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Year, pagecount:2011, 40 page(s)
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Source: http://www.doksinet Antidepressant pharmacology Phychoenergetics, Timoanaleptics Source: http://www.doksinet Types of depression Unipolar – bipolar Unipolar: 1. Major 2 Minor (dysthimic disorder) Source: http://www.doksinet Antidepressants are used MDD (Major Depressive Disorder) Panic disorder GAD (Generalized Anxiety Disorder PTSD (PostTraumatic Stress Disorder) OCD (Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder) Neuropathic pain Fibromyalgia Source: http://www.doksinet Theories of depression Neurotrophic hypothesis (BDNF, trkB) Monoamine theory MHPG (3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol) 5-HIAA (5-hydroxy-indol-acetic acid) Dexamethasone suppression test negative! Source: http://www.doksinet Animal models Learned Helplessness: Delivery of repeated inescapeable painful stimuli) Mother-infant separation Reserpine Source: http://www.doksinet Symptoms of depression •Anhedonia- loss of interest in everyday
activity •Despondent mood •Altered sleep patterns •Changes in weight/appetite •Persistent feelings of guilt •Morbid thoughts •Agitation •Inability to concentrate •Loss of executive memory •Indecisiveness Physiological effects •Depleted monoamine neurotransmitters: serotonin, norepinepherine, dopamine •Degeneration of neurons and synaptic connectivity •Decreased GABA levels •Imbalanced HPT (hypothalamic-pituitarythyroid) axis •Increased cytokine levels Source: http://www.doksinet Systems of diagnosis DSM-IV Major depressive disorder: 2 weeks depressed mood or loss of interest accompanied by 4 additional symptoms Dysthymic disorder: 2 yrs depressed mood for more days than not ICD-10 Mild to moderate depression: common symptoms + functional impairment Severe depression: physical symptoms Source: http://www.doksinet Treatments available Antidepressant drugs (SSRIs, TCAs, MAOIs) Counseling (Cognitive therapy, interpersonal
psychotherapy, non-directive counseling, befriending, exercise, problem solving therapy) Natural supplements (St Johns Wort) Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) Source: http://www.doksinet Traditional Antidepressants Tricyclic antidepressants Tetracyclic antidepressants amitriptylline (Endep, Tryptanol) clomipramine (Anafranil, Chem mart Clomipramine, GenRx Clomipramine, Placil, Terry White Chemists Clomipramine) doxepin (Deptran, Sinequan) dothiepin (Dothep, Prothiaden) imipramine (Tofranil) nortriptylline (Allegron) trimipramine (Surmontil) Mianserin (Lumin, Tolvon) MAOIs (monoamine oxidase inhibitors) (non-selectives, irreversible) Phenelzine (Nardil) Tranylcypromine (Parnate): fast onset, short duration Iproniazid: (several weeks) Source: http://www.doksinet Source: http://www.doksinet Source: http://www.doksinet Bupropion •blocks reuptake of norepinepherine and dopamine •less risk of side effects
•used as an aide to quit smoking •85 % protein bound •3 active metabolite •Biphasic elimination (1h, 14h) Source: http://www.doksinet Newer antidepressants SSRIs (specific serotonin reuptake inhibitors) citalopram (Celapram, Chem mart Citalopram, Ciazil, Cipramil, GenRx Citalopram, Talam, Talohexal, Terry White Chemists Citalopram) escitalopram (Lexapro) fluoxetine (Auscap 20 mg Capsules, Chem mart Fluoxetine, Fluohexal, Fluoxebell, Fluoxetine-DP, GenRx Fluoxetine, Lovan, Prozac, Terry White Chemists Fluoxetine, Zactin) fluvoxamine (Faverin, Luvox, Movox, Voxam) paroxetine (Aropax, Chem mart Paroxetine, GenRx Paroxetine, Oxetine, Paxtine, Terry White Chemists Paroxetine) sertraline (Chem mart Sertraline, Concorz, Eleva, GenRx Sertraline, Sertraline-DP, Terry White Chemists Sertraline, Xydep, Zoloft) RIMA (reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A) moclobemide (Arima, Aurorix, Chem mart Moclobemide, Clobemix, GenRx
Moclobemide, Maosig, Mohexal 150 mg, Terry White Chemists Moclobemide) brofaramine befloxatone toloxatone Source: http://www.doksinet Source: http://www.doksinet Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors •Similar efficacy with Tricyclic’s, but lower side effects •Introduced in the 1980s-90s •Block serotonin uptake @ presynaptic 5-HT transporter •Act on 4-TM ion channel receptors and 7-TM GCPRs •Mode of action remains largely inconclusive •Direct-to-consumer marketing •Sales exceed $17 billion worldwide in 2003 •Interference with MDMA, cocaine, TCAs •May intitially increase suicide risk Source: http://www.doksinet Newest antidepressants SNRI (serotonin noradrenergic reuptake inhibitors) venlafaxine (Efexor-XR) duloxetine (Cymbalta) NaSSA (noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant) mirtazapine (Avanza, Avanza SolTab, Axit, Mirtazon, Remeron) NaRI (selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor ) reboxetine (Edronax)
most effective at improving social functioning, Side effects: blurred vision, hypotension tremors, headache, urinary hesitancy Source: http://www.doksinet Source: http://www.doksinet Selectivity of antidepressants 1000 Nisoxetine Nomifensine Maprotiline (approx) Nonselective 5-HTselective Ratio NA: 5-HT uptake inhibition 100 NAselective 10 1 0.1 Desipramine Imipramine Nortriptyline Amitriptyline Clomipramine Trazodone Zimelidine 0.01 Fluoxetine 0.001 Citalopram (approx) Source: http://www.doksinet After Dosing Antidepressants (days) Synaptic effects (hours to days) Side effects (hours to days) Therapeutic effect (1 to 6 weeks) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Source: http://www.doksinet Theories for 2-3 week delay in effectiveness Quickly increase serotonin concentraion, which inhibits 5-HT firing, autorecptors become desensitized after prolonged SSRI exposure Feedback regulation at 5-HT receptors requiring chronic administration to sustain therapeutic serotonin
levels Need for alterations in genetic alpha and betaadrenergic receptor expression Changes in nerve connectivity and neurotrophic factors Source: http://www.doksinet Pharmacokinetics of TCA Absorption is rapid Peak: 2-3 h Metabolism: extensive 1st pass Oxidation, hydroxylation, demethylation 5% = “slow acetylators” Protein bound: 90 – 95% Renally cleared Source: http://www.doksinet Pharmacokinetics of SSRI Fluoxetine-- Should Norfluoxetine (3xt1/2 than fluoxetine) be discontinued before change to MAOI Fluoxetine, Paroxetine CYP2D6 inhibitor!!! Inhibits of desipramine metabolism Source: http://www.doksinet Phamacokinetics of SNRIs Venlafaxine ---- desvenlafaxine (CYP2D6) T1/2=11 h ---11 h 4-8 % unchanged (U) ---45 % unchanged (U) Lowest protein bounding: 27-30 % Duloxetine – 97 % prot bound Metab: CYP2D6 and 1A2 (hepatic impairment prolongs) Source: http://www.doksinet Pharmacokinetics of
5-HT2 antagonists Trazodone Rapid –nefazodone absorption Extensive hepatic metabolization Highly protein bound CYP3A4 inhibitor (nefazodone) Source: http://www.doksinet Antidepressant half-lives (hrs) 3 3,5 3,6 8 nefazodone trazodone venlafaxine amoxapine 13 15 17 19 21 21 21 23 26 28 trimipramine bupropion doxepin fluvoxamine desipramine amitriptyline paroxetine 36 clomipram sertraline 43 imipramine nortriptyline 78 87 0 20 40 60 80 100 maprotiline protriptyline fluoxetine Source: http://www.doksinet Norepinephrine uptake blockade Possible clinical consequences Tremors Tachycardia Source: http://www.doksinet Norepinephrine uptake blockade (potency) amitriptyline imipramine doxepin clomipramine trimipramine desipramine nortriptyline protriptyline amoxapine potency maprotiline trazodone buproprion venlafaxine nefazodone fluoxetine sertraline paroxetine fluvoxamine 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Source: http://www.doksinet
Serotonin reuptake blockade Possible clinical consequences Gastrointestinal disturbances Anxiety (dose – dependent) Sexual dysfunction Serotonin uptake blockade Source: http://www.doksinet (potency) amitriptyline imipramine doxepin clomipramine trimipramine desipramine nortriptyline protriptyline amoxapine potency maprotiline trazadone buproprion venlafaxine nefazodone fluoxetine sertraline paroxetine fluvoxamine 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Blocking selectivity Source: http://www.doksinet 5-HT vs. NE amitriptyline imipramine doxepin clomipramine trimipramine desipramine nortriptyline protriptyline amoxapine potency maprotiline trazodone buproprion venlafaxine nefazodone fluoxetine sertraline paroxetine fluvoxamine 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Source: http://www.doksinet Dopaminergic uptake blockade Possible clinical consequences Psychomotor activation Antiparkinsonian effects Psychoses Increased attention/concentration
Dopamine uptake blockade Source: http://www.doksinet (potency) amitriptyline imipramine doxepin clomipramine trimipramine desipramine nortriptyline protriptyline amoxapine Series 1 maprotiline trazodone buproprion venlafaxine nefazodone fluoxetine sertraline paroxetine fluvoxamine amphetamine 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 Source: http://www.doksinet Histamine H1 blockade Possible clinical consequences Sedation, drowsiness Weight gain hypotension Histamine H1 receptor blockade Source: http://www.doksinet (affinity) amitriptyline imipramine doxepin clomipramine trimipramine desipramine nortriptyline protriptyline amoxapine Series 1 maprotiline trazodone buproprion venlafaxine nefazodone fluoxetine sertraline paroxetine fluvoxamine diphenhydramine 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 Source: http://www.doksinet Muscarinic receptor blockade possible clinical consequences Blurred vision Dry mouth Sinus tachycardia Constipation
Urinary retention Memory dysfunction Muscarinic receptor blockade Source: http://www.doksinet (affinity) amitriptyline imipramine doxepin clomipramine trimipramine desipramine nortriptyline protriptyline amoxapine Series 1 maprotiline trazodone buproprion venlafaxine nefazodone fluoxetine sertraline paroxetine fluvoxamine 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Source: http://www.doksinet alpha – 1 receptor blockade possible clinical consequences Postural Reflex hypotension tachycardia Dizziness Source: http://www.doksinet alpha-1 receptor blockade (affinity) amitriptyline imipramine doxepin clomipramine trimipramine desipramine nortriptyline protriptyline amoxapine maprotiline trazodone buproprion venlafaxine nefazodone Series 1 fluoxetine sertraline paroxetine fluvoxamine 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 Source: http://www.doksinet Cardiac Side-effects of tricyclic antidepressants Cardiac conduction delay Anti-arrhythmic at therapeutic doses
Arrhythmigenic at toxic doses Minimal effects on cardiac output Source: http://www.doksinet Antidepressant Dis-continuation Syndrome Occurs within 3 days of cessation, only occurs after taking antidepressants for at lease 6 weeks Also occurs when switching antidepressants or switching to generic “equivalent” (may be up to 20% different) Flu-like symptoms, insomnia, nausea, imbalance, sensory disturbances, hyperarousal Generally resolves itself after 2 weeks Misleadingly termed “withdraw,” since antidepressant are not habit-forming
activity •Despondent mood •Altered sleep patterns •Changes in weight/appetite •Persistent feelings of guilt •Morbid thoughts •Agitation •Inability to concentrate •Loss of executive memory •Indecisiveness Physiological effects •Depleted monoamine neurotransmitters: serotonin, norepinepherine, dopamine •Degeneration of neurons and synaptic connectivity •Decreased GABA levels •Imbalanced HPT (hypothalamic-pituitarythyroid) axis •Increased cytokine levels Source: http://www.doksinet Systems of diagnosis DSM-IV Major depressive disorder: 2 weeks depressed mood or loss of interest accompanied by 4 additional symptoms Dysthymic disorder: 2 yrs depressed mood for more days than not ICD-10 Mild to moderate depression: common symptoms + functional impairment Severe depression: physical symptoms Source: http://www.doksinet Treatments available Antidepressant drugs (SSRIs, TCAs, MAOIs) Counseling (Cognitive therapy, interpersonal
psychotherapy, non-directive counseling, befriending, exercise, problem solving therapy) Natural supplements (St Johns Wort) Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) Source: http://www.doksinet Traditional Antidepressants Tricyclic antidepressants Tetracyclic antidepressants amitriptylline (Endep, Tryptanol) clomipramine (Anafranil, Chem mart Clomipramine, GenRx Clomipramine, Placil, Terry White Chemists Clomipramine) doxepin (Deptran, Sinequan) dothiepin (Dothep, Prothiaden) imipramine (Tofranil) nortriptylline (Allegron) trimipramine (Surmontil) Mianserin (Lumin, Tolvon) MAOIs (monoamine oxidase inhibitors) (non-selectives, irreversible) Phenelzine (Nardil) Tranylcypromine (Parnate): fast onset, short duration Iproniazid: (several weeks) Source: http://www.doksinet Source: http://www.doksinet Source: http://www.doksinet Bupropion •blocks reuptake of norepinepherine and dopamine •less risk of side effects
•used as an aide to quit smoking •85 % protein bound •3 active metabolite •Biphasic elimination (1h, 14h) Source: http://www.doksinet Newer antidepressants SSRIs (specific serotonin reuptake inhibitors) citalopram (Celapram, Chem mart Citalopram, Ciazil, Cipramil, GenRx Citalopram, Talam, Talohexal, Terry White Chemists Citalopram) escitalopram (Lexapro) fluoxetine (Auscap 20 mg Capsules, Chem mart Fluoxetine, Fluohexal, Fluoxebell, Fluoxetine-DP, GenRx Fluoxetine, Lovan, Prozac, Terry White Chemists Fluoxetine, Zactin) fluvoxamine (Faverin, Luvox, Movox, Voxam) paroxetine (Aropax, Chem mart Paroxetine, GenRx Paroxetine, Oxetine, Paxtine, Terry White Chemists Paroxetine) sertraline (Chem mart Sertraline, Concorz, Eleva, GenRx Sertraline, Sertraline-DP, Terry White Chemists Sertraline, Xydep, Zoloft) RIMA (reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A) moclobemide (Arima, Aurorix, Chem mart Moclobemide, Clobemix, GenRx
Moclobemide, Maosig, Mohexal 150 mg, Terry White Chemists Moclobemide) brofaramine befloxatone toloxatone Source: http://www.doksinet Source: http://www.doksinet Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors •Similar efficacy with Tricyclic’s, but lower side effects •Introduced in the 1980s-90s •Block serotonin uptake @ presynaptic 5-HT transporter •Act on 4-TM ion channel receptors and 7-TM GCPRs •Mode of action remains largely inconclusive •Direct-to-consumer marketing •Sales exceed $17 billion worldwide in 2003 •Interference with MDMA, cocaine, TCAs •May intitially increase suicide risk Source: http://www.doksinet Newest antidepressants SNRI (serotonin noradrenergic reuptake inhibitors) venlafaxine (Efexor-XR) duloxetine (Cymbalta) NaSSA (noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant) mirtazapine (Avanza, Avanza SolTab, Axit, Mirtazon, Remeron) NaRI (selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor ) reboxetine (Edronax)
most effective at improving social functioning, Side effects: blurred vision, hypotension tremors, headache, urinary hesitancy Source: http://www.doksinet Source: http://www.doksinet Selectivity of antidepressants 1000 Nisoxetine Nomifensine Maprotiline (approx) Nonselective 5-HTselective Ratio NA: 5-HT uptake inhibition 100 NAselective 10 1 0.1 Desipramine Imipramine Nortriptyline Amitriptyline Clomipramine Trazodone Zimelidine 0.01 Fluoxetine 0.001 Citalopram (approx) Source: http://www.doksinet After Dosing Antidepressants (days) Synaptic effects (hours to days) Side effects (hours to days) Therapeutic effect (1 to 6 weeks) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Source: http://www.doksinet Theories for 2-3 week delay in effectiveness Quickly increase serotonin concentraion, which inhibits 5-HT firing, autorecptors become desensitized after prolonged SSRI exposure Feedback regulation at 5-HT receptors requiring chronic administration to sustain therapeutic serotonin
levels Need for alterations in genetic alpha and betaadrenergic receptor expression Changes in nerve connectivity and neurotrophic factors Source: http://www.doksinet Pharmacokinetics of TCA Absorption is rapid Peak: 2-3 h Metabolism: extensive 1st pass Oxidation, hydroxylation, demethylation 5% = “slow acetylators” Protein bound: 90 – 95% Renally cleared Source: http://www.doksinet Pharmacokinetics of SSRI Fluoxetine-- Should Norfluoxetine (3xt1/2 than fluoxetine) be discontinued before change to MAOI Fluoxetine, Paroxetine CYP2D6 inhibitor!!! Inhibits of desipramine metabolism Source: http://www.doksinet Phamacokinetics of SNRIs Venlafaxine ---- desvenlafaxine (CYP2D6) T1/2=11 h ---11 h 4-8 % unchanged (U) ---45 % unchanged (U) Lowest protein bounding: 27-30 % Duloxetine – 97 % prot bound Metab: CYP2D6 and 1A2 (hepatic impairment prolongs) Source: http://www.doksinet Pharmacokinetics of
5-HT2 antagonists Trazodone Rapid –nefazodone absorption Extensive hepatic metabolization Highly protein bound CYP3A4 inhibitor (nefazodone) Source: http://www.doksinet Antidepressant half-lives (hrs) 3 3,5 3,6 8 nefazodone trazodone venlafaxine amoxapine 13 15 17 19 21 21 21 23 26 28 trimipramine bupropion doxepin fluvoxamine desipramine amitriptyline paroxetine 36 clomipram sertraline 43 imipramine nortriptyline 78 87 0 20 40 60 80 100 maprotiline protriptyline fluoxetine Source: http://www.doksinet Norepinephrine uptake blockade Possible clinical consequences Tremors Tachycardia Source: http://www.doksinet Norepinephrine uptake blockade (potency) amitriptyline imipramine doxepin clomipramine trimipramine desipramine nortriptyline protriptyline amoxapine potency maprotiline trazodone buproprion venlafaxine nefazodone fluoxetine sertraline paroxetine fluvoxamine 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Source: http://www.doksinet
Serotonin reuptake blockade Possible clinical consequences Gastrointestinal disturbances Anxiety (dose – dependent) Sexual dysfunction Serotonin uptake blockade Source: http://www.doksinet (potency) amitriptyline imipramine doxepin clomipramine trimipramine desipramine nortriptyline protriptyline amoxapine potency maprotiline trazadone buproprion venlafaxine nefazodone fluoxetine sertraline paroxetine fluvoxamine 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Blocking selectivity Source: http://www.doksinet 5-HT vs. NE amitriptyline imipramine doxepin clomipramine trimipramine desipramine nortriptyline protriptyline amoxapine potency maprotiline trazodone buproprion venlafaxine nefazodone fluoxetine sertraline paroxetine fluvoxamine 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Source: http://www.doksinet Dopaminergic uptake blockade Possible clinical consequences Psychomotor activation Antiparkinsonian effects Psychoses Increased attention/concentration
Dopamine uptake blockade Source: http://www.doksinet (potency) amitriptyline imipramine doxepin clomipramine trimipramine desipramine nortriptyline protriptyline amoxapine Series 1 maprotiline trazodone buproprion venlafaxine nefazodone fluoxetine sertraline paroxetine fluvoxamine amphetamine 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 Source: http://www.doksinet Histamine H1 blockade Possible clinical consequences Sedation, drowsiness Weight gain hypotension Histamine H1 receptor blockade Source: http://www.doksinet (affinity) amitriptyline imipramine doxepin clomipramine trimipramine desipramine nortriptyline protriptyline amoxapine Series 1 maprotiline trazodone buproprion venlafaxine nefazodone fluoxetine sertraline paroxetine fluvoxamine diphenhydramine 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 Source: http://www.doksinet Muscarinic receptor blockade possible clinical consequences Blurred vision Dry mouth Sinus tachycardia Constipation
Urinary retention Memory dysfunction Muscarinic receptor blockade Source: http://www.doksinet (affinity) amitriptyline imipramine doxepin clomipramine trimipramine desipramine nortriptyline protriptyline amoxapine Series 1 maprotiline trazodone buproprion venlafaxine nefazodone fluoxetine sertraline paroxetine fluvoxamine 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Source: http://www.doksinet alpha – 1 receptor blockade possible clinical consequences Postural Reflex hypotension tachycardia Dizziness Source: http://www.doksinet alpha-1 receptor blockade (affinity) amitriptyline imipramine doxepin clomipramine trimipramine desipramine nortriptyline protriptyline amoxapine maprotiline trazodone buproprion venlafaxine nefazodone Series 1 fluoxetine sertraline paroxetine fluvoxamine 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 Source: http://www.doksinet Cardiac Side-effects of tricyclic antidepressants Cardiac conduction delay Anti-arrhythmic at therapeutic doses
Arrhythmigenic at toxic doses Minimal effects on cardiac output Source: http://www.doksinet Antidepressant Dis-continuation Syndrome Occurs within 3 days of cessation, only occurs after taking antidepressants for at lease 6 weeks Also occurs when switching antidepressants or switching to generic “equivalent” (may be up to 20% different) Flu-like symptoms, insomnia, nausea, imbalance, sensory disturbances, hyperarousal Generally resolves itself after 2 weeks Misleadingly termed “withdraw,” since antidepressant are not habit-forming
When reading, most of us just let a story wash over us, getting lost in the world of the book rather than paying attention to the individual elements of the plot or writing. However, in English class, our teachers ask us to look at the mechanics of the writing.
