGHVJNLUREEDQiViKR]pVYpJNLIHMOHWpKH]YH]HWWHN0iUDPiVRGLN YLOiJKiERU~XWiQLHOVKpYHNWKOpUH]KHWKYROWKRJD.ROR]VYiUN|]SRQW~HUGpOLPDJDUN|]PeYHOKGpVW pV LURGDORPL pOHWHW D KDWDORP 0DURVYiViUKHOUH HJ ~M ² MyYDO SURYLQFLiOLVDEE pV SROLWLNDLODJ HOOHQKUL]KHWK ² FHQWUXPED NtYiQMD iWKHOH]QL ÌJ M|WW OpWUH V]iPRV NLPRQGRWWDQ PDJDU MHOOHJe LQWp]PpQDYiURVEDQEHQD%RODL(JHWHPRUYRVLpVJyJV]HUpV]HWLNDUDEDQD6]pNHO 6]tQKi]EHQD)LOKDUPyQLDEHQD6]HQWJ|UJL,VWYiQ6]tQPeYpV]HWL(JHWHPEHQD] ÉOODPL.LDGyDXWRQyPWDUWRPiQL PDJDUQHOYe ILyNMDEHQD]ÉOODPL6]pNHO1pSL(JWWHV $ OHJIRQWRVDEE LQWp]PpQHNHW D] RUYRVL pV D V]tQPeYpV]HWL HJHWHPHW VHP KHOL NH]GHPpQH]pVUH KR]WiNOpWUHKDQHP.ROR]VYiUUyON|OW|]WHWWpNOH0DURVYiViUKHOUH $] iOWDOXQN YL]VJiOW HVHW MyO pU]pNHOWHWL D URPiQLDL

PDJDUViJSROLWLNiEDQ WXGDWRVDQ DONDOPD]RWW ÅRV]G PHJ pV XUDONRGMµ HOYHW D] ,JD] 6]y PHJLQGtWiViYDO HJLGHMeOHJ XJDQLV PHJV]QWHWWpN D] WKO .ROR]VYiURQ DODFVRQ SpOGiQV]iPEDQ PHJMHOHQK ,URGDOPL $OPDQDFKRW $ NROR]VYiUL pUWHOPLVpJ N|UpEHQ HUKV HOOHQpU]pVW YiOWRWW NL D PDURVYiViUKHOL NH]GHPpQH]pV D %RODL HJHWHP RNWDWyL pV D] 8WXQN N|UO FVRSRUWRVXOy LURGDOPL N|U|N D NXOWXUiOLV pOHW ÅYLGpNUHµ YDOy NLKHOH]pVpWKO WDUWRWWDN $ %RODLHJHWHPDODSV]HUYH]HWpQHNNpUpVpUHNpV]OWMHOHQWpV  YLOiJRVDQIRJDOPD]RWWHWHNLQWHWEHQ   ÓJ Qp] NL KRJ EL]RQRV N|U|N D 0DJDU $XWRQyP 7DUWRPiQ OpWUHKR]iViW PHJNtVpUOLN RODQ W|UHNYpVHN e WDNDUyMiXOIHOKDV]QiOQLDPHOHNSpOGiXO.ROR]VYiUNpWQHOY MHOOHJpQHNROR]VYiUW|UWpQHOPLOHJNLDODNXOWPDJDU NXOWXUFHQWUXPMHOOHJpQHNIHOV]iPROiViUDLUiQXOQDN $],JD]6]yQHJDWtYIRJDGWDWiViQDND]RQEDQPiVRNDLLVYROWDN.ROR]VYiURQWpQNpQWIRJDGWiNHOD]WD

KtUHV]WHOpVWKRJD],JD]6]yPHJV]HUH]WHDPHJV]QWHWHQGK,URGDOPL$OPDQDFKYDJRQiW$KtUHV]WHOpV V]HULQWNpVKKV]pQ+DMGX*K]KD]LQGXOyODSIKV]HUNHV]WKMHDSiUWHQJHGpOMpYHONLSDNROWDWWDD] $OPDQDFK V]HUNHV]WKVpJpW PDMG HJ D 0$7 SiUWEL]RWWViJ iOWDO EL]WRVtWRWW WHKHUDXWyYDO 0DURVYiViUKHOUHV]iOOtWWDWWDDEHUHQGH]pVW $]pUWHOPLVpJLYLWiNEDQDILDWDOpVDJUHVV]tY+DMGX~JOpSHWWIHOPLQWDEXNDUHVWLKDWDORPIKNLYiODV]WRWW NpSYLVHOKMH $] ,URGDOPL $OPDQDFK V]HUNHV]WKVpJpEHQ WHWW ÅOiWRJDWiVDµ pV D] KRJ YH]HWK V]HUHSHW N|YHWHOWPDJiQDNVHPPLEHYpYHDQiOiLGKVHEEUpJHEELPR]JDOPiURNWHNLQWpMpWFVDNIRNR]WDD]WD] HOOHQV]HQYHW DPLW D NROR]VYiUL EDOROGDOL pUWHOPLVpJ MHOHV NpSYLVHOKL SpOGiXO *DiO iERU  D ÅNLV GLNWiWRUUDOµV]HPEHQPiUDQQDNHJHWHPLpYHLWKONH]GYHpU]HWW +DMGX*K]KpVD]iOWDODNLDODNtWRWWV]HUNHV]WKVpJWDJMDLQDNV]RFLDOL]iFLyVKiWWHUpWYL]VJiOYDNLUDM]ROyGLN

D]DN|]HJDPHOEHQV]RURVDQ|VV]HIRQyGRWWDQHP]HWLVpJL|QWXGDWpVDKDWDORPELUWRNOiViQDNpU]pVH +DMGX DKKR] D] DV pYHN YpJpQ V]OHWHWW JHQHUiFLyKR] WDUWR]RWW DNLN SiOiOMXNDW D NRPPXQLVWD  4 AUKLYHOH 1D LRQDOH LUHF LD -XGH HDQ 0XUHú ] MHOHQWpVH : -ik kongresszusának tanulságai“. 5 $ PDJDU pUWHOPLVpJL N|U|NEHQ MHOHQWNH] EXU]VRi-nacionalista befolyások elleni harc néhány problémája, A kolozsvári „Bolyai” Tudományegyetem R.MP alapszervezete bürójának megbízásából készült jelentés / 1954 december–1955 március / Teleki László Alapítvány kézirattára, 2442/92, 30. 6 Tóth Sándor nyugalmazott egyetemi tanár közlése. Budapest, 2003 december 1 Interjú 7 Hajdu Gaál Gábor tanítványaként kezdte meg pályafutását a Bolyai Egyetem bölcsészkarán (1948–1952). RMIL, II kötet, 162.  $1-0  IRQG  GRVDU   +DMGX * Ä+RJDQWNU|] GQHND],JD]6]yPXQNiMiEDQDV]RYMHWtUyN,, 3

KDWDORPNLpSOpVpQHNLGKV]DNDEiQNH]GWpNPHJ(QHP]HGpNNpVKEEIRQWRVV]HUHSHWMiWV]yNpSYLVHOKL VRNDQPiUDWDQXOypYHLNWKOVRUiQLVPHUHWVpJHWN|W|WWHNHJPiVVDO +DMGXDXJXV]WXViQV]OHWHWWDN|]pSHUGpOL6]pNHONRFViUGRQV]HJpQFVDOiGEyOV]iUPD]RWW .DUULHUMH UHQGNtYO JRUV pV NLWeQKHQ MHOOHP]L QHP]HGpNH PRELOLWiVL OHKHWKVpJHLW $ PDURVYiViUKHOL DNNRU PpJ HJKi]L LQWp]PpQNpQW PeN|GK 5HIRUPiWXV .ROOpJLXP HOYpJ]pVH XWiQ   V]iUPD]iViQDNN|V]|QKHWKHQIHOYpWHOLQpONONHUOWEHD%RODL(JHWHPUH(JHWHPLVWDNpQWUpV]WYHWW D]8WXQNV]HUNHV]WpVpEHQ*DiOiERUpV)|OGHV/iV]OyPHOOHWW$]HJHWHPHOYpJ]pVHXWiQPiU WyOpYHVNRUiWyOHJpV]HQLJD],JD]6]yIKV]HUNHV]WKLSRV]WMiWW|OW|WWHEH3ROLWLNDLSiODIXWiVDLV D],JD]6]yQiOEHW|OW|WWSR]tFLyKR]N|WKGLNWyOD.,6=|]SRQWL%L]RWWViJPDMGpV N|]|WWD]5.3%WDJMDWyOWHVWYpUH=ROWiQLVD],JD]6]yV]HUNHV]WKVpJpEHQGROJR]LNDNLD·

HVpYHNYpJpWKOHOKEED0DJDU1pSL6]|YHWVpJPeYHOKGpVLRV]WiOiQDNPXQNDWiUVDPDMG%XNDUHVWEHQ pV0DURVYiViUKHOHQGROJR]RWWRODQDSiUWiOWDOOpWUHKR]RWWQHP]HWLVpJLLQWp]PpQHNEHQPLQWD)DOYDN ROJR]y1pSHpVD0eYHOKGpVFtPeIROyLUDWRNYJD5RPiQ5iGLyPDJDUDGiVDEHQNLQHYH]WpND] DNNRUDODNXOWÉOODPL6]pNHO1pSL(JWWHVLJD]JDWyMiQDN 5pV]OHWHVLQIRUPiFLyNiOOQDNUHQGHONH]pVUHD)|OGHVJPiVLNNpWIRQWRVV]HUHSOKMpUKOLV6WK$QGUiV D PH]KVpJL 3XV]WDNDPDUiVRQ V]OHWHWW  M~QLXV pQ V]HJpQ I|OGPeYHV FVDOiGEDQ WKO D QDJHQHGL %HWKOHQ .ROOpJLXP PDMG WKO D NROR]VYiUL0yULF]=VLJPRQG1pSNROOpJLXPWDQXOyMD 3ROLWLNDLV]RFLDOL]iFLyMDDPiVRGLNYLOiJKiERU~XWiQLNROR]VYiULEDOROGDOLILDWDOpUWHOPLVpJKH]pVD%DORJK (GJiU YH]HWWH 9LOiJRVViJ FtPe QDSLODSKR] N|WKGLN PHOQHN PiU WKO PXQNDWiUVD YROW EHQ OpSHWW EH D 5RPiQ .RPPXQLVWD 3iUWED HJ pYYHO NpVKEE D %XNDUHVWEHQ PHJMHOHQK )DOYDN 1pSH

V]HUNHV]WKMpQHNPDMGEHQIKV]HUNHV]KMpQHNQHYH]WpNNL LJW|OWLEHH]WDIXQNFLyW  EHQ DOLJ  pYHVHQ D] ÌUyV]|YHWVpJ WDJMiYi YiODV]WMiN (EEHQ D] pYEHQ MHOHQLN PHJ +DMGX =ROWiQQDO N|]|VHQtUWV]tQGDUDEMDDNROOHNWLYL]iFLyUyOpVDIDOXVLRV]WiOKDUFyO0H]tWOiERVPHQDVV]RQFtPPHO WKO D] ,JD] 6]y IKV]HUNHV]WKKHOHWWHVHNpQW 0DURVYiViUKHOHQ GROJR]RWW GH RV D SiUW iOWDO PHJEt]KDWDWODQQDN LWpOW PDJDWDUWiVD PLDWW EHQ HOWiYROtWRWWiN D ODSWyO pV D MyYDO FVHNpOHEE SpOGiQV]iP~ 6]tQKi] pV 0eYpV]HW FtPe IROyLUDW IKV]HUNHV]KMpYp QHYH]WpN NL .DUULHUMH WHKiW QHP V]DNDGW PHJ VKW D] iWPHQHWL PHOOK]pV XWiQ  pV  N|]|WW D .|]SRQWL %L]RWWViJL SyWWDJMDpVD 1DJ1HP]HWJeOpVNpSYLVHOKMHYROW *iOIDOYL=VROWDFVRSRUWOHJILDWDODEEWDJMDQRYHPEHUiQV]OHWHWW0DURVYiViUKHOHQSROJiUL FVDOiGEDQ pGHVDSMDJYpG

pVHPLDWW²V]HUNHV]WKWiUVDLYDOHOOHQWpWEHQ²QHPLQGXOWÅWLV]WDODSSDOµ%iU WKO .,6=WDJ YROW D N|YHWNH]K pYHNEHQ LQGtWRWW ÅIHOOYL]VJiODWRNµ KW VHP NtPpOWpN EHQ NL]iUWiNDV]HUYH]HWEKO(QQHNHOOHQpUHEHQOHpUHWWVpJL]KHWHWWDYROW5HIRPiWXV.ROOpJLXPEDQpV IHOYpWHOWQHUWD%RODL(JHWHPUHDKROEHQGLSORPiWV]HU]HWW$OLJpYHVHQQDUiQOHWWD] ,JD]6]yV]HUNHV]WKMHHJHWOHQSiUWRQNtYOLNpQW DSiUWQDNFVDNSiUWQDNFVDNWKOYROWWDJMD  $ FVRSRUW QHJHGLN WDJMD .RYiFV *|UJ tUy DNL 6WK MHOOHP]pVH V]HULQW ÅHJ YpJWHOHQ EHFVOHWHV HPEHU SiUWKeVpJEHQ QpKD YDNEX]Jyµ DNLQHN ÅDPLW D SiUWN|]SRQWEDQ PRQGDQDN D] V]HQW pV K JRQGRONRGiV QpONO WHOMHVtWLµ .RYiFV NDUULHUMH PpJ D KDUPLQFDV pYHNEHQ NH]GKG|WW D ILDWDO SDUDV]WV]iUPD]iV~ tUy pV WDQiU KLWHOHV V]RFLRJUiILDL ULSRUWMDL QDJ KDWiVVDO YROWDN D] HUGpOL N|]YpOHPpQUH $] ·HV pYHNEHQ V]HUNHV]WK pV

SROLWLNXVWiUVDLKR] KDVRQOyDQ .RYiFV LV D KDWDORP N|]HOpEHNHUOWEHQQHP]HWJeOpVLNpSYLVHOKYpEHQ.%WDJJiYiODV]WRWWiN    8 Ehhez a nemzedékhez tartoznak többek közt 6W $QGUiV +DMGX *] pV =ROWiQ RPRNRV p]D %RGRU 3iO Fazekas János, Beke György, Fodor Sándor, Varró János, Székely János, Kányádi Sándor, Szabó Gyula, Dávid Gyula, %HQN 6DPX % 1DJ 0DUJLW $QGUiV 9 -iQRV %XVWD (QGUH &VHWUL (OHNHiN7DPiV, Demény Lajos, Egyed Ákos, Balázs Sándor, Keszy-+DUPDWK 6iQGRU $QWDO ÈUSiG %DMRU $QGRU %OpQHVL (UQ 3DQHN =ROWiQ 3iOO ÈUSiG 1DJ3iO Huszár Sándor, Király Károly, Magyari András. 9  6W pOHWUDM]L DGDWDL $UKLYD &RQVLOLXOXL SHQWUX 6WXGLHUHD $UKLYHORr Securit LL $&16$6  IRQG RFXPHQWDU GRVDU  SUREOHPDDUW-FXOWXU8QLXQHD6FULLWRULORU YRO 10 ACNSAS, fond Documentar, dosar 131, vol. 10, 121 11 Magyar Országos Levéltár (MOL), KÜM Román

TÜK, XIX-J-1-j, 12. doboz, 5/f, 6571 1956 augusztus 10 Látogatás Marosvásásárhelyre. 4 $ODSHOVKpYHLHOYHNLUiQ]DWRNEtUiODWRN   0LOHQ WpPiNNDO IRJODONR]RWW PLOHQ V]HOOHPLVpJHW YDOORWW D] ,JD] 6]y LQGXOiViQDN pYHLEHQ pV KRJDQ NH]HOWpNDODSRWD]LOOHWpNHVV]HUYHN"$QHKp]NHVNH]GHWHW V]eNV]HU]KLN|UNO|QE|]KYiURVRNEDQODNy V]HUNHV]WKN UHQGNtYO HUKV KDWDOPL QRPiV EL]RQWDODQ SpQ]JL DODSRN  D 6]WiOLQ KDOiOiW N|YHWK iOWDOiQRV SROLWLNDL EL]RQWDODQViJ pV ~WNHUHVpV V~ORVEtWRWWD $] iOWDOiQRV LGHROyJLDL pV WiUVDGDOPL RIIHQ]tYiWPiVRGLNIHOpEHQpVIKOHJEHQHJyYDWRVHOOHQWPRQGiVRNWyOpVÅYLVV]DHVpVHNWKOµ VHP PHQWHV EHOVK UHYt]Ly YiOWRWWD IHO 5RPiQLiEDQ $] HUGpOL pUWHOPLVpJL N|U|N ILJHOPH MHOOHP]K PyGRQ HOVKVRUEDQ D %XGDSHVWHQ ]DMOy HVHPpQHNUH D 1DJ ,PUH YH]HWWH NRUPiQ UHIRUPMDLUD pV ~M V]HOOHPLVpJpUH LUiQXOW (]HN D KDWiVRN OHJLQNiEE D N|]SRQWL V]HUHSHW EHW|OWK

.ROR]VYiURQ YROWDN pUH]KHWKHN GH D] ,JD] 6]y QHOYH]HWpEHQ pV D IROyLUDWEDQ WpPiN PHJYiODV]WiViEDQ LV WHWWHQ pUKHWK (QQHNHJLNMHOHKRJNDSFVRODWIHOYpWHOW|UWpQLNDV]HUNHV]WKVpJpVD5RPiQLiEDQDNNUHGLWiOWPDJDU GLSORPiFLDL NpSYLVHOHW N|]|WW (] |QPDJiEDQ LV MHOHQWKV XMGRQViJ GH V]HPSRQWXQNEyO D]pUW LV N|Q|VHQ IRQWRV PHUW FVDN HEEHQ D NRQWH[WXVEDQ pUWHOPH]KHWK D +DMGX²)|OGHV NRQIOLNWXV GUiPDL NLPHQHWHOH$PDJDUN|YHWVpJLDWWDVpOiWRJDWiVDNRU DXJXV]WXV +DMGXVpUHOPH]WHD%XGDSHVWpV %XNDUHVWUpV]pUKOHJDUiQWWDSDV]WDOKDWyN|]|QPHOOK]pVWLV  KLQHPYHV]LNWXGRPiVXOD]WDWpQWKRJ $0DJDUÌUyN6]|YHWVpJHPDJDULURGDOPLIROyLUDWRNpVODSRNYH]HW e D 5RPiQ 1pSN|]WiUVDViJEDQ VRN pOYRQDOEHOL QDJWHKHWVpJ  PDJDU tUy pO pV GROJR]LN 7|EEV]|U KDQJV~OR]WD +DMGX HOYWiUV KRJ YpOHPpQH V]HULQW D PDJDURUV]iJL tUyN OHEHFVOLN D 5RPiQLiEDQ GROJR]y PDJDU tUyNDW pV PXQNiMXNDW 

0pJV~ORVDEEDNYROWDND]RQEDQ+DMGXQDNDEXNDUHVWLLOOHWpNHVHNHOOHQWHWWSDQDV]DL  $IROyLUDWPHJMHOHQWHWpVHWRYiEEUDLVDOHJQDJREEQHKp]VpJHNEHNHUO+DMGXHOYWiUVYpOHPpQHV]HULQWH]HNHWD e KGpVJL QHKp]VpJHNHW D URPiQ P YHO KVpJ HOp V]HUNHV]W PLQLV]WpULXP pV D 5RPiQ ÌUyN 6]|YHWVpJH WXGDWRVDQ J|UGtWLN D   %HV]pOW +DMGX HOYWiUV DUUyO LV KRJ PLOHQ VRN QHKp]VpJ YDQ D],JD]6]yHJHJSpOGiQD PHJMHOHQWHWpVpQpO $ Np]LUDWRNDW %XNDUHVWEHQ FHQ]~Ui]]D D] ÌUyV]|YHWVpJ pV D SiUWN|]SRQW LOOHWpNHV V]HUYH KW (OPRQGRWWDKRJDFHQ]XUi]iVPLQGHQHVHWEHQUHQGNtYOVRNLG ²KHWHWLV LJpQEHYHV]DPLQHND]XWiQD] DN|YHWNH]PpQHKRJDIROyLUDWVRKDQHPWXGSRQWRVDQPHJMHOHQQL  +DMGXNHPpQV]DYDLD]pUWLVILJHOHPUHPpOWyDNPHUWKWD]HUGpOLLURGDOPLN|]YpOHPpQDKDWDORP OHJEL]DOPDVDEEHPEHUpQHNWDUWRWWDpVPRVWpSSHQ+DMGXWHWWSDQDV]WDSROLWLNDLYH]HWpVUHUiDGiVXOHJ NOI|OGL iOODP NpSYLVHOKMpQHN 0LQGH]W

SHGLJ pSSHQ DEEDQ NLpOH]HWW LGKV]DNEDQ WHWWH  QDUD  DPLNRU D] HUGpOL PDJDU ODNRVViJRW RODQ IXWyWe]NpQW WHUMHGK KtUHV]WHOpVHN WDUWRWWiN Oi]EDQ PHOHN V]HULQW(UGpOHJUpV]H~MUD0DJDURUV]iJKR]NHUO 6RNNDO yYDWRVDEE YROW D]RQEDQ +DMGX D ODS V]HUNHV]WpVpEHQ$]HVpYIRODPRWiWODSR]YDD]~M ÅNRUV]HUeEEµLUiQ]DWRNLUiQWLOi]DVpUGHNOKGpVPHOOHWWWRYiEEUDLVPHJWDOiOMXNDV]WiOLQLVWDLGHROyJLiWpV V]yKDV]QiODWRW RJPDWL]PXV pV QLWiV WHKiW HJDUiQW MHOOHPH]WpN D ODSRW HEEHQ D] LGKV]DNEDQ $ GRJPDWLNXVLUiQ]DWRWSpOGi]]iN/i]iU-y]VHIPpOWDWyV]DYDL(UGpOL9HUDHJLNQRYHOOiVN|WHWpUKO  e KtUiVDN|WHWEHQD.XOiNRNFtPeHOEHV]pOpVLV0HVpMHPLQG|VV]HHQQL|NU|VV]HNpUUHONXOiNRNE~]iW e K N|]SRQW IHOp $ V]HU]K D] tUyL MHOOHP]pV U|QWJHQVXJDUDLYDO YLOiJtWMD iW D NXOiNRN DOMDV .LW Q YLV]QHN D JDERQDEHJ MW OHONLYLOiJiWIHQHNHWOHQJRQRV]ViJiW  12 MOL, KÜM Román Admin, XIX-J-1-k, 17. doboz 15/c,

08643 1954 augusztus 14 Látogatás az Igaz Szó  V]HUNHV]W VpJpEHQ 13 14 Uo. (]WDN|UOPpQWW|EEPDJDUGLSORPiFLDLpVURPiQWLWNRVV]ROJiODWLIRUUiVLVPHJHUVtWL MOL, KÜM Román TÜK, XIX-J-1-j, 18. doboz, 16/b, 002249/1 Budapest, 1955 március 11 A Magyar Autonóm Tartomány két éve; ACNSAS, fond Informativ, dosar 4436, p. 63 15 Erdélyi Vera 1953. 16 Lázár József: „Erdélyi Vera : Búzahombár”, Igaz Szó, 1954. január, 125–127 5 $NXOiNÅDOMDVµOHONLYLOiJiUDYDOyXWDOiVDUUDILJHOPH]WHWKHWWHD]ROYDVyWKRJDPHJKLUGHWHWWHQKOpV QHP D]W MHOHQWL KRJ D KDWDORP PiU QHP NpSHV ÅU|QWJHQVXJDUDLYDOµ iWYLOiJtWDQL D WiUVDGDOPDW pV PLQGHQNiURVLUiQ]DWRWV]pW]~]QL (J ~M LGHROyJLDL NiQRQ PHJWHUHPWpVpUH YiOODONR]RWW YLV]RQW )|OGHV /iV]Oy DNL V]LQWpQ ILDWDORQ  pYHVHQ NHUOW EHQ HJ PiVLN NXOFVSR]tFLyED D] HUGpOL PDJDU pUWHOPLVpJHQ EHOO  D] ÉOODPL ,URGDOPL pV 0eYpV]HWL .LDGy NROR]VYiUL ILyNMiQDN

pOpUH  WDYDV]iQ MHOHQWKV LURGDORPHOPpOHWL WDQXOPiQWN|]|OWD],JD]6]yEDQD]LURGDORPpVDQHP]HWLHV]PHNDSFVRODWiUyO $NROR]VYiULNULWLNXVDV]WiOLQLQHP]HWGHILQtFLyEyOLQGXOWNLDQHP]HWHJDN|]|VW|UWpQHOHPpVNXOW~UD iOWDO PHJKDWiUR]RWW HPEHUL N|]|VVpJ 6]HULQWH D PeNULWLNXV IHODGDWD UiYLOiJtWDQL D V]RFLDOLVWD pV D NDSLWDOLVWD QHP]HWIRJDORP N|]|WWL V]XEV]WDQFLiOLV NO|QEVpJHNUH 7DQXOPiQiEDQ D ·DV pYHNEHQ 0DJDURUV]iJRQOH]DMORWWQHP]HWNDUDNWHUROyJLDLYLWiWLVJyUFVKDOiYHWWHYDJLVWHUHWHQJHGHWWHJRODQ WHPDWLNiQDN DPHO  XWiQ WDEXQDN V]iPtWRWW 9DQQDNH HJ QpSQHN QHP]HWL DODS~ pV QHP NL]iUyODJ RV]WiOKDUFWyO IJJK ÅVDMiWRVViJDLµ" )|OGHV ~J SUyEiOWD FiIROQL D]W D SDUDGLJPiW DPHO D QHP]HWLMHOOHJHWHOHYHPHJOpYKWHUPpV]HWHVDGRWWViJQDNWHNLQWLKRJDYiODV]W0DJDURUV]iJpV(UGpO  HOKWWL WiUVDGDORPW|UWpQHWpEHQ NHUHVWH Å0LOHQ N|]HOP~OWEHOL KDJRPiQDL YDQQDN D NXOiNWXODMGRQViJRN

QHP]HWL PHJQ OYiQXOiVL IRUPiMiQDN"µ $ VHPDWLNXVDQ pUWHOPH]HWW ÅNXOiNWXODMGRQViJRNDWµ )|OGHV D PDJDU QpSQHN WXODMGRQtWRWWD DPLW D]]DO PDJDUi]RWW KRJ D PDJDURN pYV]i]DGRNLJ XUDONRGy QHP]HWNpQW YLVHONHGWHN (UGpOEHQ pV D PDJDU QHPHVVpJ PLQW HOQRPy RV]WiO QHP]HWL LGHROyJLiMD pUYpQVOW )|OGHV H]]HO V]HPEHQ HJ ~M DO~OUyO pStWNH]K QpSL GHPRNUDWLNXV SDWULRWL]PXV PHJWHUHPWpVpW OiWWD V]NVpJHVQHN )|OGHV XWyODJ LV OHV]iPROW D ÅPpOPDJDUKtJPDJDUµ LOOHWYH D] ÅKVL QHP]HWL WXODMGRQViJµUyO V]yOy YLWiNNDO PHOHNHW D SROJiUL NXOW~UD PDUDGYiQiQDN WHNLQWHWW  8JDQDNNRU W|EEV]|U LV KDQJ~OR]WD KRJ D PHJWHUHPWHQGK ~M QHP]HWWXGDWKR]V]NVpJYDQRODQSR]LWtYNXOWXUiOLVPRGHOONpQWV]ROJiOyQHP]HWLKKV|NUHPLQWSpOGiXO DNLND]HOPRPRWWDNROGDOiQOpSWHNIHO )|OGHV HOHP]pVH WHKiW D SRV]W6]WiOLQL ~WNHUHVpV MHOOHP]K WHUPpNH pUH]KHWKHQ DUUD W|UHNHGHWW KRJ NLEKYtWVH D N|]pOHWL IROyLUDW

UHQGNtYO V]eNUHV]DERWW WHPDWLNXV VNiOiMiW )HOYHWHWWH D QHP]HWWXGDW SUREOHPDWLNiMiWGHD]WV]LJRU~DQDNRPPXQLVWDNXOW~UiOLVpVLGROyJLDLNiQRQV]HULQWJRQGROWDYpJLJ (] D] ÅpStWKµ V]HOOHP MHOOHPH]WH D] ,JD] 6]yEDQ SXEOLNiOy tUyN WHYpNHQVpJpW DPHOUKO iWIRJy NpSHW Q~MWD0DJDU$XWRQyP7DUWRPiQSiUWYH]HWpVHiOWDOWDYDV]iQHOUHQGHOWYL]VJiODW0LQWPLQGHQ SiUWJD],JD]6]yWHYpNHQVpJpQHNHOOHQKU]pVHLVDPiUPHJV]RNRWWGUDPDWXUJLDV]HULQW]DMORWW0iMXV N|]HSpQ +DMGX *K]K UHIHUiWXPRW NpV]tWHWW DPLW .RYiFV *|UJ tUy V]HUNHV]WK pV SROLWLNXV HOOHQMHOHQWpVH HJpV]tWHWW NL 0iMXV iQ D WDUWRPiQL SiUWEUy PHJYLWDWWD D MHOHQWpVW +DMGX *K]K .RYiFV*|UJ6WK$QGUiVDJL/iV]OypV3DSS)HUHQFV]HUNHV]WKNMHOHQOpWpEHQ$SiUWRWDKHOL HO|OMiUyN NpSYLVHOWpN N|]WN &VXSRU /DMRV HOVK WLWNiU %XJL 3iO QpSWDQiFV HOQ|N pV D WDUWRPiQL SiUWEL]RWWViJ7XGRPiQRVpV0eYHOKGpVLRV]WiOiQDNNiGHUHL

$+DMGXiOWDONpV]tWHWWMHOHQWpVSR]LWtYDQpUWpNHOWHD],JD]6]yDGGLJLWHYpNHQVpJpWIKOHJD]EHQ V]HUYH]HWW RUV]iJRV IHOROYDVy WXUQpW ,GHROyJLDL pV HV]WpWLNDL WpUHQ YLV]RQW PHJiOODStWiVD V]HULQW D URPiQLDLLURGDORPQHPYRQWDPpJOHDV]RYMHWtUyN,,NRQJUHVV]XViQDNWDQXOViJDLW  .RUiQWVHPWHUPpV]HWHVMHOHQVpJKRJtUyV]|YHWVpJLODSMDLQNEDQiOWDOiEDQtJD],JD]6]yEDQLVDSUy]DpVDOtUD WHUpQ QHP LQGXOW PHJ D] D] HUMHGpVL IRODPDW DPHOHW D V]RYMHW tUyN NRQJUHVV]XVD VUJHWHWW V DPHOQHN LURGDOPXQNKDUFRVDEEiWpWHOpKH]NHOOHQHYH]HWQLH$],JD]6]yEDQN|]|OWHOEHV]pOpVHNSO0ROWHU.iURO*DJL K $QGUiV 6]DEy *XOD tUiVDL D KD]DL PDJDU SUy]iQDN D] iOWDOiQRV EHWHJVpJpW /iV]Oy 3DSS )HUHQF] 6W WNU|]LN (] D EHWHJVpJ UpV]EHQ D] DSROLWL]PXVEDQ MHOHQWNH]LN PiVUpV]W SHGLJ D P~OW IHOp IRUGXOiVEDQ $] ,JD] 6]y QRYHOOiL QpKiQ EpNHKDUFRV YHUVQNHW SO 0DMWpQL (ULN +DMGX =ROWiQ +RUYiWK ,PUH

VWE N|OWHPpQHLW KNpUGpVHLW KON|YHWNH]LNKRJD],JD]6]yMHOHQOHJLROYDVPiQDQDJiQDN>VLF@WiUVDGDOPLQHYHOKHUHMHJHQJH NLYpYHpVN|OWpV]HWLDQDJDHJpV]pEHQQHPWNU|]LKLWHOHVHQD]RV]WiOKDUFMHOHQOHJLV]DNDV]iQDNG|QW  (EE 17 VQHP]HWLMHOOHJH´Igaz Szó, 1954. április-május, 102–117 )|OGHV/iV]OyÄ$]LURGDOPLK 18 Uo. 103 19 Uo. 115 20 Uo. 116 21 ]IV]HUNHV]WMHOHQWpVH $1-0IRQGGRVDU+DMGX* 6 $] ÅpEHUVpJ KLiQiWµ +DMGX D ÅV]HUNHV]WKN pV tUy NiGHUHNµ NRUiQWVHP SUROHWiU pOHWPyGMiEDQ YpOWH IHOIHGH]QL  KVpJ MHOHQOHJL tUyNiGHUHL HJROGDO~ V]HUNHV]WKL VWtOXVW IROWDWQDN QHP pOQHN D WiUVDGDOPL KDUFRN W]pEHQPHJOHKHWKVHQWiYROpOQHNDIDOYDNpV]HPHNpOHWpWKO $ V]HUNHV]W  9pJH]HWO PLXWiQ IHOWiUWD D ODS QHKp]VpJHLW pV PHJK~]WD D] DNNRU PiU N|UYRQDOD]RGy ÅIURQWRNDWµ D PHJDONXYyN D] LGLOOL]PXV LOOHWYH pV D IRUUDGDOPL RV]WiOKDUFRV V]HOOHP N|YHWKL

N|]|WW +DMGX D SUREOpPiNNH]HOpVHpUGHNpEHQKiURP~MV]HUNHV]WKLVWiWXVWpVDODSDQDJLKHO]HWpQHNUHQGH]pVpWNpUWH 6RNNDOLQNiEE|QNULWLNXVKDQJRWW|WWPHJYLV]RQW.RYiFV*|UJÅWiUVMHOHQWpVHµPHOEHQLVPHUWHWWH D PiU UpJyWD K~]yGy Å6WK²+DMGX YLWiWµ (QQHN D NRQIOLNWXVQDN IHOWHKHWKHQ HOVKVRUEDQ V]HPpOL pV QHP SROLWLNDL RNDL YROWDN +DMGX XJDQLV ÅPHJ QHP HQJHGKHWK KDQJRWµ KDV]QiOW W|EE tUyYDO pV D V]HUNHV]WKVpJ WDJMDLYDO $ KHOWHOHQ YLVHONHGpVW PpJ WHWp]WH D .RYiFV iOWDO ÅIDPLOLDULVPXVµQDN QHYH]HWW ]iUWN|Ue SURYLOpJLXPRNUD pSeOK UHQGV]HU DPL IKV]HUNHV]WKL VWLOXViW MHOOHPH]WH +DMGX HJ |VV]HWDUWyURNRQLpVV]HPpOHVNDSFVRODWRNiOWDO|VV]HIRUUWFVRSRUWRWLJHNH]HWWNLpStWHQLDEEDQEt]YD KRJ D PDURVYiViUKHOL tUyN SiUWKeVpJN IHMpEHQ QDJREE WHUHW NDSQDN PDMG D] HUGpOL PDJDU pUWHOPLVpJHQ EHOO ]DMOy SR]tFLyKDUFEDQ $ UHQGV]HU OpQHJH D] YROW  KRJ D N|]|VVpJ WDJMDL HJPiV

JDNUDQNLIRJiVROKDWyV]LQYRQDO~PeYHLWÅNLYiOyPLQKVpJeµNpQWpUWpNHOWpNpVHV]HULQWKRQRUiOWiN +DMGX *K]K FVRSRUWMD D]RQEDQ PDJD LV HUKV QRPiV DODWW iOOW HEEHQD]LGKV]DNEDQ$PiUHPOtWHWW |VSiUWEL]RWWViJLOpVHQ%XJL3iOD]]DOYiGROWDD]WKRJQHPV]iPROWOHDSROJiULKDWiVRNNDO VKW D SiUW NXOWXUiOLV RV]WiOiQDN UpV]pUKO .|QLJ -y]VHI V]HPpOHVHQ +DMGXW KLEi]WDWWD QHKiQ ÅQDFLRQDOLVWDFLNNµPHJMHOHQpVppUW$]DJUiURV]WiOYH]HWKMH.DSXVL-y]VHISHGLJD]WNLIRJiVROWDKRJ D] (J YpND OLV]W FtPe QRYHOOD V]HU]KMH V~ORV LGHROyJLDL KLEiW N|YHWHWW HO PLNRU QHP NO|QtWHWWH HO D SR]LWtYpVDQHJDWtYV]HUHSOKNHWpVDNXOiNRWÅQDJJD]GiQDNµPLQKVtWHWWH&VXSRU/DMRVWDUWRPiQLHOVK WLWNiU SHGLJ 6]pNHO -iQRV N|OWpV]HWpW YHWWH JyUFVK DOi NLIRJiVROYD KRJ ÅN|OWpV]HWpEHQ VHPPLOHQ V]RFLDOLVWDWDUWDORPQHPWNU|]KGLNµ $ KHOL KDWDORP V]HPOpOHWpW pV PHJIHOHOpVL NpQV]HUpW MyO SpOGi]]D D] LV KRJ D]  ,JD]

6]y HJHWOHQ SR]LWtYMHOOHP]pVWD],JD]6]yDNXOW~URV]WiOWNpSYLVHOK)ULHGPDQQ,ORQiWyONDSWDDNLV]HULQWPLyWDDODS 0DURVYiViUKHOHQMHOHQLNPHJ EHQNDSRWWFVDNQRPGiW KDUFLDVpVSiUWRVRUJiQXPPiYiOWpVMyO KDUFRODÅQpKiQNROR]VYiULtUyµiOWDOLQGtWRWWÅERMNRWWµHOOHQ $]  PiMXV iQ D WDUWRPiQL SiUWEL]RWWViJ iOWDO MyYiKDJRWW LQWp]NHGpVL WHUY DUUD EX]GtWRWWD D V]HUNHV]WKVpJHWKRJWHUHPWVHQV]RURVDEENDSFVRODWRWDW|EELRUV]iJRV pVURPiQQHOYe IROyLUDWWDO N|OW|]WHVVH 0DURVYiViUKHOUH D] |VV]HV WXGyVtWyW pV V]HUNHV]WKW EL]WRVtWVRQ KDWpNRQDEE SROLWLNDL QHYHOpVWD]|VV]HVÅtUyNiGHUQHNµNH]GMHHOÅD0$7SURJUHVV]tYKDJRPiQDLQDNIHONXWDWiViWpVHEEH DPXQNiEDYRQMDEHDWDQtWyNDWpVDQpSPeYHOKNHWLV$NRUDEHOLV]yKDV]QiODWEDQÅD0$7SURJUHVV]tY KDJRPiQDLµ DODWW OpQHJpEHQ D 6]pNHOI|OG PDJDU PXOWMiQDN RV]WiOKDUFRV IHOIRJiViW pUWHWWpN (] DQQDN MHOH YROW KRJ D KDWDORP QHOYpW HJUH SUHFt]HEEHQ

pUWpNHOK NpSHV KHOL pUWHOPLVpJ D]RQQDO GHNyGROWDDSiUW]HQHWpWDPHO~MUDHQJHGpOH]WHDPDJDUSURJUHVV]tYKDJRPiQRNQpSV]HUeVtWpVpW 1HP]HWLVpJL YRQDWNR]iVEDQ WHKiW tJ PXWDWNR]RWW PHJ D KLYDWDORV NXOWXSROLWLND LUiQYRQDOD HJIDMWD HQKeOpVH $ PDJDU pUWHOPLVpJ ²EDQ D SROLWLNDL pV IKOHJ D] |QD]RQRVViJpStWK PR]JiVWpU V]pOHVtWpVpQ IiUDGR]RWW$KDWDORPUpV]pUKOXJDQDNNRUWRYiEEUDLVNpWpUWHOPeMHOHNpUNH]WHN$]QDUiQD.% iOWDOHOUHQGHOWYL]VJiODWQDFLRQDOL]PXVVDOYiGROWDDKHOLpUWHOPLVpJHWpVH]WDYpOHNHGpVWPDJD*KHRUJKH *KHRUJKLXHMLVRV]WRWWD 22 Uo. 120 Uo. 125 Kovács György társjelentése 24 Uo. 127 25 Uo. 90-96 A Magyar Autonóm Tartományi Politikai Bizottsága 1955 május 26-L&OpVpQHNMHJ]N|QYH 26 Uo, 129-132. Intézkedési terv az Igaz Szó munkájának javítására 27 1957-ben ennek jegyében kerül sor Arany János megemlékezésekre és a marosvásárhelyi volt Református Kollégium névadására (Bolyai

Farkas Líceum). 23 7 KOHJD0$7EDQpV.ROR]VYiURQ KGLN 1pKD PDU[LVWD LGp]HWWHO UXNNROQDN HOK pV EL]RQRV WpQHNHW OHOHSOH]YH QDFLRQDOLVWDVRYpQ IRUPD DODWW D] pUWHOPLVpJLHN QDFLRQDOLVWDVRYLQLV]WD Qp]HWHNHW KRUGR]QDN pVNiURVKDWiVXNI pU] KHOH]LNpVOHEHFVOLNDQpSLGHPRNUDWLNXVUHQGV]HUHUHGPpQHLW   DPHJRV]WyIRUUDGDORP  QDUiQDURPiQtUyNRQJUHVV]XVDONDOPiYDONLUREEDQWNRQIOLNWXVRNQLOYiQYDOyYiWHWWpNKRJD] DGGLJ XUDONRGy |QFHQ]~UD pV D NO|QE|]K FVRSRUWRN HJHQV~OD PiU QHP NpSHV YLVV]DV]RUtWDQL D QHP]HWLVpJLpUWHOPLVpJQHNDKDWDORPKR]YDOyYLV]RQXNV]HULQWLPHJRV]WRWWViJiW $ OHJMREEDQ pUWHVOW IRUUiV HUUKO D] LGKV]DNUyO D PDJDU GLSORPiFLD DPHO SiUKX]DPED iOOtWRWWD D EXGDSHVWL3HWKILN|UEHQ]DMOyYLWiNDWpVDURPiQtUyV]|YHWVpJNRQJUHVV]XViQDN]iUWN|Ue|VV]HWe]pVHLW 5RPiQLiEDQD]RQEDQDPDJDULURGDOPLpOHWHWMHOOHP]KPHJOHKHWKVHQLQGXODWRVYLWiNQHPHOVKVRUEDQ WiUVDGDOPL NpUGpVHNUKO

V]yOWDN KDQHP D] pUWHOPLVpJ V]HUHSpUKO SRQWRVDEEDQ D PDJDU LURGDORP ÅKHOpUKOµpVV]HUHSpUKO -~OLXVYpJpQPDJD+DMGX*K]KDÅSiUWKeµPDURVYiViUKHOLFVRSRUWDNNRUPpJFVDNpYHVYH]HWKMH WRYiEEtWRWWD*|UJ-HQKNXOWXUiOLVDWWDVpQDNDYLWDHJLNOHKHWVpJHVQDUUDWtYiMiW0LHOKWWIHOV]yODOWYROQD D] tUyV]|YHWVpJL NRQJUHVV]XVRQ +DMGX KRVV]DVDQ NRQ]XOWiOW D SiUW FV~FVYH]HWpVpYHO 0LURQ &RQVWDQWLQHVFXYDO ,RVLI &KLûLQHYVFKLYHO PDMG V]HPpOHVHQ *KHRUJKLXHMMHO LV $ PHJYiODV]RODQGy NpUGpV KRJ PHOLN QHP]HWKH] ÅWDUWR]LNµ PHOLN QHP]HWHW ÅLOOHWLµ D] HUGpOL PDJDU LURGDORP UHQGNtYO ERQROXOWQDN pV NpQHVQHN PXWDWNR]RWW $ SiUW KLYDWDORV pUWpNHOpVH +DMGX V]HULQW D] YROW KRJ  DURPiQLDLPDJDULURGDORPPLYHOD]51.JD]GDViJLDODSMiEDQJ|NHUH]LND]51LURGDOPiQDNV]HUYHVUpV]pW DONRWMDGHDIHOpStWPpQWQHOYHWNXOWXUiOLVpVLURGDOPLKDJRPiQRNDWWHNLQWYHDPDJDURUV]iJLLURGDORPUpV]pW LVNpSH]L  (JHVHN

D]RQEDQ QHP IRJDGWiN HO D KDWDORP pV D PDJDU NXOWXUiOLV DWWDFKp iOWDO ÅV]pOVKVpJHVQHNµ PLQKVtWHWWFVRSRUW +DMGX*K]K3DSS)HUHQFpV.RYiFV*|UJ Qp]HWHLWÅ9DQQDNPpJLVtUyNDNLNHW H] VHP HOpJtW NL pV ~J NpS]HOLN KRJ D] LWWHQL PDJDU LURGDORP WHOMHV HJpV]pEHQ D PDJDURUV]iJL LURGDORPKR]WDUWR]LNpVPpJD]LUiQ WiVWLVYiUMiNWKOHµ+DMGXHOOHQVpJHLQDUiQHOVKVRUEDQD] ,JD]6]yQiOVRNNDOQpSV]HUeEEpVOLEHUiOLVDEENROR]VYiUL8WXQNV]HUNHV]WKLYROWDN)|OGHV/iV]OyYDOpV .DOOyV 0LNOyV ILOR]yIXVVDO D] pOpQDNLNQHND]iOOiVSRQWMiYDO GHPRNUDWL]iOyGiVpVQHP]HWLVpJLNXOW~UD iSROiVD Q OWDQURNRQV]HQYH]HWWDPDJDUGLSORPiFLDNpSYLVHOKMHLV  KV UpV]H HOKDWiUR]WD D] ,*$= 6=Ð ERMNRWiOiViW $  ODS tUyL N|]|WW HUKV HOOHQWpW K $] ,*$= 6=Ð  tUyL IKKDQJDGyL DQQDN D Qp]HWQHN KRJ D] 8781. VRYLQLV]WD Qp]HWHNQHN DG KHOHW 5RPiQLDL PDJDU tUyN MHOHQW pUH]KHW .DOOyV HOYWiUV H]]HO NDSFVRODWEDQ

NLMHOHQWHWWH D] 8781DW VRYLQL]PXVVDO YiGROWiN DNNRU LV DPLNRU NLiOOW D e P HPOpNHN YpGHOPppUW $] LJD]ViJ YLV]RQW D] KRJ D] 8781. NLiOOiViQDN HUHGPpQHNpSSHQ KHOUHiOOtWRWWiN .ROR]VYiURQ D %HWKOHQ %iVWiW UHVWDXUiOMiN D 0iWiV WHPSORPRW pV iOWDOiEDQ (UGpOEHQ VRNDW IRJODONR]QDN D e P HPOpNHN YpGHOPpYHO  .DOOyV HOYWiUV V]HULQW LQNiEE VRYLQL]PXVVDO OHKHWQH YiGROQL D %DEHû HJHWHP UHNWRUiW e KV]DNROWD  DNL V]iQGpNRVDQ HJ P HPOpNNRPSOH[XP PHJERQWiVD FpOMiEyO NLHU pStWpVpWD)DUNDVXWFiEDQ  28 HJ W|EEHPHOHWHV GLiNRWWKRQ ANDJM, 1134, dosar 119, 253. A Magyar Autonóm Tartományi Politikai Bizottsága 1955 szeptember 12-L&OpVpQHN  WLWNiUpUWpNHOpVH MHJ] N|QYH&VXSRU/DMRVHOV 29 Boc 2001: 68-70. 30 MOL, KÜM Román TÜK, XIX-J-1-j, 12. doboz, 5/f, 6571 31 Uo. 32 Miközben az Igaz Szó 2.500 példányban jelent meg, az 1946-WyOPHJMHOHQ Utunkból közel 6 ezer példányt nyomtak, de Kallós

szerint akár 20.000-es példányszámban is megjelenhetett volna a lap, ha engedélyezték volna az illetékes szervek. 33 MOL, KÜM Román TÜK, XIX-J-1-j, 12. doboz, 5/f , 6569 Bukarest, 1956 július 30 8 *|UJ -HQK PLQGHQ ÅIpOOHOµ LJHNH]HWW NDSFVRODWRW WHUHPWHQL 0DURVYiViUKHOHQ 6WK $QGUiVVDO WDOiONR]RWW DNL +DMGXKR] KDVRQOyDQ HJ ÅPiVLNµ iOODP NpSYLVHOKMpQHN WiUWD IHO WHOMHV Q OWViJJDO D KHO]HWHW6DMiWIKQ|NpUKOD]WQLODWNR]WDÅQRKDDSiUWN|]SRQWQiOWHNLQWpOHYDQpVWiPRJDWMiN²D]tUyN N|UpEHQ JHULQFWHOHQ MHOOHPWHOHQ HPEHUQHN NDUULHULVWiQDN WDUWMiN PHUW RODQ W~O]iVRNEDERFViWNR]RWW DPLFVDNHJNDUULHULVWiUDMHOOHP]Kµ $ ILDWDO V]HUNHV]WK DUUyO SDQDV]NRGRWW KRJ ÅD] tUyN YHV]HNHGQHN DKHOHWW KRJ tUQiQDNµ pV KRJ KLiEDYDOyQDN EL]RQXOW D]iOWDODNH]GHPpQH]HWWWe]ROWiV6WKV]HUHSHNXOFVIRQWRVViJ~YROWD)|OGHV JNLSDWWDQiViEDQPDMGYpJNLIHMOHWpEHQLVJYROWD]DNLPiUEDQD]HUGpOLPDJDU

DPELYDOHQV GLVNXU]XVVDOpOWDNL|QWXGDWRVDQ|WY|]WHKDWDORPN|]HOLSR]tFLyMiWDKDWDORPNULWLNiYDO $]RQDQiURQ3iQGL3iOD6]DEDG1pSHJLNYH]HWK~MViJtUyMDHJKyQDSRVN|U~WUDpUNH]HWW5RPiQLiED %HMiUWDD6]pNHOI|OGHWpV(UGpOOHJMHOHQWKVHEEPDJDUODNWDWHUOHWHLWPLQGHQQHNQRPiQV]OHWWHWWD 6]DEDG1pSiOWDON|]|OWÅ.|]|VGROJDLQNUyOµFtPeULSRUW$]DQDJJeMWpVWV]HPpOHVEL]DOPDVMHOOHJe EHV]pOJHWpVHN LV HOKVHJtWHWWpN D NROR]VYiUL tUyV]|YHWVpJ GOKKHOpQ %RUEHUHNHQ WDOiONR]RWW KiURP PDJDU pUWHOPLVpJLYHO 7yWK 6iQGRU PDU[LVWD ILOR]yIXVVDO DNL D NROR]VYiUL HJHWHPHNHQ WDSDV]WDOW QHP]HWLVpJLV~UOyGiVRNUyOV]HUNHV]WHWWMHOHQWpVWPpJEHQ)|OGHV/iV]OyYDODNLPLQWD],URGDORPL .LDGyNROR]VYiULILyNMiQDNDYH]HWKMHW|EEILDWDODUHQGV]HUKH]NULWLNXVDQYLV]RQXOytUyWLVWiPRJDWRWW SO6]pNHO-iQRVWpV6]DEy*XOiW YDODPLQW6WK$QGUiVVDO$UDGQDLKDYDVRNN|]|WWWHWWKRVV]~VpWD

N|]EHQ7yWK6iQGRUV]HULQWÅHJPiVWW~OOLFLWiOWXNDUUyOKRJLWWPLYDQµ $ 0DJDURUV]iJRQ EHLQGXOW YiOWR]iVRN  QDUiUD PpJ pUH]KHWKEEp WHWWpN D NpW RUV]iJ N|]|WWL V]DNDGpNRWDOLEHUDOL]iFLyDUHIRUPRNpVDKDWDORP|QNULWLNiMiQDNWHOMHVKLiQiW5RPiQLiEDQ$KiURP ILDWDODPELFLy]XVpVOiWV]yODJVLNHUHVHQLQWHJUiOyGRWWILDWDOHPEHUNLIDNDGiVDP|J|WWPpJLVHJPpOHEE OpONLNRQIOLNWXVPXQNiOW$MHOHVPDJDURUV]iJLYHQGpJJHOYDOyEHV]pOJHWpVDPHJROGDWODQQHP]HWLVpJL IHV]OWVpJHN Q OW WiUJDOiVD pV D VpUHOPHN IHOVRUROiVD KLUWHOHQ PHJYiOWR]WDWWD WiUVDGDOPL LGHQWLWiVXNDW NLE~MWDNDKDWDORPNpSYLVHOKLQHNV]HUHSN|UpEKOpVÅHOOHQ]pNEHYRQXOWDNµ $ N|YHWNH]K KHWHNEHQ LV HUKV|GQL OiWV]RWW D PDJDU pUWHOPLVpJ PHUKEHQ ~M PRQGKDWQiQN NHWWKV LGHQWLWiVD 6]HSWHPEHU YpJpQ .ROR]VYiURQ WiUJDOiVRNED ERFViWNR]WDN D N|]SRQWL KDWDORP NpSYLVHOKLYHO D WRWDOLWiULXV NHUHWHN N|]|WW WiUJDOKDWy QHP]HWLVpJL VpUHOPHNUKO LVNROiN |VV]HYRQiVD

WDQN|QYHNKLiQD~MODSRNLQGtWiVD 0LQGH]W~JWHKHWWpNKRJWRYiEEUDLVDKLYDWDORVLGHROyJLiUDpV D SiUWKR] YDOy KeVpJUH WiPDV]NRGWDN IHQQWDUWYD D NLDODNtWRWW KDWDORPEtUiOyKDWDORPUpV]H ² YDJLV D NtYOEHOOHOOHQSiUW $ KDWDORP UHQGNtYO JHQJH pV PHJRV]WRWW YROW NHYpV LQIRUPiWRUUDO UHQGHONH]HWW D PDJDU NXOWXUiOLV LQWp]PpQHNEHQ HQQHN N|YHWNH]WpEHQ VHP LUiQ WDQL VHP HOOHQKUL]QL QHP WXGWD D PDJDU pUWHOPLVpJQHN D UHQGV]HUKH] YDOy YLV]RQXOiViW  V]HSWHPEHU²RNWyEHUpEHQ HJIDMWD VSRQWiQ pV HOOHQKUL]KHWHWOHQ LGHQWLWiVYiOWiV PHQW YpJEH D PDJDU pUWHOPLVpJEHQ RNWyEHU  XWiQ YiODV]~W HOp NHUOWHN D ·HV pYHNYpJHQSR]tFLyEDNHUOWÅtUyNiGHUHNµpVV]HUNHV]WKN1pKiQQDSLJPHJV]eQWD NRUDKV]W MHOOHP]K YiUDNR]y²DPELYDOHQV iOOiVSRQW pV PLQGHQNL VDMiW OHONLLVPHUHWH DODSMiQ G|QW|WWH HO NLQHND]ROGDOiQiOO .ROR]VYiURQ NRPRO PR]JDORP DODNXOW NL IKOHJ D %RODL HJHWHPHQ DKRO D] DGGLJ

PHJEt]KDWyQDN WDUWRWWILDWDOWDQiURNDQ OWHOOHQ]pNLPDJDWDUWiVV~ORVN|YHWNH]PpQHLWLVYiOODOWiN0DURVYiViUKHOHQ IHJHOPH]HWWHEEHQUHDJiOWDNROR]VYiULQiOVRNNDOÅEDOROGDOLEEQDNµWDUWRWWpUWHOPLVpJ.RYiFV*|UJpV IKOHJ+DMGX*K]KPiUD]HOVKSLOODQDWWyOLJHNH]WpNPHJHUKVtWHQLKDWDOPLSR]tFLyMXNDWpVD],JD]6]y JeOpVHLQpOHVHQWiPDGWiND]ÅHOOHQIRUUDGDOPDWµ2NWyEHUYpJpQDSiUWNpUpVpUHPHJIRJDOPD]WDNHJ KeVpJQLODWNR]DWRW DPHO QRYHPEHU HQ MHOHQW PHJ D 0$7 KHOL QDSLODSMiEDQ /HYpOWiUL IRUUiVRN 34 MOL, KÜM Román TÜK, XIX-J-1-j, 12. doboz, 5/f, 6571 Pándi Pál: „Közös dolgainkról”, Szabad Nép, 1956. szeptember 9 36 Tóth Sándor nyugalmazott egyetemi tanár közlése. Budapest, 2003 december 1 Interjú 37 Például a több mint kétezer diákot számláló BRODL HJHWHPHQ  RNWyEHUpEHQ |VV]HVHQ KiURP JQ|N P&N|G|WW pVD]LURGDOPLODSRNWyOFVDNDONDORPV]HU&HQÄIXWRWWDNEH´LQIRUPiFLyN$CNSAS, fond Documentar, dosar. 108,

226 38 Például Dávid Gyula, Varró János, Lakó Elemér, akiket 1957-ben ítéltek el. 39 ANDJM, 1134, dosar 173, 96. 40 „Lelkiismeretünk parancsszava. A MAT-EDQ pO tUyNQDN pV D PDURVYiViUKHOL LURGDOPL LQWp]PpQHN GROJR]yLQDN nyilatkozata”, Vörös Zászló: 1956. november 4 A hivatalos közlemény szerint a nyilatkozatot Antallfy Endre, Gagyi 35 9 V]HULQW D]RQEDQ NRUiQWVHP YROW HJVpJHV D] iOODVSRQW IKOHJ *iOIDOYL pV 6WK HOOHQH]WpN QHYN N|]]pWpWHOpW $ 0$7 SiUWEL]RWWViJD  MDQXiUMiEDQ HOHP]WH D] ,JD] 6]y YLV]RQXOiViW D] ·RV ÅHVHPpQHNKH]µ pV KRVV]DV YLWD XWiQ iSULOLV pQ ~J G|QW|WW KRJ 6WKW IHOPHQWL D V]HUNHV]WKKHOHWWHVLSRV]WUyOpVD]ÅDSROLWLNXVDEEµ6]tQKi]pV0eYpV]HWIROyLUDWpOpUHKHOH]LiW6WKW D]]DOYiGROWiNKRJQHPpUWHWWDIRUUDGDOPDWVXOyVDQHOtWpOK3UDYGDYH]pUFLNNpYHOpVÅQpKiQQDSLJD 1DJ,PUHNRUPiQWWiPRJDWWDµ*iOIDOYLQDNSHGLJD]WUyWWiNIHOKRJD]KVHOOHQVpJ8WXQNKDViEMiQ

N|]YHWOHQO D IRUUDGDORP HOKWW PHJMHOHQWHWHWW HJ PHOHJKDQJ~UHFHQ]LyW,OOpV*XOD .p]IRJiVRNFtPe UHJpQpUKO ( QpKiQ KpW OHIRUJiVD DODWW WDUWyVDQ pV UDGLNiOLVDQ iWDODNXOW D KDWDORP YLV]RQXOiVD D PDJDU NLVHEEVpJKH] pV IKOHJ D] pUWHOPLVpJKH] $ QHPUpJ NLHPHOW PRVW D]RQEDQ KLUWHOHQ NHJYHV]WHWWp pV ]VDUROKDWyYiYiOWILDWDOHOLWHWV~ORVYiODV]WiVHOpiOOtWRWWiNYDJYiOODOMiND]UiMXNNLV]DERWW~MV]HUHSHW YDJ HOWeQQHN D QHP]HWLVpJL N|]pOHWEKO 1DJ W|EEVpJN QHP YiOODOWD D] pUWHOPHWOHQQHN WeQK PHJKXUFROiVW D .|]SRQWL %L]RWWViJ pV D %HOJPLQLV]WpULXP iOWDO OHYH]pQHOW QRUPDOL]iFLy MHJpEHQ ÅUHQGH]KG|WWµ²EHQ)|OGHV/iV]OyJHLV   $VRURNUHQGH]pVH)|OGHVIHOMHOHQWpVHpVIpOUHiOOtWiVD     $ PDJDU IRUUDGDORP NRPRO SROLWLNDL pV QHP]HWEL]WRQViJL NLKtYiVW MHOHQWHWW D URPiQ NRPPXQLVWD UHQGV]HUQHN D 6HFXULWDWH FVDN  pV  N|]|WW N|UOEHOO  H]HU V]HPpOW

WDUWy]WDWRWW OH RUV]iJV]HUWH HEEKO N|UOEHOO  H]UHW tWpOWHN HO D NDWRQDL W|UYpQV]pNHN N|]ON N|]HO V]i]DW KDOiOUD $ PHJWRUOiVL KXOOiP RUV]iJRV PpUHWe YROW pV QHP]HWLVpJUH YDOy WHNLQWHW QpONO V~MWRWWD PLQGD]RNDW DNLN EDQ Q OWDQ V]ROLGDUL]iOWDN D PDJDURUV]iJL HVHPpQHNNHO $] iOWDOXQN IHOWiUW OHYpOWiUL GRNXPHQWXPRN QHP EL]RQ WMiN D]W D V]pOHVN|UEHQ HOIRJDGRWW iOOtWiVW PLV]HULQW  XWiQ IKOHJDQHP]HWLVpJHNpVOHJLQNiEED]HUGpOLPDJDURNV]HQYHGWHNDPHJWRUOyLQWp]NHGpVHNWKO $ÅPDJDUJQHNµYLV]RQWV~ORVSROLWLNDLGLPHQ]LyMDYROWUiG|EEHQWHWWHDEXNDUHVWLKDWDOPDW KRJDV]pOHVNXOWXUiOLVMRJRNNDOIHOUXKi]RWWHUGpOLPDJDURN²pVH]DNRPPXQLVWDFV~FVpUWHOPLVpJUHLV YRQDWNR]RWW ² QHP NtYiQQDN LQWHJUiOyGQL D URPiQ iOODPED $PLQW D )|OGHV J LV V]HPOpOWHWL D] D VWUDWpJLD DPHO HUUH YiODV]NpQW EDQ V]OHWHWW PHJ %XNDUHVWEHQ pV DPHOQHN NLGROJR]yL D 6HFXULWDWH

pV D %HOJPLQLV]WpULXP ,,, RV]WiOD EHOVK HOKiUtWiV  YDODPLQW D .% 3URSDJDQGD RV]WiOD YROWDN QHP NL]iUyODJ D ÅEeQ|Nµ PHJWRUOiViUD pSOW KDQHP ~M DODSRNUD NtYiQWD KHOH]QL D W|EEVpJNLVHEEVpJ YLV]RQiW $] iOWDODP HOHP]HWW J KiWWHUpEHQ HJ ~M KDWDOPL NRQVWHOOiFLy OpWUHKR]iVD iOO (KKH] NHUHVHWW pV WDOiOW  %XNDUHVW N|QQHQ PDQLSXOiOKDWy YDJ RV V]HUHSOpVN PLDWW]VDUROKDWyPDJDUNpQV]HUSDUWQHUHNHW $] DUDGL V]iUPD]iV~ )|OGHV /iV]Oy  pYHVHQ  GHFHPEHUpEHQ OHWW D] 8WXQN IKV]HUNHV]WKMH =VLGyViJD HUKV PDJDU QHP]HWL LGHQWLWiVVDO WiUVXOW H] D] HOVK iOWDOD V]HUNHV]WHWW ODS V]iPDLEyO HJpUWHOPeHQOiWV]LN $]HUKV|GKLGHROyJLDLQRPiVN|]HSHWWHD]8WXQNiOODQGyDQODYtUR]RWWD]pSSHQ DNWXiOLV YRQDOKR] YDOy LJD]RGiV pV D QHP]HWL NXOW~UDPHQWpV V]HUHSH N|]|WW )|OGHVW HOPpOHWL WiMpNR]RWWViJDVRNUpWeROYDVRWWViJDpVMHOHVNULWLNDLDWWLWeGMHXJDQDNNRULGHiOLVFpOSRQWWiWHWWHDKDWDORP

V]iPiUD0LXWiQDSiUWD]M~QLXV²N|]|WWOH]DMORWWSOpQiULVOpVpQPHJKLUGHWWHDPLQGHQQHPe SROLWLNDL pV WHUOHWL UHYL]LRQL]PXV HOOHQL KDUFRW YLOiJRVVi YiOW KRJ PLQGH] )|OGHVW LV pULQWKHWL DNL NO|PE|]K WiUVDViJRNEDQ W|EEV]|U LV NULWLNXV KDQJRW W|WW PHJ D KDWDORPPDO V]HPEHQ ÌJ W|UWpQKHWHWW PHJ SpOGiXO KRJ IK ULYiOLVD +DMGX *K]K D]RQQDO WXGRPiVW V]HU]HWW D] RV Lás]Oy*iOIDOYL=VROW+DMGX=ROWiQ+DMGX].RYiFV*|UJ0HW],VWYiQ0ROWHU.iURO1DJ3iO2OiK7LERU $QGUiV6]DEy/DMRV7RPFVD6iQGRUpV7RPSD6iQGRUtUWDDOi 3DSS)HUHQF6W 41 ANDJM, 1134, dosar 181, 76. 42 A vádak még a januári ülésen fogalmazódtak meg. 43 Tanase 1998: 156-160. 44 ACNSAS, fond Documentar, dosar 53. 45 ACNSAS, fond Documentar, dosar 53, 73, 105, 108, 129, 198, 202. 46 Lásd azUtunk 1956. decemberi számait 10 ERUEHUHNLSiUWHOOHQHVNLIDNDGiViUyO$KKR]D]RQEDQKRJ+DMGXHOLQGtWKDVVDD)|OGHVHOOHQLWiPDGiVW

IRODPDWRVDQ LQIRUPiFLyUD YROW V]NVpJH .ROR]VYiUUyO (]W EL]WRVtWRWWD 6WK DNL  iSULOLViWyO PLN|]EHQ WRYiEEUD LV V]HUHSHOW D] ,JD] 6]y V]HUNHV]WKL N|]|WW D] 8WXQN V]HUNHV]WKEL]RWWViJiED LV EHNHUOWEiUHEEHQDODSEDQQHPWDOiONR]XQNtUiVDLYDO $] RV QiUL LGHROyJLDL WN|]pVHN XWiQ NpW pYYHO HOpUNH]HWW D OHV]iPROiV SLOODQDWD D] ,JD] 6]y IKV]HUNHV]WKMH FVDSGiED FVDOWD )|OGHVW  M~OLXViEDQ PHJMHOHQW QiOD HJ PDURVYiViUKHOL LVPHUKVH DNLN|]|OWHYHOHKRJD],JD]6]yN|YHWNH]KV]iPiEDQ WHKiWDXJXV]WXVYpJpQ HJKWLOOHWYHD]iOWDOD WiPRJDWRWWÅUHYL]LRQLVWiNDWµWiPDGytUiVIRJPHJMHOHQQL 9HV]pOpU]HWH KLEiV OpSpVUH NpV]WHWWH D] 8WXQN IKV]HUNHV]WKMpW DNL DXJXV]WXV pQ pV pQ Å,URGDORPEtUiODWXQN HV]PHL WLV]WDViJipUWµ FtPPHO RODQ YH]pUFLNNHW SXEOLNiOW DPHO VRNNROWD YROW D] HJpV]HUGpOLPDJDULURGDOPLpOHWHW)|OGHVGRNWULQpUtUiVDDPDJDULURGDORPNULWLNDÅKLiQRVViJDLWµ

RVWRURV]WD$6FvQWHLDM~OLXVEDQPHJMHOHQWV]HUNHV]WKVpJLFLNNEKONLLQGXOYDDUUDDPHJiOODStWiVUDMXWRWW KRJ  D KD]DL PDJDU LURGDORPEtUiODWQDN XJDQFVDNPHJNHOOV]tYOHOQLHD6FvQWHLDHOYLFLNNpEHQIRJODOWpV]UHYpWHOHNHW$ EtUiODW WDQXOViJDL EL]WRV ~WPXWDWiVXO V]ROJiOQDN V]iPXQNUD LV +D]DL PDJDU LURGDOPXQN D 5RPiQ 1pSN|]WiUVDViJNXOWXUiMiQDNV]HUYHVUpV]H8JDQD]DSiUWQHYHOWHtUyLQNDWNULWLNXVDLQNDWXJDQDQQDNDSiUWQDN KUHOiWy LUiQ Wy WHYpNHQVpJH V]HUYH]WH VLNHUHLQNHW pV yYRWW PHJ DWWyO KRJ D] HOOHQVpJHV LGHROyJLD  e JRQGRV pV HO  .LRNWDWyVWtOXV~IHMWHJHWpVHHJVRUNRQNUpWSpOGiYDOIRODWDWyGRWWpV0DURVL3pWHU0pOLXV]-yV]HIGH IKOHJ 6WK *iOIDOYL pV +DMGX WDQXOPiQDLW LGp]YH UiPXWDWRWW DUUD LV KRJ pSS D NRQNXUHQV ODS LGHROyJXVDpVV]HUNHV]WKWiUVDLN|YHWWpNHODOHJV~ORVDEESROLWLNDLKLEiNDW~JPLQW V]pOHVWpUWKyGtWKDVVRQpVUHYL]LRQLVWDiUDPODWRNNLDODNXOiVDURPEROKDVVDHV]PHLP

YpV]LpUWpNHLQNHWµ  K QHJDWLYLVWD   ÅD OLEHUiOLV WiUVDGDOPL Qp]HWHN EHV]UHPNHGpVpW MHO]  V]HPEHQHJDUiQWQHJDWLYLVWD NULWLNDLPHJQ OYiQXOiVRNµDW  K DSROLWLNXV ÅD EXU]VRi HV]WpWLND EHV]UHPNHGpVpW MHO] K pOHWQN pV LURGDOPXQN MHOHQVpJHLYHO pOHWQNHW pV D] LURGDOPDW HJDUiQW DSROLWLNXVDQ  )|OGHV²WiPDGyLYDOHOOHQWpWEHQ²YiOODOYDDQ OYiQRVViJNRFNi]DWiWWiPDGyLiWYLWWpUWHOPeQHOYH]HWpW EHV]pOYHHJV]HUUHNtYiQWDN|]YpOHPpQKH]pVDSiUWKR]IRUGXOQLGHDEtUyViJLpVSROLWLNDLLGHROyJLDL PHJWRUOiVRN N|]HSHWWH VHPPLOHQ V]ROLGDULWiVUD QHP V]iPtWKDWRWW VKW pSSHQ H ÅSiUWRVµ tUiVD JRUVtWRWWDIHOD]HVHPpQHNHW$XJXV]WXVpVN|]|WW+DMGX*K]K6WK$QGUiVpViOIDOYL=VROW NO|QNO|Q PDJDUXO PDMG pQ .RYiFV *|UJJHO HJWW URPiQ QHOYHQ IRUGXOWDN D .|]SRQWL %L]RWWViJKR]HJHQHVHQD]DJLWiFLypVSURSDJDQGDRV]WiOYH]HWKMpKH]  V]HPOpO NULWLNDLPHJQ OYiQXOiVRNµDW   7LV]WHOW5

XWXHOYWiUV  $ M~QLXVL .% 3OpQXP GRNXPHQWXPDL SXEOLNiOiVD QRPiQ D] HPOtWHWW DQDJ KDWiViUD pV D URPiQLDL PDJDU tUyN e K]K6WK$QGUiV KIRUGXOy N|]|WWIROyGXUYDKDQJYpWHO YLWiNVRGUiEDQQpKiQPDURVYiViUKHOLtUy²SpOGiXO+DMGX* *iOIDOYL =VROW DJL /iV]Oy pV 1DJ 3iO V]NVpJHVQHN pUH]WH KRJ D PDJDU LURGDOPL pOHWEHQ HO KOWiMpNR]WDWiVWQ~MWVRQpVOHOHSOH]]HD]HPOtWHWWMHOHQVpJHNIHOHOKVHLW-HOHQPHPRUDQGXPRW KSiUWWDJtUyQDNLV SiUWHOOHQHVMHOHQVpJU DPLW3iUWXQN.|]SRQWL%L]RWWViJiQDNNOGWHNQHNHPLVpVPiV0DURVYiViUKHOHQWHYpNHQNHG 47 $QGUiVWiMpNR]WDWWDIQ|NpWD)|OGHVVHOpV3iQGL3iOODOIROWDWRWWEHV]pOJHWpVUO DNNRULV]HUNHV]WL +DMGX*] IV]HUNHV]W DJL/iV]Oy IV]HUNHV]WMHOHWWHV .RYiFV*|UJ 0DMWpQL (ULN 0pOLXV] -y]VHI 0ROWHU .iURO 3DSS )HUHQF 6W $QGUiV 6]HPOpU )HUHQF 6]HQWLPUHL -HQ 7RPSD 1LOYiQ6W 48 Az Igaz Szó László. 49 6W 

QHYHD]iSULOLV-LV]iPiEDQMHOHQLNPHJ$]DNNRULV]HUNHV]WVpJWDJMDL : Nagy István (igazgató), Földes   $V]WDORV ,VWYiQ &VHKL *XOD +RUYiWK ,VWYiQ .DOOyV 0LNOyV LVV -HQ /pWD /DMRV IV]HUNHV]W I V]HUNHV]W helyettes), Márki Zoltán, Szabédi László, Tamás Gáspár. 50 Tóth Sándor nyugalmazott egyetemi tanár közlése. Budapest, 2003 december 1 Interjú 51 Földes László : Irodalombírálatunk eszmei tisztaságáért, Utunk, 1958. augusztus 7 és 14 52 Címe magyarul: A marxista-leninisWDHOYV]HU&VpJPHJHUVGpVppUWD]LGRGDORPEtUiODWEDQ. A cikket közölte az Igaz Szó, 1958. július–augusztus, 144–158 11 LVPHUWHWWpN+DMGX=ROWiQpV3DSS)HUHQFÐULiVLIHKiERURGiVVDOV]HUH]WQNWXGRPiVWDMHOHQWpVHNEHQLVPHUWHWHWW KO %L]WRVDN YDJXQN DEEDQ KRJ D] LOOHWpNHV SiUWV]HUYHN PpOUHKDWyDQ WDQXOPiQR]]iN PDMG D] LWW KHQ LQWp]NHGQHN 9pOHPpQHP V]HULQW D]RN D] DODNRN DNLN UJNpQW KDV]QiOMiN DOMDV

WHWWHNU HPOtWHWW SUREOpPiW pV PHJIHOHO IHO D] LURGDOPDW |QWXGDWRVDQ IiUDGR]WDN D]RQ KRJ QpSLGHPRNUDWLNXV UHQGV]HUQN DODSMDLW JHQJtWVpN pV DOMDV PyGRQUiJDOPD]WiN3iUWXQNDWD.%WpVPDJD*KHRUJKLXHMHOYWiUVDWLV6HPPLKHONQHPFVDNDSiUWEDQGH e KV|GQL D 3iUW pV QDJPpUWpNEHQ IRJ JHQJOQL LURGDOPL LURGDOPL pOHWQNEHQ VHP .L ]pVNNHO WRYiEE IRJ HU pOHWQNEHQDEXU]VRiLGHROyJLDKDWiVDD]DOHONLWHUURUDPLWHGGLJJDNRUROWDNH]HND]HOHPHN $ KiURP V]HUNHV]WK W|EE Wt]ROGDODV IHOMHOHQWpVpEHQ )|OGHV EeQHLW pV SR]tFLyMiQDN WDUWKDWDWODQViJiW EL]RQJDWWD 0LQGHQ NpWVpJHW NL]iUyDQ +DMGX OHKHWHWW D] DNFLy PR]JDWyUXJyMD DNL HJ  ROGDODV LURGDORPSROLWLNDL MHOOHJe YiGLUDWWDO MiUXOW KR]]i )|OGHV OHOHSOH]pVpKH] $ NpW ÅWiUVV]HU]Kµ *iOIDOYL pV 6WKEDQU|YLGLGKUHV]HPEHIRUGXOWDPDJDURUV]iJLIRUUDGDORPKLYDWRORVpUWpNHOpVpYHOpV)|OGHV

/iV]OyOLEHUiOLVYRQDOiWN|YHWWHDPLW6WKNLLVNLIHMWHWWOHYHOpEHQ   K$QGUiVVRNPLQGHQEHQD]RQRVQyWiWI~MW)|OGHVVHO9DOyEDQ 0RVWDQSHGLJD]WPRQGKDWQiYDODNLGHKLV]HQ6W >@ EL]RQRV UpV]OHWNpUGpVHNEHQ PLQW DPLOHQ D VDMWySROLWLND D] LGLOOL]PXV pV D QHJDWLYL]PXV NpUGpVH D OLEHUiOLVDEE VDMWy NpUGpVH D ÅPHUpV]HEE EtUiODWµ NpUGpVH D] ,UyNRQJUHVV]XV MHOOHJpQHN PHJtWpOpVH D KN MiWV]RWWDNH QDJREE PDJDURUV]iJL HOOHQIRUUDGDORP 2.$,1$ NpUGpVH KRJ D NOI|OGL YDJ EHOI|OGL HU V]HUHSHWPLQGH]HNEHQDNpUGpVHNEHQHJLGHLJD]RQRVQp]HWHNHWYDOORWWDP  Å0HJWpUpVNµpVDQQDNNLQLOYiQtWiVD+DMGXFpOMDLWV]ROJiOWDHOVKVRUEDQD]pUWKRJEL]RQ WVDDODSMD iOWDONpSYLVHOWNHPpQYRQDODW  7LOWDNR]RP D] HOOHQ pV IHOKiERUtWy HOYWHOHQVpJQHN WDUWRP D]W KRJ )|OGHV /iV]Oy iOQRN PyGRQ NLNLiOWVD D] ,JD] 6]yW ² D OHJURVV]DEE LQGXODW~ IpOUHPDJDUi]iV D] ,JD] 6]y WpQOHJHV KLEiLQDN PpUKHWHWOHQ

HOW~O]iVD YDODPLQW D KEE V]|YHJKDPLVtWiV DODSMiQ D] LGHROyJLDL NyHJ[LV]HQFLD >VLF@ PHJKLUGHWKMpQHN D] HNOHNWLFL]PXV IK KMpQHN D] RSSRUWXQLVWD LURGDORPNULWLND HOVKV]iP~ KRUGR]yMiQDN D KD]DL PDJDU LURGDORPEDQ D V]XEMHNWLYL]PXVpVHV]WpWL]PXVWXGDWRVV]yFVKYpQHNDOLEHUDOL]PXVV]pOVKVpJHVNpSYLVHOKMpQHN OHJV]HPEH|WO NpSYLVHO  0iVUpV]W +DMGX D )|OGHV pV D] iOWDOD SiUWROW D YiViUKHOLKH] NpSHVW WHKHWVpJHVHEE pV V]pOHVHEE OiWyN|Ue QHP]HGpNLFVRSRUWRWSROLWLNDLLOORMDOLWiVVDOYiGROWD  KV]DNEDQ $EEDQ D] LG KV tUyLQN UHQGV]HUHVHQ MHOHQWNH]WHN My V]iQGpN~  YpJH pV  HOHMH  DPLNRU LG EHFVOHWHVtUiVDLNNDOD],JD]6]yROGDODLQ.ROR]VYiURQpSSHQ)|OGHV/iV]OypVQpKiQILDWDOtUyEDUiWMD iQiGL 6iQGRU)RGRU6iQGRU3DQHN=ROWiQpVPiVRN ERMNRWWRWV]HUYH]HWWIROyLUDWXQNHOOHQD]]DODMHOV]yYDOKRJD] ,JD] 6]y ÅQHP]HWiUXOyµ ÅV]WiOLQLVWDµ LURGDOPL IyUXP PHO ÅHOiUXOWD D URPiQLDL PDJDUViJ

pUGHNHLWµ ÅQHP KDUFRODPDJDUQHP]HWLVpJpUGHNHLpUWJiYiQPHJKXQiV]NRGRWWµ MHOHQWpViOWDOVXJDOOWHPOpNH]WHWpVDSiUWQDNV]yOWWXGQLDNHOONLNpSYLVHOWHDV]RFLDOL]PXVpUWpNHLWpVNL KDV]QiOWD IHO QHP]HWLVpJL VpUHOPHN IHOHPOHJHWpVpUH D] HUGpOL PDJDU N|]YpOHPpQW IRUPiOy KLYDWDORV IyUXPDLW   $ KVpJpEHQ )|OGHV HJ V]yYDO VHP EHV]pOW DUUyO KRJ D] ,JD] 6]y V]HUNHV]W GROJR]y NRPPXQLVWD tUyN D KNRPPXQLVWDtUyNNDOHJWWSiUWXQN.9pQHNLUiQHOYHLWN|YHWYHDPDJDURUV]iJLEXU]VRi 0DURVYiViUKHOHQpO QDFLRQDOLVWD HOOHQIRUUDGDORP LGHMpQ HJVpJHVHQ OpSWHN IHO pV PpJ D PDJDURUV]iJL IRUUDGDOPL PXQNiVSDUDV]W KWWPHJEpOHJH]WpNpVKDWiUR]RWWDQHOtWpOWpND]HOOHQIRUUDGDOPLYpUHQJ]pVWpV~MEyOKLWHW NRUPiQPHJDODNXOiVDHO WHWWHN SiUWXQN N|YHWNH]HWHV PDU[LVWDOHQLQLVWD SROLWLNiMD PHOOHWW $UUyO VHP WHV] HPOtWpVW KRJ D] ,JD] 6]yEDQ  GHFHPEHUpEHQ pV  HOHMpQ W|EE RODQ NULWLNDL SXEOLFLV]WLNDL PHJQLOYiQXOiV

OiWRWW  QDSYLOiJRW DPHO e HJpUWHOP HQ iOODVW IRJODOW D V]RFLDOLVWDUHDOLVWD LURGDORP NRPPXQLVWD SiUWRVViJD PHOOHWWpVDOHJKDWiUR]RWWDEEDQ YLVV]DYHUWH HJHV HOOHQIRUUDGDOPiUUi ]OO|WW SHVWL tUyN V]RFLDOL]PXV pV V]RYMHWHOOHQHV Qp]HWHLW SO 3DSS )HUHQF K]K SXEOLFLV]WLNDL FLNNHL NpVKEE SHGLJ 6WK $QGUiV pV *iOIDOYL =VROW SiUWRV NULWLNDL 0pOLXV] -y]VHI +DMGX * tUiVDL  53 & OHYHOH6DMiWIRUGtWiVRP OHYHOH0DURVYisárhely, 1958. augusztus 25 $1-0GRVDU.RYiFV*|UJURPiQQHOY NtVpU 54 $1-0GRVDU6W 55 ANDJM, 1134, dosar 205, 124-5. Hajdu levele Marosvásárhely, 1958 augusztus 20 12  $+DMGXIpOHFVRSRUWiOWDODSiUWYH]HWKVpJHIHOpN|]YHWtWHWW)|OGHVNpSGpPRQLMHOHQVpJNpQWiEUi]ROMD D]HOOHQIHOHW6WK$QGUiVLQIRUPiFLyMDDODSMiQ)|OGHVV]HULQWÅKDYDODNLEHFVOHWHVtUyDNNRUHEEHQD] RUV]iJEDQ FVDN D] DV]WDOILyNQDN tUµ 6WK DUUyO WiMpNR]WDWMD D SiUWRW KRJ

)|OGHV W|EEV]|U pV QLOYiQRVDQYHWWYpGHOPpEHRODQDKDWDORPiOWDOHOOHQVpJQHNQLOYiQtWRWWUHQGV]HUHVHQ]DNODWRWWYDJ PiUOHWDUWy]WDWiVEDQOpYKpUWHOPLVpJLHNHWPLQW3iVNiQGL*p]DDÅGHNDGHQVYLOiJQp]HWLOHJUHDNFLyVµ 6]pNHO-iQRVYDJDÅQ OWDQHOOHQIRUUDGDOPiUDSiUWRWpVDUHQGV]HUWJDOi]yµ7RUGDL=iGRU   K]KGpVHP 0HJJ KRJ )|OGHV QDJPpUWpNEHQ KLEiV D]RNQDN D ILDWDO tUyNQDN D WpYHOJpVHLpUW DNLN D PDJDURUV]iJL HOOHQIRUUDGDORP XWiQ VHP YRQWiN OH KLEiV Qp]HWHLN WDQXOViJDLW )|OGHV PLQGYpJLJ HOpJHGHWOHQ YROW 3iVNiQGLOHIRJDWiVDPLDWWVRKDQHPKDOORWWDPKRJ.iQiGL6iQGRUWPHJEtUiOWDYROQD  $] 8WXQN IKV]HUNHV]WKMpQHN KDWiUR]RWW YpOHPpQH V]HULQW D 0DJDU $XWRQyP 7DUWRPiQ OpWH ÅSRUKLQWpVµ 8JDQDNNRU D]W KDQJR]WDWWD KRJ Å.ROR]VYiURQ D SR]LFLyLQNDW QHP V]DEDG IHODGQLµ WiPRJDWiVWV]HUH]YHHQp]HWQHNW|EEILDWDOtUypVV]HUNHV]WKN|UpEHQ +DMGX OHYHOpEHQ WHUPpV]HWHVHQ HUKV VpUWKG|WWVpJ VKW ERVV]~YiJ

LV HOKEXNNDQ PLNRU )|OGHV EeQHLW VRUROYDPHJHPOtWLKRJHOOHQIHOHD]WMDYDVROWDNpWILDWDOtUyQDN%DMRU$QGRUQDNpV.iQiGL6iQGRUQDN YLJi]]DQDN ÅPHUW +DMGX VSLFOL PLQGHQWHOPRQGDSiUWQDNµ/HYHOpQHNVRNNDOQDJREEUHOHYDQFLiW NHOO WXODMGRQtWDQXQN PLQW HJ HJV]HUe YiGLUDWQDN DPHOQHN HJHWOHQ FpOMD D] HJpQL ERVV]~iOOiV $ WiMpNR]WDWyIHOMHOHQWK tUiV D KDWDORP QHUV QHOYpW EHV]pOL pV WHOMHVHQ iWYHV]L V]yIRUGXODWDLW +DMGX 6WK*iOIDOYLtUiVDLQDNIpOUHpUWKHWHWOHQD]]HQHWHD]HOOHQVpJQHPFVDNN|UO|WWQNKDQHPN|]WQNLV OpWH]LNHJRODQHOOHQVpJDNLEL]DOPLSR]tFLyMDPDJDVViJiEyOPpJD]WLVPHJHQJHGLPDJiQDNKRJD] RUV]iJHOVKHPEHUpUHLVÅDOHJPRFVNRVDEEUDJDOPDNDWµV]yUMDÅ*KHRUJKLXHMHJV]DUKi]LFVLUNHIRJy JD]HPEHUµ IHMWHJHWWH )|OGHV  QDUiQ  6WK $QGUiV pV *iOIDOYL =VROW HOKWW D PDURVYiViUKHOL %RUV]pNQHYeFXNUiV]GiEDQ )|OGHV OHJIKEE EeQHNpQW +DMGX PpJLV D] RV IRUUDGDOPL KDQJXODW

ÅHOKNpV]tWpVpWµ UyWWD IHO DPLW PDJDURUV]iJLNDSFVRODWDLQNHUHV]WOV]tWRWW  KVpJHWDUUyOKRJ)|OGHVpVQpKiQNROR]VYiULtUySO.LVV-HQK )RQWRVQDNWDUWRPLQIRUPiOQLD.|]SRQWL9H]HW .iQiGL6iQGRUWXGRPiVRPV]HULQWOHYHOH]pVEHQiOORWWQpKiQHOOHQIRUUDGDOPiUUi]OO|WWSHVWLtUyYDOYDJRODQ HOHPHNNHO DNLN 3HVWHQ  KV]pQ SiUWHOOHQHV iOOiVSRQWEyO WiPDGWiN D NRPPXQLVWD tUyNDW LOHQ YROW SO 3iQGL 3iO pV &VRyUL 6iQGRU  V]HSWHPEHUpEHQ 3HVWHQ YROWDP SHVWL WDUWy]NRGiVRP DODWW D] ÌUyV]|YHWVpJ PHJEHV]pOpVHLQ W|EEV]|U YLWiED NHYHUHGWHP +DYDO =HON =ROWiQQDO 3iQGLYDO pV &VRyUL 6iQGRUUDO ( YLWiNEyO K pV .iQiGL OHYHOH]pVEHQ iOORWW SHVWL tUyNNDO O|Q|VHQ &VRyUL 6iQGRU XWDOW KNHUGpOLEDUiWDLNOHYHOpEKOV LWW HPOtWHWWH )|OGHV .iQiGL pV LVV -HQK QHYpW ~JLV WXGMiN KRJ PLOHQ iOODSRWRN XUDONRGQDN 5RPiQLiEDQ >@ 3iQGL 3iO D]W KDQJR]WDWWD &VRyUL 6iQGRUUDO HJWW

KRJ )|OGHV D] LJD]L GHUpN PDJDU V]HUNHV]WK DNL QHP GHUOW NL KRJ )|OGHV .LVV -HQ W|EE t]EHQ DUUD KRJ QH SUyEiOMDPYpGHQLDURPiQLDLPDJDUViJKHO]HWpWPHUW DGWDHOQHP]HWpWQHPiUXOWDHOIDMWiMiW>VLF@FpOR]YiQH]]HODUUDKRJPLMyQpKiQDQ0DURVYiViUKHOHQHOiUXOWXN PDJDUViJXQNDW  (OMXWRWWXQN D] HJpV] DUJXPHQWiFLy PDJMiKR] D ÅPDJDU YHV]pOµ PHJMHOHQtWpVpKH] pV HUKWHOMHV WHPDWL]iOiViKR]  WDYDV]iWyO KLUWHOHQ ~MMipOHGW D PDJDU²PDJDU NXOWXUiOLV pV HJpQL V]LQWe NDSFVRODWUHQGV]HUDXJXV]WXVWKOYt]XPPHQWHVHQXWD]KDWWDN5RPiQLiEDDPDJDUiOODPSROJiURN 8JDQDNNRU5RPiQLiEyOLVOHKHWVpJHVVpYiOWD0DJDURUV]iJUDYDOyPDJiQXWD]iVpVDYH]HWKpUWHOPLVpJ QDJUpV]HpOWLVDOHKHWKVpJJHOV]HSWHPEHUpEHQPHJIRUGXOW%XGDSHVWHQ*iOO(UQK+DMGXK]K -RUGiN /DMRV iYLG *XOD 9DUUy -iQRV )|OGHV /iV]Oy  pY XWiQ HOKV]|U KD]DOiWRJDWRWW 7DPiVL ÉURQ 3iQGL 3iO SHGLJ D 6]DEDG 1pS YH]HWK

PXQNDWiUVDN|UEHMiUWDD6]pNHOI|OGHW QHPKLYDWDORV ~WRQ 56 Hajdu levele, 1958. augusztus 20 Dosar 205, 138 57 OHYHOHDXJXV]WXVRVDU OHYHOHRVDU 6W 58 6W 59 Hajdu levele, Dosar 205, 143. Uo. 138 61 Uo.140 60 13 +DMGXNH]GHWWKOIRJYDYHV]pOHVQHNWDUWRWWDH]WDMHOHQVpJHWEDQPHJIRJDOPD]RWWpUWpNHOpVHSHGLJ HOKUHYHWtWLDURPiQKDWDOPLV]HUYHNiOOiVSRQWMiWDPDJDUPDJDUNDSFVRODWRNUHYLWDOL]iFLyMDHOVKVRUEDQ EL]WRQViJSROLWLNDL SUREOpPiNDW YHW IHO pV )|OGHV V]pOHV UiDGiVXO QHP NHOOKNpSSHQ HOOHQKU]|WW PDJDURUV]iJL NDSFVRODWUHQGV]HUH V]LQWpQ NRFNi]DWL WpQH]KW MHOHQW $ KLYDWDORV iOOiVSRQW V]HULQW D PDJDURUV]iJLpVD]HUGpOLpUWHOPLVpJPpJPLQGLJHUKWHOMHVQDFLRQDOLVWDEHIROiVDODWWiOOpVPHJNHOO DNDGiOR]QL KRJ V]RURVDEE NDSFVRODWED NHUOM|Q D KHOWHOHQO  HJHWOHQ N|]SRQWMiQDN WHNLQWHWW %XGDSHVWWHO $] HJpV] YiGLUDWRW NRQVWUXiOW HOOHQIRJDOPDN XUDOMiN SO D ÅSiUWRVµ YDJ

ÅSiUWHOOHQHVµ PDJDWDUWiV NpSYLVHOKLQHN IHOVRUDNR]WDWiVD 9DOyViJNpSH WHOMHVHQ iW LGHRORJL]iOW D MyN pV URVV]DN V]pWYiODV]WiViUD W|UHNV]LN OiVG 6WK pV *iOIDOYL ÅPHJWpUpVHµ D] RV IRUUDGDOPL NtVpUWpVW N|YHWKHQ  0pJVHP PRQGKDWyKRJYDOyWODQViJRNNDOWHOLV]|YHJHOKWWiOOXQN$ÅEeQWHWWµI|OGUDM]LpVLGKEHOLPHJKDWiUR]iVD HJ GpOXWiQ D PDURVYiViUKHOL %RUV]pN QHYe FXNUiV]GiEDQ  D] LQNULPLQiOW V]|YHJHN FLNNHN pV WDQXOPiQRN KRVV]~ pV SRQWRV LGp]pVH pV YpJH]HWO W|EE WXFDW NROR]VYiUL pV PDURVYiViUKHOL pUWHOPLVpJL HPOtWpVH pV SROLWLNDL KeVpJN YL]VJiODWD D KDWDORP QHYpEHQ IHOOpSK +DMGX IHOMHOHQWpVpW YDOyEDQ OpWH]K JHNHW IHOKDV]QiOYD NRQVWUXiOWD PHJ 9iGLUDWiQDN XWROVy PRQGDWiQiO PLNRU D ILDWDO IKV]HUNHV]WKDÅKDWDOPRQOpYKµpUWHOPLVpJLPiUVUJHWLDÅNOVKµV]HUHSOKDURPiQKDWDORPG|QWpVpW )|OGHVUKOYpJOHJHOWeQLND]LURGDOPiULGHQWLWiVD  ,OHQ HPEHUQHN VHPPL NHUHVQL YDOyMD >VLF@

QLQFV D PXQNiVRV]WiO IRUUDGDOPL SiUWMiEDQ H LOHQ SiUWHOOHQHV KVpJpQHN D] UHYL]LRQLVWD LURGDOPiUQDN pOHWQNEHQ VLQFV PLW NHUHVQLH .O|Q|VHQ QLQFV KHOH D] 8WXQN V]HUNHV]W KVpJQNEHQ VHP -DYDVORP KRJ D SiUW LOOHWpNHV V]HUYHL YpJH]]HQHN K]KGpVHP KRJ )|OGHV /iV]Oy SiUWHOOHQHV PDJDWDUWiViQDN pOpQ GH QLQFV KHOH HJHWOHQ V]HUNHV]W e V]pOHVN|U  YL]VJiODWRW D IHQWL NpUGpVEHQ 0HJJ e KVpJpQHNLUiQHOYHLDODSMiQQDJVHJtWVpJHWMHOHQWKHWD]HJpV]KD]DLPDJDULURGDORPQDN VRNROGDO~ IHOWiUiViYDO HJLGHM OHJ RODQ NpUGpVHN LV IHOV]tQUH NHUOQHN PDMGPHOHNWLV]Wi]iVD3iUWXQN.|]SRQWL  .HYHVHEEPLQWHJKpWWHOD]iWLUDWHONOGpVHXWiQV]HSWHPEHUpQ)|OGHVIHOPHQWHWWpNIKV]HUNHV]WKL iOOiViEyO PDMG QpKiQ KyQDSSDO NpVKEE  MDQXiU pQ 8WXQN V]HUNHV]WKVpJpEHQ DODSV]HUYH]HWL JeOpVW WDUWRWWDN )|OGHV JpUKO $ JeOpVHQ RODQ V]HPpOLVpJHN EtUiOWiN YiOWR]y LQWHQ]LWiVVDO

SiWRVV]DOpVHJWWpU]pVVHOPLQW*iOO(UQK%RGRU3iO.DFVy6iQGRU1DJ,VWYiQ7RPSD,VWYiQpV 0iUNL=ROWiQÅNRURQDWDQ~LµSHGLJPDJXNDYiGLUDWRW|VV]HiOOtWyPDURVYiViUKHOLtUyNYROWDN$]OpV QRPiQ )|OGHV /iV]OyW NL]iUWiN D SiUWEyO pV JDNRUODWLODJ D QLOYiQRVViJEyO LV &VDN  pYHV ÅNLPDUDGiVµXWiQEHQYiOODOKDWRWW~MUDODSV]HUNHV]WpVWD]LQGXOyEXNDUHVWL$+pWFtPeKHWLODSQiO GH DOLJ  pYHVHQ  MDQXiUMiEDQ PHJKDOW )HOHVpJH ,]UDHOEH WiYR]RWW pV KiURP pY XWiQ |QJLONRV OHWW  2OYDVDWRNROYDVDWV]LQWHN  )|OGHV /iV]Oy WUDJLNXV NLPHQHWHOe JpQHN W|EE OHKHWVpJHV HJPiVWyO QHP WHOMHVHQ HONO|QtWKHWK ROYDVDWDpVROYDVDWLV]LQWMHYDQ 7|UWpQpV]NpQW HOVKVRUEDQ DUUD NtYiQRN UHIOHNWiOQL KRJ D] J UpV]WYHYKL PLOHQ pUWHOPLVpJL V]HUHSWtSXVRNDW MHOHQtWHQHN PHJ (JUpV]W ILDWDO LURGDOPiURN pV V]HUNHV]WKN DNLN PiU D] Å~Mµ UHQGV]HUEHQ V]RFLDOL]iOyGWDN pV 6WHSKHQ .RWNLQ NLIHMH]pVpYHO pOYH

ÅEROVHYLN QHOYHQµ EHV]pOWHN 9H]HW 62 63 64 Hajdu levele, 147. Kuszálik 1996: 183. & N|QYpWDPHOEHQD)|OGHVHOOHQHOKDQJ]ypUYHOpVHNDODSMiWD] OHYHOHNV]ROJiOWDWMiN6]DEy2001: 175–202. N|YHWNH]WpEHQ 3DQHN =ROWiQ ILDWDO V]HUNHV]WW LV HOWiYROtWRWWiN D] Utunk-ból; 1962-ig Panek 6]DEy*XODN|QYpEHQN|]OLDIHQWLJ OpVMHJ] iOWDODPIHOWiUWIHOMHOHQW 65 A Földes-J munkásként dolgozott Kolozsváron. Romániai Magyar Irók Lexikona (RMIL), IV 389 66 RMIL, I.: 620–622 A Kántor Lajos összeállított szócikk így ábrázolja Földes drámáját: „1956-tól az Utunk IV]HUNHV]WMH KRVV]~ PHJV]DNtWiV XWiQ -WyO LVPpW DONDWiQDN V]pOHV N|U& pUGHNOGpVpQHN PHJIHOHO V]HUNHV]WL munkát végzett mint a bukaresti A hét IV]HUNHV]WKHOHWWHVH´ 67 Kotkin 1995: 220. Az orosz származású történész szerint a „speaking Bolshevik” kifejezés alatt egy tágabb kulturális pVLGHQWLILNiFLyVUHQGV]HUP&N|G|WWD¶-as

években a Szovjetunióban. A sztálinizmus kulturális kódjairól vö Hoffman 2003: 146–173. 14 (EEKONLIROyODJUHQGNtYODNWtYFVRSRUWRWNpSH]WHNDPHOKROGLDOHNWLNXVKROV]LPELRWLNXVYLV]RQEDQ iOOWDKDWDORPPDODPHOWKOQHPFVDNOHJLWLPLWiViWQHUWHKDQHPFVHUpEHSURSDJDQGDPeYHLYHOPDJDLV ~MUDWHUPHOWHHUKVtWHWWHDUHQGV]HUOHJLWLPLWiViW(JV]yYDODKDWDORP PDJDU pUWHOPLVpJHKDWDORPQDN pUH]WHPDJiWD]·HVpYHNEHQ 1HP IRJDGKDWXQN HO WHKiW HJ RODQ IHOPHQWK ÅHWQLNDLµ pUWHOPH]pW DPHO V]HULQW D PDJDU pUWHOPLVpJLHNDN|]SRQWLWHKiWDURPiQHJQHPeVtWKKDWDOPLLUiQYiOWiViOGR]DWDLOHQQpQHNDNLNHWDUUD NpQV]HUtWHWWHN KRJ PHJW|UMpN D NpS]HOHWEHOL ÅNLVHEEVpJL HJVpJHWµ 8JDQDNNRU D]W D V]pOHVN|UEHQ HOWHUMHGW ÅNDUDNWHUROyJLDLµ ROYDVDWRW VHP RV]WRP PHO HJHGO +DMGX *K]KUH KiUtWMD D IHOHOKVVpJHW WNU|]YH H]]HO D +DMGX SROLWLNDLN|]pOHWL V]HUHSOpVpUKO  XWiQ PDJDU UpV]UKO PHJIRJDOPD]RWW HJ|QWHWePHJYHWpVW

(]]HO HOMXWRWWXQN HJ PiVRGLN ROYDVDWL V]LQWKH] D URPiQLDL PDJDU pUWHOPLVpJ V]HUHSYiOODOiViQDN D] XWiQLpYHNEHQEHN|YHWNH]HWWYiOWR]iVRNSUREOHPDWLNiMiKR]$IRUUDGDORPUipEUHV]WHWWHDURPiQLDL PDJDUN|]|VVpJHWKRJDSROLWLNDLLGHROyJLDLÅIHODGDWRNRQµW~OD]pUWHOPLVpJQHNLVPpWIHONHOOYiOODOQLD D]W D QHP]HWLVpJL VKW NLPRQGRWWDQ ÅQHP]HWYpGKµ V]HUHSHW LV DPHOHW D NpW YLOiJKiERU~ N|]|WW EHW|OW|WW (]DV]HUHSYiOODOiVD]RQEDQQHPOHWWYROQDOHKHWVpJHVDSiUWRQNtYOD]iOODPLODJILQDQV]tUR]RWWPDJDU NXOWXUiOLV N|] pOHW HJ SLOODQDWLJ VHP PeN|GKHWHWW YROQD D SiUW EHOHHJH]pVH VKW EKNH]e WiPRJDWiVD QpONO $]  XWiQ LQWHJUiOyGQL LJHNYK PDJDU pUWHOPLVpJ VRNiLJ KLWW DEEDQ KRJ D] HWQLNDL KiOy]DWRN]iUWViJDPHJYpGKHWLDN|]|VVpJHWDQHPNtYiQDWRVNOVKEHDYDWNR]iVWyO$EEDQD]LOO~]LyEDQ pOWKRJPLN|]EHQVLNHUHVHQLQWHJUiOyGLNDURPiQNXOWXUiOLVpOHWEHpVÅEHKiOy]]DµDEXNDUHVWLSROLWLNDL

pVNXOWXUiOLVHOLWHWD]]DOKRJNXOFVIRQWRVViJ~SR]tFLyNEDPDJDURNLVMXWQDNKR]]iIpUKHWHWOHQPDUDGD KDWDORPÅV]HQ]RUDLµV]iPiUD $ )|OGHVJJHO SiUKX]DPRVDQ HJ QDJRQ V~ORV WiUVDGDOPL N|YHWNH]PpQHNNHO MiUy IRUGXODW N|YHWNH]HWW EH (UGpOEHQ D KDWDORP D WLWNRVV]ROJiODW KiOy]DWDLQDN pV ÅKiOR]DWL HPEHUHLQHNµ VHJtWVpJpYHOHNNRUKDWROWEHYpJOHJHVHQDNLVHEEVpJLN|]|VVpJPLQGHQQDSLpOHWpEHRNWyEHUHXWiQ URKDPRVQ|YHNHGpVQHNLQGXOWDPDJDUQHP]HWLVpJeJQ|N|NpVWiUVDGDOPLPHJEt]RWWDNV]iPDIKOHJ D] pUWHOPLVpJ N|UpEHQ 0tJ D IRUUDGDORP HOKWW D NROR]VYiUL %RODL HJHWHPHQ PLQW PiU NRUiEEDQ XWDOWXQNUiPpJFVDNDQYROWDNEHQPiUW|EEPLQWJQ|NÅWXGyVtWRWWµHJHGOHQQHND] LQWp]PpQQHN D OHJDSUyEE HVHPpQHLUKO LV $ PDJDU LQWp]PpQHN PyGV]HUHV pV V]LQWH pV]UHYpWOHQ EHKiOy]iVD D]RQEDQ PpJ QHP D V]LPEROLNXV PH]K XUDOiVipUW IROWDWRWW KDUF YROW $ )|OGHVJ

ÅJK]WHVµV]HUHSOKLXJDQLVQHPJQ|N|NGHQHPLVDKDWDORPKpWN|]QDSLPHJ]VDUROWÅNLV]ROJiOyLµ +DMGX*K]KDNL%XNDUHVWROGDOiQKDUFROpVJK]HOPHWDUDW~JpUH]KHWLKRJQHPFVDNDÅMyµROGDORQ iOO KDQHP ILDWDOViJD WDSDV]WDODWODQViJD HOOHQpUH K PDJD NpSYLVHOL pV WHVWHVtWL PHJ D KDWDOPDW PiVRN I|O|WW 3DUDGR[ PyGRQ )|OGHV pV OHJIKEE HOOHQVpJH +DMGX *K]K XJDQD]RQ LOO~]Ly IRJODL YROWDN PLQGNHWWHQ ~J JRQGROWiN KRJ SiUWKe V]HPpOLVpJHNNpQW KDWDOPL SR]tFLyYDO UHQGHONH]QHN pV HEEKO NLIROyODJ ÅPHQWHOPL MRJRWµ pOYH]QHN )|OGHV LOOX]LyMiQDN PLQW OiWWXN PiU EDQ YpJHW YHWHWW D KDWDORPpVDKDWDORPpUWHOPLVpJHHD]RVIRUUDGDORPXWiQD]iOODPKDWDORPV]HPpEHQDPDJDU NLVHEEVpJ PRVW PiU QHP FVDN HJpQLOHJ KDQHP N|]|VVpJNpQW LV NRFNi]DWL WpQH]KYp YiOW $ VWUDWpJLDYiOWiVW PiU HJ  IHEUXiU iQ PHJWDUWRWW WLWNRV PHJEHV]pOpV YHWtWHWWH HOK DPLW D] 503

.%pSOHWpEHQWDUWRWWDND%HOJPLQLV]WpULXPpVD6HFXULWDWHYH]HWKLYHOIRODPiQDNO|PE|]K WDUWRPiQRNEyOpUNH]KMHOHQWpVHNDPDJDUNLVHEEVpJHWSRWHQFLiOLVHOOHQVpJNpQWMHOOHPH]WpN  $ PDJDU QDFLRQDOLVWiN DUUD WHV]QHN NtVpUOHWHW KRJ NiRV]W WHUHPWVHQHN WHUURULVWD pV GLYHU]LyV DNFLyNNDO $ K FpOMD (UGpO HJpV]pQHN YDJ OHOHSOH]HWW FVRSRUWRN DNFLyLEyO D] N|YHWNH]LN KRJ D PDJDU QDFLRQDOLVWiN YpJV HJLNIHOpQHNHOV]DNtWiVDD5RPiQ1pSN|]WiUVDViJEyOpV0DJDURURV]iJKR]YDOyFVDWROiVD 68 69 Vö. Bárdi 2004: 251–274 OOiVGSpOGiXO*iOO(UQ$]HUGpOLN|]pOHWOHJXWyEELERWUiQD +DMGXXWiQLN|]pOHWLV]HUHSpU Trianon FtP&ILOPURPiQLDLYHWtWpVpEHQLV+DMGXNH]GHPpQH]LpVVUJHWLDURPiQKDWRViJRNIHOOpSpVpW 70 ACNSAS, fond Documentar, dosar 108, 226. 71 ANIC, Fond CC al PCR, Cancelarie, dosar 113/1957, 1–50. Az 1957 február 23-iQWDUWRWWJ&OpVMHJ]N|QYH 72 ACNSAS, fond Documentar, dosar 108, 279. Az 1957

december 2-3-án tartott operatív tanácskozás MHJ]N|QYpEO1LFRODH%XGLúWHDQXD%0,,,2V]WiODYH]HWMHMHOHQWpVHD]-EHQIROWDWRWWIHOGHUtWPXQNiUyO 15 (JPiMXVEDQWDUWRWWÅpUWHNHOKµNRQIHUHQFLiQD]HJLNYH]HWKEHOJLWLV]WN|YHWNH]KNpSSHQIRJDOPD]WD PHJD]iOODPEL]WRQViJ~MSULRULWiVDLW   $ PLQLV]WHU HOYWiUV W|EEV]|U LV V]iPRQ NpUWH KRJ PLpUW YDQ D] KRJ V]HUYHLQN LQNiEE D URPiQ HOHPHNHW e N|YHWLN 0HJYL]VJiOWDP HQQHN D] RNDLW pV D]W NRQVWDWiOWDP KRJ iOORPiQXQN QDJUpV]H URPiQ QHP]HWLVpJ  QHP EHV]pO MyO PDJDUXO WHKiW VRNNDO N|QEEHQ WXGWiN EHV]HUYH]QL D URPiQ PLQW D PDJDU HOHPHNHW    e 0RVWDQiUD YLV]RQW YiOWR]WDWQL WXGWXQN D KHO]HWHQ pV D OHJQDJREE KDQJV~OW D PDJDU QHP]HWLVpJ  HOOHQVpJHV HOHPHNUHKHOH]WN  $SROLWLNDLKDWDORPKR]N|]HOLGHiOODPEL]WRQViJLNpUGpVHNWKOWiYROiOOyPDJDUpUWHOPLVpJD]RQEDQQHP

pU]pNHOWHD]HOVKVRUEDQEL]WRQViJSROLWLNDLRNRNNDOLQGRNROWNLVHEEVpJSROLWLNDLIRUGXODWRW-ySpOGDHUUH PDJD+DMGX*K]KLVDNLQHNDNDUULHUMHXWiQWRYiEELVD·DVpYHNEHQHOpUW503.%WDJViJ IHOpN|]HOtWHWWpVDNLSiUWRVViJiYDOWRYiEEUDLVUHWWHJpVEHQWDUWMDD]HUGpOLPDJDULURGDOPLpOHWHW+DMGX YDOyV]tQeOHJQHPVHMWHWWHKRJPLQGHN|]EHQD6HFXULWDWHPDJDUJQ|NHLUpYpQKR]]iIpUDSROLWLNDL FVDOiGLHUN|OFVLpVÅQHP]HWLµPDJDWDUWiVDWLWNDLKR]pVDMHOHQWpVHLEHQÅMyOLVPHUWPDJDUQDFLRQDOLVWDµ NpQWMHOOHP]L $ SiUW XWDVtWiVDLW N|YHWK PDJDU pUWHOPLVpJ  XWiQ FVDSGiED HVHWW 0LN|]EHQ D KDWDORP QHOYpW EHV]pOWHDQpSV]ROJiODWLHV]PpQHNPHJIHOHOKHQDQDQHOYHpVNXOW~UiMDYpGHOPpWLVSUyEiOWDHOOiWQL$ N|UD]RQEDQPiUEH]iUXOWN|UO|WWHD5RPiQ0XQNiVSiUWRQLGHROyJLiMiEDQEHN|YHWNH]HWWIRUGXODWD] RV]WiOKHOpEHLPPiUDQHP]HWHWiOOtWRWWDpVH]RODQHWQLNDLDODS~iOODPpStWpVLIRODPDWRWJHUMHV]WHWW DPHOQHN QHPFVDN D] ÅiOGR]DWRNµ

KDQHP D KDWDORP ÅFLQNRVDLµ VHP OHKHWWHN W|EEp V]HUYHV UpV]HVHL FVDNKLYDWiVRVW~OpOKL   )255É62.  0DJDURUV]iJ  - 0DJDU2UV]iJRV/HYpOWiU 02/ .h05RPiQ7hLUDWRN;,;-MpVGRER] - 02/.h05RPiQ$GPLQLV]WUDWtYLUDWRN;,;-NGRER] - 7HOHNL /iV]Oy $ODStWYiQ Np]LUDWWiUD  $ PDJDU pUWHOPLVpJL N|U|NEHQ MHOHQWNH]K EXU]VRi QDFLRQDOLVWDERIROiVRNHOOHQLKDUFQpKiQSUREOpPiMDDNROR]VYiULÅ%RODLµ7XGRPiQHJHWHP503 DODSV]HUYH]HWHEUyMiQDNPHJEt]iViEyONpV]OWMHOHQWpVGHFHPEHU²PiUFLXV  5RPiQLD  - $UKLYHOH1DWLRQDOH,VWRULFH&HQWUDOH ²$1,& 5RPiQÉOODPL.|]SRQWL/HYpOWiU IRQG&&DO 3&5&DQFHODULHGRVDU LUDWFVRPy  - $UKLYHOH1DWLRQDOHLUHFWLD-XGHWHDQ0XUHû²$1-0 5RPiQÉOODPL/HYiOWiU0DURVPHJHL ILyNMD IRQG &RPLWHWXOUHJLRQDODO3&50XUHû GRVDU - $UKLYD

&RQVLOLXOXLSHQWUX6WXGLHUHD$UKLYHORU6HFXULWWLL²$&16$6 $6HFXULWDWpW)HOJHOK %L]RWWViJ,UDWWiUD%XNDUHVW IRQGRFXPHQWDUGRVDU - $&16$6IRQG,QIRUPDWLYGRVDUYRO    - ,JD]6]y² 73 ACNSAS, fond Documentar, dosar 202, 5. ACNSAS, fond Informativ, dosar 2534 (Páskándi Géza dossziéja), 1, kötet, 40. Az 1964 június 28-án kelt 40 307/34.631 számú jelentés azzal vádolta Hajdut, hogy erkölcsileg és anyagilag is segítette az 1957-ben ellenforradalom miatt elítélt és bebörtönzött Páskándit. 74 16 - 8WXQN 9|U|V=iV]Oy 6]DEDG1pS ,QWHUM~7yWK6iQGRUQHJHWHPLWDQiUUDOGHFHPEHUpQNpV]tWHWWH6WHIDQR%RWWRQL $ V]HU]KWXODMGRQiEDQ     +,9$7.2=277,52$/20  - %iUGL1iQGRUgVV]H]iUNy]iVpVV]pWIHMOKGpV.LVpUOHWDPDJDUNLVHEEVpJHNW|UWpQHWpQHN SHULRGL]iFLyMiUD,Q)HGLQHF&VLOOD V]HUN

1HP]HWDWiUVDGDORPEDQ%XGDSHVW² - %RF,RDQDXQDQGHUXSWXU)XQGDWLD$FDGHPLD&LYLF%XFXUHûWL - %RWWRQL6WHIDQR$V]WiOLQLÅNLV0DJDURUV]iJµPHJDODNtWiVD  5HJLR   ² - /KULQF]-y]VHI$]iWPHQHWN|]pOHWLpUWpNHLDPLQGHQQDSLpOHWEHQ3UR3ULQW&VtNV]HUHGD - )|OGHV/iV]Oy$]LURGDOPLKKVQHP]HWLMHOOHJH,JD]6]y  ²² - )|OGHV /iV]Oy  ,URGDORPEtUiODWXQN HV]PHL WLV]WDViJipUW 8WXQN     pV  DXJXV]WXVpV  - *DJL-y]VHI+DWiUDPHO|VV]HN|W5HJLR  ² - *DJL -y]VHI  0DJDU $XWRQyP 7DUWRPiQ HJ FHQWUDOL]iFLyV NtVpUOHW ² KDWDORP pUWHOPLVpJLHNWiUVDGDORP,Q)HGLQHF&VLOOD V]HUN 1HP]HWDWiUVDGDORPEDQ%XGDSHVW - *iOO(UQK1DSOy,,3ROLV.|QNLDGyROR]VYiU - +RIIPDQQ DYLG  6WDOLQLVW YDOXHV 7KH FXOWXUDO QRUPV RI WKH 6RYLHW PRGHUQLW

  &RUQHOO83,WDFKD /RQGRQ - .DOPiU0HOLQGD(QQLYDOypVKR]RPiQ$NRUDNiGiUL]PXVLGHROyJLiMD0DJYHWK%XGDSHVW - .RWNLQ6WHSKHQ0DJQHWLFPRXQWDLQ6WDOLQLVPDVDFLYLOL]DWLRQ8QLYHUVLWRI&DOLIRUQLD3UHVV /RV$QJHOHV - .XV]iOLN3pWHU(UGpOLKtUODSRNpVIROyLUDWRN7HOHNL/iV]Oy$ODStWYiQ%XGDSHVW - /i]iU-y]VHI(UGpOL9HUD%~]DKRPEiU,JD]6]y   - 5DLQHU 0 -iQRV  (J NRPSURPLVV]XP ÅKpWN|]QDSMDLµ ² MHOHQHWHN D KDWYDQDV pYHNEKO $QWDOO-y]VHIpVD]pOODPEL]WRQViJHPEHUHRV,QWp]HW%XGDSHVW - 5RPiQLDL0DJDU,URGDOPL/H[LNRQ,,9N|WHW - 6WDQGHLVNeYD$]tUyNpVDKDWDORP·RV,QWp]HW%XGDSHVW - 6]DEy*XOD.pSHNDNXWDV]RUtWyEyO3DOODV$NDGpPLD&VtNV]HUHGD - 7QDVH6WHOLDQ(OLWHûLVRFLHWDWH*XYHUQDUHDOXLKHRUJKLXHM+XPDQLWDV%XFXUHûWL