Szociológia | Középiskola » Submission to the Committee on the Rights of the Child

Source: http://www.doksinet Route des Morillons 15, CH-1218 Grand-Saconnex / Geneva, Switzerland Tel: +41 (0)22 798 5400 Fax: +41 (0)22 798 6577 E-mail: geneva@bic.org Submission to the Committee on the Rights of the Child 71st Pre-Sessional Working Group (With regard to the presentation of the Third Periodic Report by the Islamic Republic of Iran) January 2015 Abstract This submission to the Committee on the Rights of the Child presents the human rights situation of Baháí children in the Islamic Republic of Iran. The Baháí community is the largest non-Muslim religious minority in Iran. Since the Islamic revolution of 1979, Baháís have faced persecution, intimidation, and discrimination solely on account of their religious beliefs. Baháí children are particularly affected by the government’s policies towards that community: they have been singled out and maliciously excluded, shunned, and intimidated in their schools because of their beliefs; expelled when they correctly

and honestly fill out mandatory declarations of religion on registration forms, or when they express their opinion and do not remain silent while teachers make false accusations about their religion in class. Young Baháís continue to be barred from accessing higher education and those few who are accepted are expelled once it becomes apparent that they are Baháís. Moreover, the government interferes with community initiatives to educate youth who are otherwise denied access to higher education. Today, 100 Baháís remain in Iranian prisons many of whom have minor children. Among these prisoners are the 12 Baháí educators, who have been imprisoned for their involvement in the Baháí Institute for Higher Education. 1 Young Baháís bare the brunt of the persecution their parents endure, whether it is the loss of employment and economic hardship, imprisonment, or when they are faced with violent raids on their homes. In fact, a number of infants have been and still are imprisoned

with their parents. Finally Bahá’í children do not have the right to practice and profess their religion in community with others. The extent and systematic nature of the persecution – and the fact that it constitutes deliberate government policy – have been documented in reports issued by various UN bodies. 1 Baháí World News Services, Iran’s campaign to deny higher education to Baha’is Profiles of Baha’i educators, http://news.bahaiorg/human-rights/iran/education/profiles (accessed 29 January 2015) 1 Source: http://www.doksinet Table of Contents Introduction .3 1. General principles (Articles 2, 3, 6 and 12) .3 Recommendations .4 2. Civil rights and freedoms (Articles 13, 14, 15) .4 Recommendations .6 3. Basic health and welfare (Article 27) .7 3.1 Economic Hardship 7 3.2 Bahá’í Children in Prison 7 3.3 Imprisonment of Parents and Hardship on their Children 7 3.4 Home Raids of Households with Children 8 3.5 Incitement to Hatred 8 Recommendations .10 4.

Education, leisure and cultural activities (Articles 28, 29, 31) .10 4.1 Expulsion of Bahá’í Students 10 4.2 Physical Assault of Baháí Children 11 4.3 Denial of the Right to Higher Education 11 4.4 Expulsion of Bahá’í Students from Universities 13 4.5 The Baháí Institute for Higher Education 17 Recommendations .18 5. Special protection (Article 30) .18 Recommendations .19 Conclusions .19 List of Annexes .20 2 Source: http://www.doksinet INTRODUCTION The Concluding Observations on Iran’s initial report to the Committee on the Rights of the Child in 2005 expressed concern about the situation of the Bahá’í community in the following terms: Freedom of thought, conscience and religion 41. The Committee is concerned that little progress has been made in the area of freedom of religion and notes that members of unrecognized religions continue to be discriminated against and do not have the same rights as those of recognized religions, for example with regard to access

to social services. In addition, it continues to be concerned at reports that these minorities, in particular the Baha’i minority, are subjected to harassment, intimidation and imprisonment on account of their religious beliefs. Education 59. Although the Committee notes the high level of literacy in Iran and the measures taken by the State party to increase school enrolment and lower drop out dropout rates, it remains concerned that not all children are enrolled in primary school, or graduate from primary school. Working children, children living on the streets, and children without complete personal documents, particularly refugee children with binational parents, have reduced access to schools. It is also concerned that refugee children are currently only being enrolled in schools if their parents have registered with the authorities, and that the enrolment of refugee children is not currently being offered free of charge. It is further concerned about well-documented

information that a large number of Baha’i students were not admitted to university on the grounds of their religious affiliation. The purpose of this report and its documented information on the current situation of Bahá’í youth is to provide ample evidence of Iran’s violation of the Convention. It is requested that the Committee use this information to question the State delegation, to express its continued concern about the situation and to strongly recommend that the State party fulfill its obligations under the Convention by ensuring that the human rights of Bahá’í children are respected. The report focuses on five thematic clusters of the Convention: general principles; civil rights and freedoms; basic health and welfare; education, leisure and cultural activities; and special protection. 1. GENERAL PRINCIPLES (ARTICLES 2, 3, 6 AND 12) The general principle of anti-discrimination contained in Article 2 of the Convention stipulates that States parties should ensure

all the rights of the Convention to each child without any discrimination “irrespective of the childs or his or her parents’ or legal guardians race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national, ethnic or social origin, property, disability, birth or other status” [emphasis added]. Whilst Article 19 of the Iranian Constitution forbids discrimination, it does so without specifically mentioning religion: “All people of Iran, whatever the ethnic group or tribe to which they belong, enjoy equal rights; color, race, language, and the like, do not bestow any privilege.” Article 13 of the Iranian Constitution stipulates that, Zoroastrian, Jewish, and Christian Iranians are the only recognized minorities who are free “within the limits of the law”, to perform their religious rites and ceremonies, and to act according to their own canon in matters of personal affairs and religious education. As such, Bahá’ís – who constitute the largest non-Muslim

religious minority in Iran – are not a recognized minority under the Iranian Constitution and since religious practices are effectively limited to those three religions, Bahá’ís and other religious minorities not recognized under the Constitution are essentially stripped of Constitutional guarantees of freedom of expression, association and assembly and the freedom to practice their religion. 3 Source: http://www.doksinet Article 14 of the Iranian Constitution stipulates “the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran and all Muslims are duty-bound to treat non-Muslims in conformity with ethical norms and the principles of Islamic justice and equity, and to respect their human rights.” This principle applies to all who “refrain from engaging in conspiracy or activity against Islam and the Islamic Republic of Iran”. This conditionality in Article 14 serves as a justification for the persecution of non-Muslims who are judged to be engaged in conspiracy or activity

against Islam. Belief in the Bahá’í Faith is considered a heresy by the Iranian government. Thus, any involvement in the Faith is then considered as “engaging in conspiracy or activity against Islam”. In fact, the Iranian government has used the vague conditionality of Article 14 to bring conspiracy charges against members of the Bahá’í Faith including “propaganda activities against the regime in the interest of the Baha’i sect” and “propaganda against the holy regime of the Islamic Republic of Iran”. According to recent verdicts Iran’s judiciary considers “membership in the misguided Bahaist sect” as such an offence. Discrimination of the Bahá’ís on the basis of religion is further evidenced by the fact that, in all official documents, administrative letters and in the media, the Iranian government or their proxies refer to the Bahá’í Faith with derision, calling it a "misguided sect” or "perverse sect” and stating that the Bahá’ís

are "infidels” or even” apostates”. The Iranian government’s policy towards the Bahá’ís is summarized in an Iranian government memorandum obtained by the then Special Representative on Iran in 1993. 2 Produced in 1991 by Iran’s Supreme Revolutionary Cultural Council and approved by the Islamic Republic’s Supreme Leader, Ali Khamenei, this document sets forth specific guidelines for dealing with the Bahá’ís. Stamped "confidential", the memorandum was signed by Hujjatu’l Islam Seyyed Mohammad Golpaygani, Secretary of the Council, and approved by Mr. Khamenei, who added his signature to the document. The memorandum specifically calls for Irans Baháís to be treated so "that their progress and development shall be blocked." The document indicates, for example, that the government aims to keep the Baháís illiterate and uneducated, living only at a subsistence level. The memorandum also states that all Baháís should be expelled from

universities and that "employment shall be refused to persons identifying themselves as Baha’is." The government memorandum directly contradicts the general principles of the Convention regarding non-discrimination, care and protection of children, the survival and development of the child and freedom of expression. Recommendations • 2. The State should uphold its obligation under the CRC and extend the non-discrimination principles contained in article 2 of the Convention to Bahá’í children. CIVIL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS (ARTICLES 13, 14, 15) Bahá’í children in Iran have long been denied freedom of expression (Article 13), freedom of thought, conscience and religion (Article 14) and freedom of association and peaceful assembly (Article 15). The government’s policies towards the Baháís directly impacts freedom of expression, thought, conscience and religion of Bahá’í children and adolescents. The Bahá’í pupils’ attempts to express their opinion in

school have resulted in the expulsion of several children. In 2012, for example, several Bahá’í pupils and high school students were expelled from their schools because they had 2 The text of the 1991 government memorandum can be accessed through the following links: Persian original: http://news.bahaiorg/documentlibrary/575/5 TheISRCCdocumentpdf English translation: http://news.bahaiorg/documentlibrary/575/5 TheISRCCdocument enpdf The original Persian memorandum and its English Translation have also been included as Annex I. 4 Source: http://www.doksinet asked not to participate in congregational prayer 3 or had not remained silent when teachers made false accusations about their religion in class or had correctly and honestly filled out mandatory declarations of religion on registration forms. Specific cases with names of pupils and details of the incidents are listed under section 4, education, leisure and cultural activities. Since 1983, the Bahá’í community in Iran

has been denied both the right to assemble officially and the right to maintain its sacred institutions. Iranian Bahá’ís gradually made arrangements to worship in small groups, conduct classes for their own children and take care of other community needs in private homes. However, authorities have continued to harass the community by disrupting meetings and arresting teachers of childrens or "family life" classes. The following demonstrate how the government interferes with the rights of the Bahá’ís to assemble or harasses those who provide educational classes for the children of the community: • In September/October 2013, a number of the Bahá’í youth in Baharestan who routinely gathered in a hall where young people go to play computer games, were prevented from entering the premises at the instigation of the Ministry of Intelligence, which accused them of spreading propaganda. • On 15 August 2013, eight government agents confronted a number of Baháí

youth in Vilashahr, who had gone to the village of Mousa Abad to do a spiritual education course. Three of the youth were arrested and released after three days. • On 17 February 2012, a number of Baháís including some adolescents were arrested during a handicraft exhibition for children and young adolescents organized in Mashhad to raise funds for disadvantaged children. The exhibit was held in the parking lot of a residence belonging to a Bahá’í in that city. The agents of the Ministry of Intelligence videotaped them and instructed them to introduce themselves by name, family name, father’s name, and religion. When some of the Baháís asked to see a warrant, the officers showed instructions from the Intelligence Ministry to raid and search the home of Mr. Jamshid Mokhtari on the charge of “committing a misdemeanour”. The Baháís replied that this was not the residence of Mr. Mokhtari, nor was he even present But the officers carried on regardless, saying that they

would later find Mr. Mokhtari (and they did indeed arrest him) Those who were not Baháís were separated from the Bahá’ís, taken to one side and instructed to explain their connection to the Bahá’ís and their presence at this event. Many were children or adolescents whose parents had planned to join them later. After being questioned, the Muslims were told to leave, and only Bahá’ís remained with the officials. The names of the Baháí youth who were arrested are as follows: Ms. Behnaz Haddadzadeh, Mr Arman Mokhtari, Mr. Shayan Tafazoli, Ms Negar Malekzadeh, Ms Negin Ahmadian, and Ms. Houriyeh Nemati (Mohseni) Releasing the Muslims and keeping the Baháís clearly shows that the raid was religiously motivated. Thus, this incident shows that the Iranian government not only discriminates against Baháís children on account of their religion, but also that it does not respect the freedom of assembly and thought of the Baháí children. • 3 In early 2012, three

Intelligence agents raided the home of Mr. Pejman Ghaderi and Mrs Mahnam Derakhshan during a children’s class in her home, on the charge that she was “teaching illegal Bahá’í classes” for children. They collected all of the homeowners’ and students’ books, computer(s), portraits of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá, one of the central figures of the Baháí Faith, and a number of CDs and other personal belongings. The agent responsible for the search said that the children are only permitted to participate in the moral education classes provided to them at school. As they were about to leave the house, the agents insisted that Mrs. Derakhshan be available to be summoned Prayer led by a person – usually a religious figure – who stands in the front; others stand in rows behind him facing the direction of Kaaba in in Mecca, the holiest place in Islam. Iranian schools hold Congregational Prayers during schools hours and students participate in them as a group. 5 Source:

http://www.doksinet • On 6 January 2012, agents of the office of the Ministry of Intelligence interrupted a celebration of “Iranian Bahá’í Youth Day” at the home of Mr. Bakhtiyar Rasekhi in Kerman (Kerman Province), and after videotaping and then dispersing the young people gathered for the celebration, the agents thoroughly searched the home and arrested Mr. Rasekhi, his wife, Mrs. Farahnaz Naimi (Rasekhi), and their daughter, Ms Farin Rasekhi Moreover, the government of Iran has undertaken a campaign to identify children who are Baháí. For example in 2012, we learned of a government circular dated 5 Nov 2011 and marked “confidential”, which was issued by the Ministry of Education’s Board in Shahriyar, a city in Tehran Province, calling for all Bahá’í children, explicitly including preschoolers to be identified. The circular issued by the Ministry of Education stated: 1. 2. 3. Pre-school students are also included in this directive. Information on the

students should be gathered subtly and in a confidential manner. Those schools which do not have the mentioned students should return the enclosed form after it is signed and stamped by the school principal. In a more recent case (October 2014), a Muslim woman who manages several schools and preschools in Isfahan informed some of the Bahá’ís in that city that several instructions concerning the Bahá’í community are sent annually to the schools. For the start of the school year, the Security Office at the Ministry of Education has recently asked school authorities to prevent the non-Bahá’í parents from contacting Bahá’í parents, to prevent registration of Bahá’í children to the extent possible, and if they have to do so, to try to control them. Having identified the Bahá’í students, agents of the Ministry of intelligence have even gone to schools and detained and interrogated them. For example, in March 2013, Intelligence Ministry agents in the city of Semnan

went to Shahid Beheshty and Amir Kabir High School and detained and interrogated four Bahá’í students whose names are Younes Khanjani, Sina Fanaian, Ramin Amiri and Armin Allahverdi. The interrogators tried to entice the students into collaborating with the Intelligence Ministry and giving them information about the Bahá’í community. The students were held for a few hours before being released. In identifying the Bahá’í children, the government has gone as far as preventing the children’s advancement. In September 2014, for example, Ms Rozhina Ghavami, a high-achieving pupil in Karaj who obtained the highest possible Grade Point Average score, was the only one from her school to be accepted into a school for children with an exceptional intelligence. However, the school authorities subsequently, and with apologies, withdrew her place and after a few days of investigating the reason, the Principal explained that this was due to a newly issued instruction regarding

religious minorities promulgated this year by the Ministry of Education. Rozhina’s parents were not able to obtain a written acknowledgement from neither the school nor the Ministry of Education indicating that Rozhina was being denied registration on account of her belief in the Bahá’í Faith. Recommendations • The State should end its practice of identifying Bahá’í children in kindergarten, primary and secondary schools in forms or through other means and expelling them on account of their religion. • The State should end its practice of requiring the Bahá’í students to participate in Islamic congressional prayers at school. • The State should allow the Bahá’í community to provide moral classes for children by ceasing to ransack homes where such classes are being held and arresting the teachers. 6 Source: http://www.doksinet 3. BASIC HEALTH AND WELFARE (ARTICLE 27) Article 27 stipulates that “States parties recognize the right of every child to a

standard of living adequate for the child’s physical, mental, spiritual, moral and social developments.” Throughout the years, the Iranian government has employed different tactics to exclude and impoverish the Baháís including barring them from higher education and employing discriminatory policies and practices to deny them the right to work and earn a decent living. 3.1 Economic Hardship Since the inception of the Islamic Republic of Iran, members of the Baháí community have been banned from work in the public sector. Not satisfied with this, the government has also reached into the private sector through the harassment and intimidation of business owners and shopkeepers, the refusal to issue or renew business licenses, the sealing of premises, giving orders for the destruction of farmlands and livestock, making threats against merchants and professionals to dissuade them from doing business with or awarding contracts to Bahá’ís, the refusal of loans and other banking

services, and the forced closure of a business, with the seizure and sale of all its merchandise by government officials. From September to December 2014, there were at least 125 employment related incidents against the Baháís in Iran. Incidents varied from summary closure of Baháí shops in several cities throughout Iran, to denying or revoking business licenses and in other cases preventing Bahá’í farmers from harvesting their crops. On 26 and 27 October 2014, for example, 81 Baháí-owned shops in Kerman, Rafsanjan, Jiroft and Bam (47 in Kerman, 24 in Rafsanjan, 8 in Jiroft and 2 in Bam) were summarily sealed, an action taken in response to the shops closures to observe Baháí holy days. 4 A total of 174 Baháís lost their sources of income in the year 2014. Although it is hard give an exact figure, it is safe to say that many of these cases include families with children. 3.2 Bahá’í Children in Prison Bahá’í children’s physical wellbeing has also been

endangered by the Iranian government’s policies towards that community. In 2012, three infant children were taken to prison with their mothers and two of them developed medical problems while in prison. On 22 September 2012, Ms Nikayin and her infant son, 8-month-old Resam, and Ms. Torabi and her 3-month-old son, Barman, were taken to prison to begin serving their sentences. Ms. Torabi’s husband, Mr Erfan Ehsani, was also in prison at the time Ms Torabi and Barman were imprisoned. 5 On 29 December 2012, Barman, was hospitalized outside the prison for treatment of a lung disease contracted due to prison conditions (including the unsanitary environment). He was accompanied by his mother Resam was also taken out of the prison by his father for medical tests. The infant had contracted an intestinal infection and an ear condition He was prescribed medication and was sent back to prison with his mother. Moreover, on 27 April 2013, Ms. Ruzbehi and her one-year-old child were taken to

prison to begin serving her sentence 3.3 Imprisonment of Parents and Hardship on their Children Many of the 100 Bahá’í prisoners currently serving prison time have minor children who suffer when one or both parents are imprisoned. Artin Rahimian, the five-year-old son of Mr Kamran Rahimian and Ms. Faran Hesami (both serving four-year prison sentences) and Jina, the 15-yearold daughter of Mr Kayvan Rahimian (serving a five-year prison sentence), now live with their 4 Baháí World News Service, Widespread attack launched in Iran against Bahai businesses, 31 October 2014, http://news.bahaiorg/story/1027 (accessed 29 January 2015) 5 Mr. Erfan Ehsani was serving a one-year sentence at the time that Ms Torabi and Barman were imprisoned. He was arrested on 21 April 2012 after 15 government officials raided their home 7 Source: http://www.doksinet grandmother, Ms. Rahimian, as all of their parents are in prison at the same time Mr Keyvan Rahimian lost his wife, Fereshteh Sobhani,

to cancer a few years ago. The children complain of being without their parents, whose absence Ms. Rahimian finds all the more difficult to bear with the problems that their children face each day. Mr. Shamim Naimi charged with propaganda against the regime and activity against national security is now serving a three years prison sentence in Gawhardasht prison. He has two minor children aged one and seven. Shamim and his parents (Mr Adel Naimi and Mrs Elham Farahani Naimi) are all in prison. 3.4 Home Raids of Households with Children Bahá’í children are traumatized when their homes are raided by government agents. In the last couple of years, we have received numerous reports of home raids. These raids are tactics by the government to strike fear and intimidation into the members of the Bahá’í families. In all such cases, religious books and material are confiscated, demonstrating the fact that such attacks are religiously motivated. Although it is difficult to obtain

documentation that distinguishes between home raids of Baháí homes with minors, all Baháí families face this threat. The following two examples demonstrate home raids of Baháí houses with minor children. • At 8am on 13 October 2013, agents of the Ministry of Intelligence in Shiraz, with the collaboration of agents of the Ministry of Intelligence in Abadeh, raided the homes of 14 Bahá’ís. The homes were searched; and personal belongs, including Bahá’í books, CDs, computers, photographs, and other items were confiscated. The agents summoned one youth from each home for questioning and all were asked similar questions regarding the activities of the Bahá’í community. During the questioning, agents encouraged the youth to leave Abadeh with their families. It is believed that the goal of these attacks was to intimidate and create fear through contrived threats that residents would possibly attack the Bahá’ís. They were told that people “don’t like them” and

that if they were attacked on the street the authorities “cannot guarantee their safety.” • On 19 December 2011, 12 homes belonging to Bahá’ís were searched by Intelligence Ministry agents who confiscated Bahá’í books, photographs, compact discs, computers, mobile telephones, audiotapes, memory cards, personal papers, and even the children’s diaries. The agents initially presented themselves as being from the gas, telephone, or other public service companies. Having gained entry, they waved pieces of paper and claimed that these were search warrants, but they made it impossible for most of the Baháís to read them, see signatures or determine who had issued the orders. The families of the following individuals were among those whose homes were raided: Mr. Badiollah Nakhie, Mr Taghi Haeri, Mr. Vahid Hasankhani, Ms Baji Gez, Mr Hasan Khani, Mr Zabihollah Raoufi, Ms Sayyareh Raoufi, Mr. Aminollah Raoufi, Mr Nader Mavvadati, Mr Nourollah Mavaddati, Mr Vahid Kholousi, Mr.

Haydar Kholousi, and Mr Zekrollah Yegan 3.5 Incitement to Hatred Another insidious element of the persecution and the discrimination of the Bahá’ís is the government’s extensive use of the mass media and other means to denigrate and vilify that community. The Iranian government uses state-controlled and state-sanctioned media to portray the Bahá’ís as the source of every conceivable evil. Bahá’ís are accused of being agents for various imperialist or colonist factions; they face continuous allegations of immorality; they are branded as social pariahs to be shunned. Demonizing and dehumanizing a community does not only have a traumatizing effect on the children of that community but it also adversely impacts other children by instilling fear, hate, and prejudice in them towards their peers. Moreover, in its attempt to demonize that community and distort its history, the Iranian government has also directly targeted the children. In May 2008, for example, school

authorities in Shiraz 8 Source: http://www.doksinet distributed to every child in primary school a 12-page story book entitled The Deceitful Babak. 6 The book indirectly, but obviously, referred to the Báb, the Prophet-Herald of the Bahá’í Faith, in an erroneous, mocking, and degrading manner. The hate campaign against the Bahá’ís intensified after a speech by Iran’s Supreme Leader, Ali Khamenei in Iran’s religious centre, Qom, on 19 October 2010. The talk, which was broadcast in its entirety on the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcaster (IRIB), the national television service, and also reported by the Islamic Republic News Agency (IRNA), the government’s official news agency, warned Iranians about the Bahá’í community. His speech led to a media frenzy of anti-Bahá’í articles, which accused Bahá’ís of perpetrating acts of sedition. This media outburst has continued since. On 29 July 2013, a government-aligned news agency, Tasnim, published an article citing

a large selection of fatwas issued by Iran’s Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei. Among the new fatwas was an older one that had been previously disseminated. It quoted Ayatollah Khamenei as saying that Iranians are to avoid association with Bahá’ís: All of the followers of the perverse sect of Bahaism are condemned to be impure [najis] and if they come in contact with anything, it is absolutely necessary [for Muslims] to practice the guidance related to purification All of the believers should resist the trickery and corruption of the misguided sect of Bahaism Avoid any association with the perverse and misleading sect of Bahaism. They are najis [impure] and they are the enemy of your religion and what you believe in; therefore, my dear children, absolutely avoid them. Soon after, in November 2013, a series of disturbing posts intended to instill fear of the Bahá’í community in the Iranian population was posted on Facebook. The posts included headings such as “Be aware,

Bahá’í killers are in your city and at the school of your children; until they are completely eliminated, you are in danger.” In another attempt to demonize the Bahá’ís and scare the larger community, the posts included a completely baseless allegation showing graphic and gruesome photos of the murder of a couple with the caption “Bahá’ís committed violent murders for disruption caused in their informational gathering”. From January to May 2014 alone, there were 871 articles (over 650 anti-Bahá’i articles in April and May 2014 alone) on government-sponsored and pro-government websites in Iran. In 2014, Iran broadcast anti-Bahá’i programs on radio and television on special occasions, such as the anniversary of the Iranian revolution or the commemoration of the birth of the Promised Qa’im; and they have used individuals who claim to have been “saved from Bahaism” as the main facilitators. As an example, on 7 February 2014, Fars News Agency published an

18-page document entitled “The Cooperation of ‘Bahá’ísm’ with the Pahlavi Regime” disseminating inaccurate information about the Bahá’i Faith. Bahá’ís are not given a right of reply to the false allegations against them; and unfortunately, the wide spread vilification has increased harassment and intimidation of Bahá’ís throughout the country. One such disastrous episode was the killing of Mr Ataollah Rezvani, a well-known and very highly-respected Bahá’í in Bandar Abbas. In August 2013, the body of Mr Rezvani was found in his car near the railway station on the outskirts of the city. He had been shot in the head Despite appeals for a full investigation, no one has been brought to justice for the crime, which, by all accounts, was motivated by religious hatred. He had two children, aged 15 and 20 6 Baháí International Community, Inciting Hatred – Iran’s campaign to demonize Baháís, October 2011

https://www.bicorg/sites/default/files/pdf/inciting-hatred-bookpdf (accessed 29 January 2015) Also included in this report as Annex II 9 Source: http://www.doksinet Recommendations • The State should allow Bahá’ís to earn a decent living by granting them access to public employment, renewing business licenses, ceasing the closing of shops or the confiscation of land and property. • The State should unconditionally release those who have been imprisoned on account of their belief in the Bahá’í Faith especially those with minor children. • The State should cease distorting the teachings of the Bahá’í Faith in school books and to judicially prosecute those inciting hatred against them in religious environments, the media and the internet. 4. EDUCATION, LEISURE AND CULTURAL ACTIVITIES (ARTICLES 28, 29, 31) Article 28 stipulates that States Parties recognize the right of the child to education, and with a view to achieving this right progressively and on the

basis of equal opportunity, they shall, in particular (a) make primary education compulsory and available to all. In Iran, Bahá’í children are singled out and maliciously excluded, shunned, and intimidated in their schools because of their beliefs. Muslim clerics have been invited to school classrooms to give presentations for the purpose of vilifying the Bahá’í Faith. In 2012, for example, Muslim clerics were invited to classrooms in the city of Semnan to give presentations that insulted the Bahá’í Faith. During these lectures, Bahá’í schoolchildren were seated separately from their classmates; and on at least two occasions, Muslim students were encouraged to strike the Bahá’í students. 4.1 Expulsion of Bahá’í Students Bahá’í pupils have been expelled from schools for expressing their opinions or for correctly and honestly filling out mandatory declarations of religion on registration forms or because they had asked not to participate in congregational

prayers 7. The following represents some of the more recent expulsion cases of the Bahá’í pupils that have been reported to us: • On 24 November 2014, Ms. Layli Ziaie defended her Bahá’í faith in class and was told that since her fellow students had been made aware that she was a Bahá’í, she would need to enrol in a new school. • In 2012, on a registration form at a school in Isfahan, in addition to the four recognized religions, “Bahaism” was added. Ms Roya Eshraghi, who declared her religion as Bahá’í, was immediately expelled and was refused re-enrolment. • In June/July 2012, we learned that Mr. Pouria Razavian, a Baháí high school student in Tonekabon was expelled after complaining about the anti-Baháí flyers that were distributed during the Morning Prayer at school. Department of Education officials told Mr Razavian’s parents that the instruction for his expulsion had come from the Intelligence Ministry and that the Department of Education

could do nothing about it. The incident happened during the period of final examinations and made it impossible for him to take part in the exams. • In March/April 2012, Mr. Danial Shahrizadeh was expelled from high school for refusing to participate in congregational prayer. 8 7 8 See footnote 3 See footnote 3 10 Source: http://www.doksinet • In January/February 2012, two children were expelled from school in Najafabad (Isfahan province) after their parents defended their beliefs against insults during the question and answer segment of a lecture for parents in which the police captain, speaking on moral corruption, had insulted the Bahá’í Faith. When the insults intensified, some of the Muslim parents in the audience came to the Bahá’ís’ defence. Following the meeting, the parents complained about the behaviour of the police chief to school officials and to the Department of Education Security Office where the school administration had referred them. They were

told of the expulsions the following day. When they returned to the Department of Education Security Office they were told that as Bahá’ís have no right to talk about their religion, the other parents at the meeting should not have learned that they were Bahá’ís and that this was for the Bahá’ís’ own sake, to protect them from embarrassment. The parents were then referred to the Department of Education Security Office in Isfahan where repeated visits to meet with the head of the department proved futile. The expulsions were upheld and the parents were told to enrol their children in another school. 4.2 Physical Assault of Baháí Children In at least two reported cases Baháí children have been physically assaulted: • In another incident, a first grade student at one of the public schools in Shiraz was physically assaulted by her ethics teacher, owing to her not participating in the school’s congregational prayer 9. The teacher struck the girl’s hand with a

utensil, then heated up a spoon in the kitchen and placed it on the child’s hand. When her mother objected to this assault, the ethics teacher, in the presence of the principal and other teachers, expressed pride in having committed such a deed. The teacher was eventually reprimanded, but only after the child’s parents protested to the authorities. • In February 2013, Mr. Matin Janamiyan Najafabadi, a Baháí high school student in Isfahan was severely beaten at school, verbally assaulted, and his teacher insulted his religious beliefs. When his family lodged a complaint, the teacher stated that he personally knew members of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps and security officials, so their protests would have no effect. 4.3 Denial of the Right to Higher Education Members of the Baháí Faith have been denied access to higher education since the beginning of the Iranian revolution. For the 2014-2015 academic year, at least 300 such cases were reported Some of the recent

examples include: • Ms. Taraneh Ghiami from Kermanshah, whose university entrance examination was designated as “incomplete” has retained a lawyer in order to make a formal complaint against the directives of the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution. She has filed a complaint to the Court of Administrative Justice and mailed it on 9 November 2014. • Ms. Negar Ebrahimi and Ms Mahta Makari [Mokari]’s university entrance examinations were also designated as “incomplete”. They both have submitted complaints to the Ministry of Science and the Court of Administrative Justice and other authorities on 21 October 2014. • In Isfahan, Ms. Tara Nikkhah and Ms Hoda Mehrgani’s university entrance examinations were also designated as "incomplete”. Ms Nikkhah submitted her grievances to the Court of Administrative Justice on 29 September 2014 and Ms. Mehrgani submitted her grievances to the Office of the Presidency on 30 October 2014. 9 See footnote 3 11 Source:

http://www.doksinet The government’s denial of higher education is documented this year in a publication issued by Sanjesh, the national academic evaluation and measurement organization of Iran’s Ministry of Science, Research and Technology. Entitled, A guide to enrolling and participating in the National Entrance Examination for academic year 1391 [2014–2015], this 46-page publication presents detailed guidelines on the application process for students wishing to enter university in Iran, including criteria for admission. On page 4, the “General Requirements” section sets out the four eligibility requirements for participation in the national university entrance exam. The first admission criterion follows: 4.1 A belief in Islam or in one of the recognized religions (Jewish, Christian, Zoroastrian) in the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. This requirement of Iran’s own official admission document clearly states that access to higher education in Iran is

restricted only to those who believe in Islam or in one of the three other recognized religions specified in Iran’s Constitution – thus excluding those who believe in the Bahá’í Faith. The second criterion reads as follows: 4.2 Not having enmity towards the regime of the Islamic Republic of Iran Note: cases of animosity include: 1. Taking arms against the Islamic Republic of Iran 2. Being affiliated with militant groups 3. Financially sponsoring militant groups, providing organizational support to them or being a member thereof 4. Promoting materialism or man-made religions For years, Iran has been portraying the Baháí Faith as a “man-made religion” in the governmentcontrolled and state-sanctioned media. Thus, this false categorization could also be used to exclude the Baháís from higher education. Moreover, this year when a Baháí student asked the person in charge how he had been identified as a Baháí, given that he had chosen Islamic studies as the subject to be

tested on, he was told that the religion of the individual had been sought and identified. The government’s policy to identify and single out the Baháís is reflected under the third criterion in the General Requirements section of the booklet as follows: 4.3 Being free from moral corruption Note: Moral corruptions include: addiction to narcotics and being involved in prostitution Important notification: Qualification of applicants will be confirmed through official/legal investigations. Making enquires through neighbors or people at the place of residence are absolutely forbidden. See Annex III for the booklet, ‘A guide to enrolling and participating in the national entrance examination for academic year 1393 [2014–2015]’ (in Persian). Since its inception, the Islamic Republic of Iran has employed different tactics to prevent Bahá’ís from entering universities. In the previous years, for example, Bahá’ís were told that their files were "incomplete" when they

tried to get university entrance examinations results. Whether flashed on a computer screen and printed out or delivered by letter, that message left a paper trail. During this academic year, the government has also taken new measures to prevent Baháí applicants from obtaining nominal proofs of this denial. This academic year, when Baháí students sought their exam results online, many of them found the following written in front of their names: "Please write to Post Office Box 3166- 31635 Karaj, or go to the National Education Measurement and Evaluation Organization, Inquiries Unit." 12 Source: http://www.doksinet Several of them visited the above-referenced office in Karaj and made inquiries; they were all shown the Sanjesh publication. Amongst them was Ms Shadan Shirazi, who placed 113th out of all Iranians – estimated to be more than a million, who took university entrance examinations last June. The new strategy clearly shows an effort by the government to

deprive Baháís of any document or paper that can be used to prove that they were denied higher education because of their religious beliefs. It is rather unfortunate that instead of finding a solution to extend university admissions to its Bahá’í citizens, Iran is constantly finding new ways to block their access. The government’s policy to deny Bahá’í access to higher education was further confirmed by senior cleric Ayatollah Mousavi Bojnurdi in his recent interview with the semi-official Fars News Agency. During the interview, Ayatollah Mousavi Bojnurdi mentioned his involvement in the draft of the Charter of Citizens’ Rights 10 proposed by President Rouhani, which is often cited by the Iranian authorities as an example of their government’s new approach towards promoting the human rights of religious and ethnic minorities in the country. When asked whether citizenship rights, including the right to education, envisioned in the Charter would be extended to the

Baháís, he stated: Not at all. Some matters do not need to be considered as exceptions; whoever is against Islam is effectively out. Bahá’í [Bahaism] is against Islam and discussing it is out of the question. We will never say that the Bahá’ís have the right to education; they do not even have citizenship rights. Christians, Jews and Zoroastrians have citizenship rights and have representatives in the parliament, because they are [followers of] the Abrahamic religions. We have interactions with them, and their representatives are our friends. See Annex IV for the text of the article in Persian and the translation of its relevant sections into English. 4.4 Expulsion of Bahá’í Students from Universities While Iranian Baháís have long been denied access to higher education, in 2004-2005, the government responded to international pressure by re-interpreting an entry on an official form in a way that allowed Baháís to take the national university entrance exam without

declaring their religion. Since then, a few Baháís are admitted each year However, in almost all cases, they are expelled once their religion is known – some during their final semester, just before graduation. Government documents have been identified that indicate that this discriminatory treatment represents formal and settled official state policy. Chief among these is a communication sent in 2006 by the Central Security Office of the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology and addressed to 81 Iranian universities - the names of which were listed. The letter instructed these universities to expel any student that was found to be a Bahá’í at the time of enrolment or during his/her studies. See Annex V for the 2006 letter to universities with its Persian translation. In nearly all cases, Baháí student are summoned and given only a verbal notification of their expulsion. All those who request written notification of their dismissal (to pursue their cases further)

receive no reply, and every appeal has been rejected by officials and by the courts. It is not known exactly how many have been expelled on religious grounds. The latest expulsions about which we have received information are as follows: 10 Proposed by President Rouhani on 26 November 2013, the Charter is to be adopted after it has been reviewed by the Iranian civil society and individuals. 13 Source: http://www.doksinet • In September 2014, Ms. Nava Bahamin was expelled from Baharestan University in Isfahan After expressing their regrets and praising her work, the officials at the university stated that the security officials had been responsible for her expulsion from university. Ms Bahamin is pursuing her case through official means. (Place of residence is unknown - Baharestan University is in Isfahan) • In August 2014, Ms. Sahba Manouchehri Najafabadi was expelled from the Payame-Noor University after having completed two semesters in the field of foreign languages,

because of her belief in the Bahá’í Faith. A Mr Mohammadi, an agent from the Ministry of Intelligence in Najafabad, denied having knowledge that Bahá’ís are denied access to education because of their beliefs and said that this issue was not related to the Intelligence Ministry. The Director of the University, who said that he was not able to do anything, directed her to the office of the Security Services (Harasat). Mr Hoseini, the person in charge of the Office of Harasat section agreed that she was being expelled because of her faith, but refused to confirm this in writing. He said that if the Director of the University had known she was a Bahá’í, she would not have been allowed to progress to the second semester. He also said, “Since your [administrative] centre is in Israel and Israel is our enemy, we have the right to treat our enemies like this”. Ms Manouchehri was given a document showing the grades she had obtained in the two semesters, but the University

provided no written explanation of her expulsion. • In April 2014, Mr. Maziar Malaki was expelled from Birjand University because of his membership in the Bahá’í community. • In April 2014, Ms. Sama Hashemi Mahforouzaki and Ms Setayesh Asadi Mahforouzaki were expelled from Babolsar University. Those in charge of the university expressed their sympathy and regret. • Sometime between 30 January and 5 February 2014, Mr. Parham Missaghian, a resident of Ghaemshahr and second-year student in computer science at Babol University was expelled from university. • In January 2014, Mr. Armin Nourdel, a post-graduate student in civil engineering in the Seraj University in Tabriz, was expelled. See Annex VI for details of the incident surrounding Mr Nourdel’s expulsion. • In January 2014, Mr. Shervin Rajab-Ali was accepted at the Open University of Hamadan After completing his registration, he was required to fill out a special form which had a section on religion, in

which he clearly identified his beliefs. Following this, the director of the university called him to his office and told him that he had to submit an undertaking not to teach his religion in the university, and that he would not bring any literature or Bahá’í symbols to the university. The director of the university dictated this statement to him, and Mr. Rajab-Ali wrote it down Afterwards, Mr Rajab-Ali added a sentence to the document stating that this undertaking would only be binding within the confines of the University of Hamadan and would not apply outside. A few days after submitting the document, he was called to the director’s office and verbally notified that he no longer had the right to education at the university, because he had added the last sentence to the document. Mr Rajab Ali asked for his tuition fees to be refunded and was told that as he had personally decided to abandon his studies, his fees would not be refunded. After pursuing the matter further,

however, he succeeded in receiving a refund. • In January 2014, Ms. Gita Gouran, a student of materials engineering in Kermanshah University, had her student card confiscated and was expelled a few weeks following her registration in the university. One individual in the security office said that the decision was based on an “enactment” of the Supreme Revolutionary Cultural Council. When Ms Gouran 14 Source: http://www.doksinet insisted on seeing this document, he said that she could find it online. The document being cited may have been the 1991 confidential memorandum referenced above. See Annex I • Sometime between 26 December 2013 and 2 January 2014, Mr. Vesal Vatandoust, a Bahá’í from Babol, was expelled from Behshahr University after completing 2 semesters. • On 3 November 2013, Ms. Ava Samimi, a student of architecture from Chalous University, was expelled. In pursuing the matter, she was told by the director of the university that the instruction for her

expulsion had been issued by the Ministry of Intelligence. Several university professors were unhappy with this action and began investigating the matter, but once they became aware that she was being expelled because of her religion, they did not pursue the matter further. • We learned in October/November 2013 about the case of Ms. Sowgand Rezaie, who was admitted to the University of Babol in the field of architecture and then expelled. In order to claim her right to education, she went to the Ministry of Science, accompanied by her father. Mr. Rezaie had served 24 months in the war and was one of the cycling champions While there, he said, “I am a simple labourer and have little education, but I have made a lot of efforts for the upbringing and education of my children, to the point where both of my daughters obtained their high school diplomas with grade point averages of above 18, and both passed the National University Entrance Examination; however, you, with utmost

injustice, deprived them of higher education.” Reportedly, those in authority were deeply moved. They, along with others expressed their sympathy The disposition of Ms Rezaie’s appeal is as yet unknown. • During the September/October 2013, Ms. Sowgand Samimi, who had been admitted to Sari University in the field of plant pathology, was expelled. • In September/October 2013, Ms. Kimia Koushk-Baghi, a computer software engineering student who had been admitted to Shams Non-Profit Institute for Higher Education, was expelled before the end of the semester’s final examination. (Location not known) • In July 2013, Mr. Younes Koushke-baghi was expelled from Gorgan University • In April 2013, Mr. Bayan Sokouti of Babol, a third year associate diploma student studying for a bachelor’s degree in civil engineering at Babol University, was expelled after having completed 59 credit hours. • On 23 February 2013, Ms. Paniz Fazl-Ali, an honour student of industrial

engineering at the University of Science and Industry, was expelled for her belief in the Bahá’í Faith, after having completed 89 credits. • In February 2013, Mr. Misagh Emamverdi, an undergraduate computer sciences student at the Khajeh Nasireddin Toosi University in Tehran was expelled while registering for his third semester. • In January 2013, Ms. Alhan Shadabi of Kermanshah was prevented from completing her enrolment at university after passing the National University Entrance Examination and selecting her course of study, due to receiving an “incomplete file” on her test results online. When she pursued the matter at the relevant office, she was told that every student is expelled once it is known that s/he is a Bahá’í. She was denied this explanation in writing • On 1 January 2013, Mr. Milad Samimi Darzi, a fifth semester student of architecture at Tabari University in Babol (Mazandaran), was expelled after being summoned to the Herasat [Intelligence]

office at the university where his student ID card was confiscated and his student online account was closed. 15 Source: http://www.doksinet • In 2012/2013, Yasaman Haghighat, a student in the field of physics in the International University of Imam Khomeini in Tehran, was verbally expelled from the university because of her belief in the Bahá’í Faith. Ms Haghighat pursued her complaints by going to those in charge of the university and pled for her rights. When she received a negative response from those in charge, she filed her complaint against the University with the Court of Administrative Justice. On 14 August 2014, the Court issued an order in favour of Ms Haghighat, requiring the university to reinstate her. • On 31 December 2012, Ms. Shokoufeh Mavadi was expelled from university while studying in her first term at Payam-e Nour University of Zahedan. • In December 2012, Mrs. Neda Sattarzadeh, a University of Tabriz medical school student who was preparing to

graduate, was summoned by the Intelligence office at the Ministry of Health and Medical Treatment and told she would not be allowed to continue unless she wrote “Islam” as her religion. • On 15 December 2012, Mr. Misagh Salmanzadeh Noushabadi, a physics student at the Khajeh Nasir Toosi University of Technology (KNTU) in Tehran, was expelled for being a Bahá’í. He was admitted in 2010/2011 and had already completed 77 credit hours • Also in October/November 2012, Mr. Farbod Mohammadzadeh was expelled from Isfahan University and forbidden to continue his studies because he was a Bahá’í. He had completed both his bachelor’s (in physics) and his master’s degrees at Isfahan University, and was engaged in writing his doctoral dissertation when he was called to the office of the Ministry of Intelligence at the university and informed about his expulsion. • In October/November 2012, Ms. Samiyyeh Gholinejad of Sari, a student of applied mathematics at Rouzbeh

University in Behshahr, was expelled. • On 31 May 2012, Mr. Sama Nourani of Shiraz was released from Evin prison upon completing his one year prison sentence. On 3 March 2009, Mr Nourani and 2 other Bahá’í students were expelled from Sahand University in Tabriz in response to which a group of their fellow students issued an open letter in their defence that “condemn[ed] the entire array of unlawful measures against this religious community”. On the night of 3 March 2010, the anniversary of his expulsion, Mr. Nourani was arrested at his home by officers of the Ministry of Intelligence, who also confiscated some of his belongings. He had been among 54 Bahá’ís arrested in Shiraz on 19 May 2006 for tutoring underprivileged children. • On 12 May 2012, Ms. Solmaz Shafi Mantanagh, who was studying graphic arts at the nonprofit university of Osveh in Tabriz, was expelled owing to her being a Bahá’í • In March/April 2012, Mr. Danial Shahrizadeh was expelled from high

school for refusing to participate in congregational prayer. The school administration sent him to the security office of the Ministry of Education where he and his parents were questioned for a long time and repeatedly asked why Danial had become a Bahá’í. It is understood that while Mr Shahrizadeh’s parents are not Bahá’ís, he has an aunt and uncles who are. He then was sent to another school where, upon being informed of the reason for his expulsion, the principal and superintendent of the new school asked him not to make the matter known. • In February 2012, we learned that Mr. Meshkat Shadpour was expelled while studying in an associate diploma course in computer studies at the Imam Ali University of Yazd. • During the first week of January 2012, upon her noting her religion as “Bahá’í” on the registration form, Ms. Sharareh Ram, student of the University of Applied Science and Technology of Zahedan University was prevented from registering for classes.

16 Source: http://www.doksinet • In 2012, Mr. Rouhollah Tashakkor and Mr Bashir Tashakkor, students of the Isfahan University of Technology were prevented from registration on the grounds that their applications were incomplete. Their requests for written notification of their expulsions in order to pursue a resolution were left unanswered, and the expressions of their grievances did not produce any result. The university classified them as having withdrawn from their courses of study on the grounds that they did not register for or select classes by the due date, and barred them from continuing their studies as a consequence. The students were in their second and third year of civil engineering studies, respectively, and ranked amongst the top students when they were expelled. • In January 2012 we also learned of the following cases: o o o Ms. Shokoufeh Mavadi was expelled from university while studying in her first term at Payam-e Nour University of Zahedan. Ms. Sharareh

Ram, student of the University of Applied Science and Technology of Zahedan University was prevented from registering. Mr. Shervin Fallah, a youth of Shiraz, who had been accepted into university in Bojnourd to study architecture was expelled around 12 January 2012. Such cases confirm that there has been no change to the official policy – students are expelled if it becomes clear that they are members of the Bahá’í community. No expulsion case has ever been decided in favour of a Bahá’í and no identified Baháí has yet been permitted to graduate with a degree from any institution of higher learning in Iran. 4.5 The Baháí Institute for Higher Education In yet another attempt to deny Baháís access to higher education, the Iranian government has throughout the years interfered with the work of the Baháí Institute for Higher Education (BIHE). The Institute was established in 1987 by the Baháí community of Iran to meet the educational needs of the Baháís who had

been systematically denied higher education by their own country. Initially, the BIHE made use of the volunteer services of Baháí professors and lecturers who had been dismissed from their university posts at the time of the revolution. The Institute operated largely by correspondence. Later, classes and laboratory work were carried out in private homes and basements. Online studies were added in more recent years This innovative initiative is the Baháí youth’s only access to college-level coursework or vocational training after having been identified as Baháís and either barred or expelled from university in Iran. Throughout the years, the Iranian government has constantly interfered with the institute’s activities thereby impeding the young Baháís’ only hope of accessing higher education. In May 2011, government agents raided some 30 homes in Tehran, Karaj, Isfahan, and Shiraz, arresting 16 individuals involved in supporting the BIHE. 11 Twelve of those individuals were

ultimately put on trial and are now serving prison terms ranging from four to five years. The names and profiles of these educators have been included in this document as Annex VII. Sadly, rather than extending and easing young Baháís’ access to higher education, Iran constantly interferes with the work of the institute and considers the act of educating young people a criminal offence. Here are some of the recent incidents involving the government’s inference with the work of the BIHE: • 11 Sometime in late 2014, a Bahá’í student who has a bachelor’s degree in civil engineering from the Bahá’í Institute for Higher Education (BIHE) in Iran and a master’s degree in civil At the time of the concerted attack against faculty and staff, the Institute was using the services of nearly 300 people, including international volunteer educators who teach via the internet. About 1,000 BIHE students were studying at home in privately owned locations. 17 Source:

http://www.doksinet engineering in Greece, was planning to pursue a doctoral degree at a university in England. She was summoned to the Ministry of Intelligence Office in Isfahan and was interrogated concerning her efforts to obtain a visa from the British Embassy in Turkey and continue her education in England. During the interrogation, the agents of the Ministry of Intelligence repeatedly urged her to take her family and leave Iran. • On 27 November 2013, agents of the Ministry of Intelligence raided one of the general science classes of the BIHE, which was being held in Karaj. While collecting their mobile phones and laptops, the agents filmed and took photographs of each one of the students and distributed forms in which the students were required to provide personal biographical information. Students were asked to sign an agreement not to attend similar classes They were also asked for the names of the lecturers, which the students did not provide. Students were told that they

would later be contacted and summoned for interrogation. • On 13 August 2013, agents of the Ministry of Intelligence in Mashhad raided a site where the BIHE was holding an examination. They arrested three individuals (the host and two students): Fattaneh Nabilzadeh (Sarraf), Peiman Sarraf and Dayan Teimouri. • As he was leaving his home in Karaj early on the morning of 26 August 2012, Mr. Soroush Sanaie was forced into a car by intelligence officials, taken to the basement of a bungalowstyle house in Fardis, and interrogated there until 8 p.m He is a student of the Bahá’í Institute of Higher Education (BIHE), and most of the questions were about the functioning of the Institute’s classes and the fact that the agents considered his participation in them “illegal”. He replied that the BIHE and the attendance of Bahá’í students in its classes constitute one of the most basic human rights of young people who have been deprived of their right to higher education due to

discrimination. As is now common practice for those identified as students of the Institute, the agents tried to make him sign an undertaking not to participate in BIHE classes, which he refused to do. Recommendations • The State should take all appropriate measures, to prevent the discriminatory practices against the Bahá’í students in school including identifying, harassing and intimidating the Bahá’í children. • The State should ensure prompt, impartial and thorough investigations into allegations of arbitrary arrest, detention, discriminatory or inhuman treatment or punishment of children by school officials, state or non-state actors, and prosecute those responsible before independent and impartial courts that meet international fair trial standards. • The State should respect the rights of the Bahá’í youth to access higher education, not identify Bahá’í children and youth and cease expelling them from universities once their religion becomes known.

• The State should release the Bahá’í educators imprisoned for their involvement in the community initiative to provide access to higher education for the youth. • The State should release the 7 former Bahá’í leaders sentenced to 20 years’ imprisonment for tending to the spiritual and administrative needs of the community. 5. SPECIAL PROTECTION (ARTICLE 30) Children belonging to religious minorities are given special attention in the Convention (Article 30); The article stipulates: “In those States in which ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities or persons of indigenous origin exist, a child belonging to such a minority or who is indigenous shall not be 18 Source: http://www.doksinet denied the right, in community with other members of his or her group, to enjoy his or her own culture, to profess and practice his or her own religion, or to use his or her own language. With regards to respect for the rights of religious minorities, Iran mentions on page 103

of its submission in advance of the 71st session of the Committee on Rights of the Child that “according to the basic Islamic teachings, all people are equal before Allah and any discrimination among human beings, on the basis of their ethnicity, skin colour, nationality, race, etc is unacceptable.” However, the Iranian government has failed to extend this principle to the Bahá’í community. The Bahá’í Faith does not have any clergy but has elected institutions which perform many of the functions reserved to clergy in other religions. In 1983, the Iranian government called for the Bahá’í institutions to be dismantled in the country. 12 As a result, Iran’s Bahá’ís made arrangements to worship in small groups, hold classes for children, study and discuss their faith, and take care of other community needs in their homes. However, the Iranian government continued to interfere with the rights of the Bahá’ís to assemble, to worship even in the privacy of their

homes. In 2008, the government arrested and imprisoned the seven former leaders of the Bahá’í community who looked after the spiritual and religious affairs of the community. 13 P1F P P12F P Sadly, Bahá’í children have suffered considerably as a result of the government’s policies towards their community. An entire generation of Bahá’ís in Iran has been deprived of the right to elect and benefit from Bahá’í institutions – which are foundational features of the Bahá’í community life everywhere around the world. The government continually interferes with their right to worship by ransacking homes where the community is providing moral classes for children and arresting the teachers; or interrupting meetings where Bahá’ís are gathered for prayers; or raiding their homes and confiscating Bahá’í books. Bahá’í children are expelled from schools when they truthfully fill out forms professing their religion. Thus, Iranian Baháí children do not have the

right to profess and practice their religion neither in the privacy of their homes nor in community with others. Finally, with respect to the protection of children of religious minorities, Iran states the following in its submission to the Committee regarding the minority children’s right to education: “in the education system, all minorities, including ethnic and religious minorities and refugees, enjoy equal right to education.” However, as demonstrated above, this is certainly not the case for the Bahá’ís Iranian Bahá’ís have been barred from higher education in Iranian universities in some cases for two generations. Moreover, the government has inhibited the community’s efforts to provide university level education to Bahá’ís who have been otherwise denied access to higher education. Recommendations • The State should uphold its obligation under the CRC to respect the rights of the children belonging to religious minorities, especially the Bahá’ís, to

profess and practice their religion in the privacy of their homes or in community with others. CONCLUSIONS The persecution and discriminatory practices highlighted above continue to this day. We remain convinced that international support is a key factor in protecting the Bahá’í children in Iran. At its meeting in January, the Committee on the Rights of the Child has a vitally important opportunity to add its voice to international concern and advocacy on behalf of a particularly vulnerable segment of the Iranian population. 12 On 21 August 1980, all nine members of the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of Iran were abducted and disappeared without a trace. They are presumed dead Then, on 27 December 1981, the recently re-elected national Bahá’í assembly was again ravaged by the execution of eight of its members. Four more members of the same assembly, which had been courageously re-established through fresh elections, were later executed as well. 13 The seven

former leaders were subsequently sentenced to twenty years on trumped-up charges. For the profiles of the seven leaders see http://news.bahaiorg/human-rights/iran/yaran-special-report/profiles 19 Source: http://www.doksinet LIST OF ANNEXES ANNEX I 1991 Baháí Question memorandum in Persian and its translation into English ANNEX II A Special Report by the Baháí International Community, Inciting Hatred – Iran’s campaign to demonize Baháís, October 2011 ANNEX III A guide to enrolling and participating in the national entrance examination for academic year 1393 [2014–2015] (in Persian) ANNEX IV Fars News Agency article in Persian and the translation of its relevant sections into English ANNEX V 2006 letter to universities with its English translation ANNEX VI Details of the incident surrounding Mr. Armin Nourdel’s expulsion ANNEX VII The names and profiles of the Baháí educators 20